7. High-Technology Exports
(% of Manufactured Exports)
Source: Google Public Data, 2011d.
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8. GNI per Capita PPP (*)
(*) Current international $
Source: Google Public Data, 2011g.
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9. Vietnam Population Pyramid
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.41.
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10. Children per Woman in Vietnam
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.54.
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11. Gender Data, 2009 (%)
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.42.
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12. Fertility in Urban vs. Rural Areas
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.55.
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13. Labor Force Distribution Across Sectors
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.108.
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14. Labor Force Distribution Across Jobs and Gender (%)
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.109.
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15. Living Conditions (%)
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.128.
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16. Household Amenities (%)- 2009
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.131.
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17. Number of Internet Users
Kr’s pop: 49 m; Vn’s pop: 86 m
Source: Google Public Data, 2011e.
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18. Mobile Phone Subscription per 100 People
Source: Google Public Data, 2011f.
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19. Urbanization in Vietnam
• 2009: Total population: 86 million.
• 49.4% males, 50.6% females.
• An increase of 9.5 million people in 10 years (1999-2009).
• Fertility rate is declining.
• 1999-2009: The average annual growth rate of the urban
population: 3.4%
• The average annual growth rate of the rural population was
only 0.4%.
• 2 cities with more than 3 million people in Vietnam:
• Ho Chi Minh City (7.163 million people),
• Ha Noi City (6.452 million people) (GSO, 2009).
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20. Urbanization Data
Source: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee, 2009, p.85, p.86.
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21. Vietnam Urban Migration Map
Source: Central Population and Housingdevelopment-Vietnam- Committee, 2009, p.83.
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22. Climate Change in Ho Chi Minh City
• HCMC’s average elevation: 19 meters.
• Lack of information.
• Southern HCMC: Lowland.
• 1 meter sea level rise: About 500 factories and
16 industrial zones will be under water (VNN,
2010a).
• 2011-2015: HCMC needs 1 billion USD to cope
with climate change This will mostly be spent
for research (VNN, 2010a).
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23. Climate Change in Mekong Delta
• Strategic importance for Vietnam as a whole:
• “grows 50 per cent of Viet Nam's rice; 70 per cent of its
fruits and provides 90 per cent of rice exports”
• 2020: “38% of the delta can be under water for 6-8
months”.
• “The sea could inundate 90 per cent of the delta with
about 8.5 million local residents driven from their
homes”.
• “One of the world's three deltas most vulnerable to
climate with 93 per cent of the 840-kilometre coast
below sea level” (VNN, 2010g).
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24. Environmental Violations
in Vietnam in 2010
• 43% higher in number compared to 2009.
• More than 6,500 violations.
• 88 of them involves lawsuits.
• 1/5 involves discharged untreated water and hazardous gas.
• 1/5 involves illegal exploitation of natural resources and mines
• (eg bauxite mining)
• Secret underground pipes to discharge wastewater to the rivers is
common.
• Only 1/5 of hospitals has a proper waste treatment system.
• Garbage dumps are full.
• Import of industrial waste including radioactive waste!
• Vague laws and lack of enforcement (VNN, 2011a).
• 443,245 violations of the forestry law (1998-2005) (VNN, 2010k).
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25. Rivers Polluted
by Industrial Wastewater
• Long An Province (Mekong)
• A tributary of Dong Nai River
• 14 of 23 industrial parks of the province has no waste treatment system.
• “Treatment systems are costly.”
• They discharge 400-500 tonnes of solid waste and 50,000-70,000 cubic
meters of effluents.
• Not only industrial pollution, but also household and agricultural
pollution:
• Fertilizers and insecticides
• River as dump site of household waste
• Also waste coming from HCMC, Tay Ninh and Dong Nai.
• An industrial solid waste treatment plant is planned to be built (VNN,
2011b).
• 3.7 million tonnes of solid waste goes to Mekong delta annually (VNN,
2010i).
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26. Pollution in Dong Nai River
• 586 km long.
• A basin of 36,000 square kilometers.
• Runs through 11 provinces of Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Lam Dong, Ninh
Thuan, Binh Thuan, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc,
Dong Nai, Long An and Tay Ninh, and HCM City
• Agricultural pollution: Fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides.
• Medical Waste: 35% of medical waste goes into Dong Nai without
treatment.
• 35 of 97 industrial parks on Dong Nai basin has no wastewater
treatment system.
• Urban household pollution
• Sand exploiation is damaging the riverbed (VNN, 2010d; 2010e).
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27. E-waste in Vietnam
• Especially, fridges, computers and mobile phones.
