5. Chocolate agar
ï Chocolate agar (CHOC) - is a non-selective, enriched growth
medium.
ï It is a variant of the blood agar plate.
ï It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating very
slowly to 56 °C.
ï Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious (fussy) respiratory
bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae.
ï These bacteria need growth factors, like NAD and hematin, which
are inside erythrocytes; thus, a prerequisite to growth is lysis of the
red blood cells
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6. Blood Agar
ï A nutrient culture medium that is enriched with whole blood and used for the
growth of certain strains of bacteria.
ï Contains mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse), typically at a
concentration of 5â10%.
ï BAP are an enriched, differential media used to isolate fastidious organisms
and detect hemolytic activity.
ï ÎČ-hemolytic activity will show complete lysis of red blood cells surrounding
colony, while α-hemolysis will only partially lyse hemoglobin and will appear
green. Îł-hemolysis (or non-hemolytic) is the term referring to a lack of
hemolytic activity.
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7. micropipette
ï used to measure very small volumes
of liquids.
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8. ï Elisa microtitre plate OR Elisa Kit
Serological measurements, like measurment of Hepatitus B
Elisa +ive
PCR
Quanitative Qualitative
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9. Dystrophic Calcification ----- Dark basophilic
Q.Give causes of dystrophic calcification
Q.Give 3 examples of dystrophic calcification
Q.Psamoma Bodies ?
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10. Liquifactive Necrosis of Brain
Commonest cause: Bacterial infections
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11. ï Salmonella shigella agar plate with
H2S producing colonies
Black color colonies
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17. Well differentiation Invasive Sq.Cell Carcinoma
Keratinization pearls
Intracellular bridge
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18. billirubin
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19. ï The Lowenstein-Jensen
medium, popularly known
as LJ medium, is a
growth medium specially used
for culture of Mycobacterium,
notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
ï When grown on LJ medium, M. tuberculosis
appears as brown, granule-like colonies.
ï The media must be incubated for a significant
length of time, usually four weeks, due to the slow
doubling time of M. tuberculosis compared with
other bacteria (15-20 hours). By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)
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20. ZN Stain
Gold standart of T.BâŠ.to confirm it Z.N stain
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22. Why called?
Fibrinoids Bc of fibre like apperance
BENIGN
Submucosal
IntraMural
Subserosal
Enlist 4 other mucosal tumors?
What is the malignant counterpart of this tumor? LEIMYOSARCOMA
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23. Malignant
Ill defined mass with necrosis & haemorrhage
Q.Enlist any 4 other malignant tumors?
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24. Malignant tumor
Biazarre cells, mitosis
Q.Enlist any four features of malignant cells/
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25. Dysplasia
Q. How will you grade dysplasia?
Mild Q. What is carinoma in Situ?
Moderator
Severe By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)
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26. Acute inflammation of Appendicitis
neutrophils
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29. Appendicitis
Q. Why tip of appendicitis is important?
Bc appendicitis tumor arise from there..
Q. Commnest cause of appendicitis: Carcinoid Abbas Naseem (BDS)
By: Tumor (neuroendocrine tumor
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30. Lipoma
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31. D latum â fish tapeworm â oval â operculum at one end !
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32. Widal test interpretations
ï Dilutions are made :
Serum: Water
ï 1:20
ï 1:40
ï 1:80
ï 1:160 --- positive ( +++)
ï 1: 320 +++
To check Active phase of typhoid.
Q.Name two other test for typhoid?
Typhi dot test By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)
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37. Fibroblasts, newly formed blood vessels, macrophages ( GRANULATION TI
Q.Difference btw GRANULOMA & GRANULATION TISSUE?
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38. ï Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient
agar (CLED)
⊠CLED agar is used to isolate and
differentiate urinary tract bacteria, since it
inhibits Proteus species swarming and
can differentiate between lactose
fermenters and non-fermenters.
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39. Fatty Change
Common Site: Liver
Common cause: Alcohol
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40. Folded epithelium lined by benign columnar epithelial cells
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49. Hemosiderin in Macrophages
Hemosiderosis VS. Hemochromatosis
Reversible Irreversible
No Iron absorption Excess Iron
Organ becomes
dysfunctional
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51. Gall Stones
Carcinoma of gall bladder
Commonest carcinoma of gall bladder: adenocarcinoma
By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)
TIP: epithelial columnar; Tumor AdenoCarcinoma
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52. Caseous Necrosis
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53. MacConkey agar (MAC)
ï A selective and differential media used to differentiate between
Gram negative bacteria while inhibiting the growth of Gram positive
bacteria.
ï The addition of bile salts and crystal violet to the agar inhibits the
growth of most Gram positive bacteria, making MacConkey agar
selective.
ï Lactose and neutral red are added to differentiate the lactose
fermenters, which form pink colonies, from lactose nonfermenters
that form clear colonies.
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67. Gangrene
What is Gangrenous Necrosis?
Diabetes
immunocompromised
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68. ï Sabouraud agar is used to culture fungi and has a
low pH that inhibits the growth of most bacteria;
ï also contains the antibiotic gentamicin to
specifically inhibit the growth of Gram-negative
bacteria.
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69. Triple Sugar Iron STAIN
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70. Triple Sugar Iron medium
ï Triple Sugar Iron medium is a
differential medium that can
distinguish between a number of
Gram-negative enteric bacteria based
on their physiological ability (or lack
thereof) to:
ï a. metabolize lactose and/or sucrose
b. conduct fermentation to produce
acid
c. produce gas during fermentation
d. generate H2S.
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71. Triple Sugar Iron medium
ï The medium contains 1.0% each of sucrose and
lactose and 0.1% glucose.
ï If only glucose is fermented, acid produced in the
butt will turn it yellow, but insufficient acid products
are formed to affect the methyl red in the slant.
ï However, if either sucrose or lactose are
fermented, sufficient fermentation products will be
formed to turn both the butt and the slant yellow.
ï If gas is formed during the fermentation, it will show
in the butt either as bubbles or as cracking of the
agar.
ï If no fermentation occurs (as for an obligate
aerobe), the slant and butt will remain red.
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72. ANAEROBIC JAR
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73. G. +ive Cocci
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74. Atrophy Brain
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75. Caseous Necrosis
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