• High toxic content. Dangerous for human nervous system.
• 6 times more e-waste in 2020 compared to 2010 in Vn.
• 2007: “More than 742,000 televisions, 217,000 computers
and 2.8 million mobile phones were discarded”
• Collected by informal scrap collectors manually (no
protection)
• Trieu Khuc Village, Thanh Tri District, Hanoi and
• Phan Boi Village in Di Su Commune, Hung Yen Province:
• E-waste recycling villages
• (contaminated soil with toxics;
• high levels of water and air pollution ) (Chi, 2010).
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28. Other Waste Management Problems
• Overloaded landfills.
• Water seepage from the landfills.
• Contamination of groundwater.
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30. Social Sustainability
• GDP growth (2010): 6.78% (GSO)
• CPI: 11.75% (Dec 2009-2010)
• Food and housing inflation.
• Poverty rate is declining.
• Rural-urban gap.
• Income inequality is rising.
• Gender imbalance at birth.
• Youth unemployment.
• Crime rates.
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31. Loss of Green Areas
• Deforestation.
• Loss of urban green areas due to construction
pressures.
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32. Unsustainable Energy Use
• Electric consumption is up.
• 13.7% increase annually; double the GDP growth rate;
electric consumption per person doubled in last 5 years.
• It is costly for industries to switch to updated systems that
are energy-efficient (VNN, 2010j).
• Industrial use and household use.
• Air cons vs. ventilation-friendly vernacular architecture.
• Increasing use of oil (motorbikes).
• Oil dependency.
• Power shortage in dry season (insufficient amount of water,
energy imports).
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33. Internationalized Green Crimes
• “Environmental police seized two tonnes of
South African elephant tusks in co-operation
with Interpol in May and 17 containers of
electronic waste transported from Hong Kong
to Viet Nam in August” (VNN, 2010f).
• Wildlife trade
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34. Traffic Congestion
• More motorbikes?
• More cars?!
• Vietnam & HCMC: Highest motorbike per
capita in the world.
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35. What Can Be Done?
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36. Solar Power Pilot Project
• Schneider Electric Viet Nam
• Quang Binh Province (Central Vietnam)
• A mountain village in Thuong Trach Commune,
in Bo Trach District.
• Cost: USD 160,000.
• Serves 150 villagers (VNN, 2010c).
• Replicable?
• How much saved?
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37. Nuclear Energy Plans for Vietnam
• Two nuclear power plants approved (at Ninh Thuan).
Will start in 2014, to be completed in 2020.
• High construction costs (US$ 12 billion).
• Low operation and maintenance costs.
• Low carbon production compared to other options.
• No independent regulatory agency.
• Lack of skilled labor (VNN, 2011c).
• Nuclear waste?
• Security?
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38. Energy Projects
• Song La Hydro-power Plant.
• Started on 7 January 2011.
• The biggest hydro-power plant in Southeast Asia.
• Many other hydro-power plants and thermal power plants
• (33 power plants under construction in Vietnam as of Dec 2010).
• Wind power plant projects.
• Promotion of solar energy.
• A small number of biomass plants, biogas plants, and rice husk
plants.
• Dung Quat Oil Refinery (Quang Nai Province): First oil refinery in
Vietnam. Started in 2009. Cost: US$ 3 billion.
• Annual Processing Capacity: 6.5 million tonnes of crude oil.
• Produced 7.2 million tonnes of products since 2009 (VNN, 2011e;
2010l).
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39. International Cooperation for Forest
Protection
• Vietnam-Germany Biodiversity Project.
• USD 3.96 million.
• The Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry and GTZ.
• Protection of biodiversity in the forests.
• Cooperation between the Agriculture and
Rural Development Ministries of Vietnam and
South Korea.
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40. The Vietnamese – Netherlands Strategic
Partnership Agreement (SPA) on Water
• “the plan to develop the delta region;
• co-operation between Rotterdam and HCM
City;
• exchange of knowledge; and
• the Vietnamese – Netherlands water forum”
• “for mitigating sea-level rise” (VNN, 2010h).
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41. Sustainable Tourism Project
• EU grant (11 million Euros) for
`environmentally and socially responsible’
tourism in Vietnam.
• Will be spent mostly for training of tourism
officials and employees in the next 5 years
(VNN, 2011d).
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42. Green Buildings
• Use of green energy?
• Embodied energy?
• A more efficient ventilation system?
• Energy-saving devices?
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43. Recycling of Industrial Wastewater
• As a solution to water scarcity and pollution.
• A pilot project by the HCM City University of
Technology (HCMUT), Thailand-based Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT) and the Institute
National des Sciences Appliques (INSA) in
France (VNN, 2010b).
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44. Public Transportation Projects
• Bullet train project (Ho Chi Minh City-Hanoi).
• Metro lines in HCMC.
• (+)s & (-)s of motorbikes.
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45. References
• Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2009). The 2009 Population and Housing Census. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=617
• Chi, N.K. (2010). Toxic waste poses environmental threat. Vietnam News, 24 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/207028/Toxic-waste-poses-environmental-threat.html
• Google Public Data (2011a). GDP growth (annual %).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=vi#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM&tdim=true&hl=vi&dl=vi
• Google Public Data (2011b). Exports of goods and services (% of GDP).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ne_exp_gnfs_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:CHN:USA:DEU:AUS&tdim=true&hl=vi
&dl=eng
• Google Public Data (2011c). Imports of goods and services (% of GDP).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ne_imp_gnfs_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:CHN:USA:DEU:AUS&tdim=true&hl=vi
&dl=eng
• Google Public Data (2011d). High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=tx_val_tech_mf_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:KOR&hl=vi&dl=eng
• Google Public Data (2011e). Internet users.
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=it_net_user&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:KOR&hl=vi&dl=eng
• Google Public Data (2011f). Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=it_cel_sets_p2&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:KOR:AUS:CHN&hl=vi&dl=eng
• Google Public Data (2011g). GNI per capita PPP (current international $).
http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&hl=vi&dl=eng#ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gnp_pcap_pp_cd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country&idim=country:VNM:CHN&tdim=true&hl=vi&dl=eng
• GSO (2009). The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=599&ItemID=9788
• VNN (2011a). Environmental violations soar 43%. Vietnam News, 10 January 2011. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/207480/Environmental-violations-soar-43.html
• VNN (2011b). Long An's waters suffer from factory waste. Vietnam News, 13 January 2011. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/207599/Long-Ans-waters-suffer-from-factory-waste.html
• VNN (2011c). Nuclear future poses challenges. Vietnam News, 19 January 2011. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/207769/Nuclear-future-poses-challenges.html
• VNN (2011d). EU gives $15m to develop sustainable tourism. Vietnam News, 15 January 2011. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/207665/EU-gives-15m-to-develop-sustainable-tourism.html
• VNN (2011e). PM opens Dung Quat refinery. Vietnam News, 7 January 2011. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/207403/PM-opens-Dung-Quat-refinery.html
• VNN (2010a). Need for climate-change data. Vietnam News, 30 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/207214/Need-for-climate-change-data.html
• VNN (2010b). Nation joins pilot scheme to recycle industrial wastewater. Vietnam News, 22 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/206958/Nation-joins-pilot-scheme-to-recycle-industrial-wastewater.html
• VNN (2010c). Solar power to be generated in Quang Binh. Vietnam News, 15 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/206692/Solar-power-to-be-generated-in-Quang-Binh.html
• VNN (2010d). Pollution threatens Dong Nai River's future. Vietnam News, 14 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/206677/Pollution-threatens-Dong-Nai-Rivers-future.html
• VNN (2010e). Pollution a growing threat to Dong Nai River. Vietnam News, 2 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/206267/Pollution-a-growing-threat-to-Dong-Nai-River-.html
• VNN (2010f). Joint effort sought on ‘green' crimes. Vietnam News, 25 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/206036/Joint-effort-sought-on-%E2%80%98green-crimes.html
• VNN (2010g). Delta to face long period of flooding. Vietnam News, 17 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/205771/Delta-to-face-long-period-of-flooding.html
• VNN (2010h). Dutch aid Mekong Delta climate battle. Vietnam News, 12 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/205642/Dutch-aid-Mekong-Delta-climate-battle.html
• VNN (2010i). Delta struggles with waste as landfills keep on overflowing. Vietnam News, 11 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Environment/205595/Delta-struggles-with-waste-as-landfills-keep-on-overflowing-.html
• VNN (2010j). Power plans help save energy. Vietnam News, 16 December 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/206739/Power-plans-help-save-energy.html
• VNN (2010k). Central floods spark call for dam review. Vietnam News, 15 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/205701/Central-floods-spark-call-for-dam-review.html
• VNN (2010l). Oil refinery confirms nation's vision. Vietnam News, 12 November 2010. http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Industries/205628/Oil-refinery-confirms-nations-vision-.html
• Coverpage Photo Credit: http://www.woodland.ie/insights_sfm.htm
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46. Sustainable Development of
Vietnam
Problems and Suggestions
Dr Ulas Basar Gezgin
E-mail: ulasbasar@gmail.com
