1. LANE 333 -
MORPHOLOGY
+
2012 – Term 1
PROCESSES OF
WORD FORMATION 10
By: http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 1 11/15/2011

2. SOURCES OF WORDS
ORIGINAL
WORDS
BORROWED
WORDS
ENGLISH
NEW WORDS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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3. English gets new words by means of
easily definable processes employed
by users of English.
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
NEW ENGLISH WORDS
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4. WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES
• COMPOUNDING
• DERIVATION
• INVENTION
• ECHOISM
• CLIPPING
• ACRONYMY
• BLENDING
• BACKFORMATION
• FOLK
ETYMOLOGY
• ANTONOMASIA
• REDUPLICATION
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5. A. Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two
or more Words into a Single Word,
as in hang glider ,breakfast , long-
haired.
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6. cont., Compounding
•Compounding is the joining of two or more Words
into a Single Word,
• Such words are called compounds.
•They contain two or more words.
• Compounds may be written as:
One word as in : cornflakes
A hyphenated word as in : long-haired
Two words as in : high school
• compound words may take three forms.
•They may be an “open compound”, a “hyphenated
compound”, or a “closed compound”:
Examples:
1. sweet potato (open compound)
2. mother-in-law (hyphenated compound)
3. secondhand (closed compound)
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7. B. Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new words
by combining derivational affixes or
bound bases with existing Words , as
in: teleplay, re-ask.
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8. cont.,
Derivation
•Derivation is the forming of new words by
combining derivational affixes or bound bases with
existing words.
EXAMPLES:
disadvise
emplane
ecosystem
coachdom
• Usually invented in the heat of speaking and
writing.
•They are immediately understandable because we
know the meaning of the parts.
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9. C. Invention
Now and then new words are totally
invented like Kodak and Goof.
Few of them find their way in the
common vocabulary.
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10. cont.,
Invention
• Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the existing
morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds
of the language.
• Coining is very rare, but the most typical sources are invented trade
names for commercial products that become general terms (usually
without capital letters) for any version of that product.
OLDER EXAMPLES:
aspirin
nylon
vaseline
zipper
MORE RECENT EXAMPLES
kleenex
teflon
tylenol
xerox
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11. D .Echoism
Echoism is the formation of words
whose sound suggest their meaning
like hiss and peewee. The sound is
either natural like the roar of a
waterfall or artificial like the clang
of a bell.
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12. cont.,
Echoism
In literature, ECHOISM is referred to as
‘onomatopoeia’.
EXAMPLES:
click
murmur
whisper
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13. E. Clipping
Clipping means cutting off the beginning or
the end of a word or both leaving a part to
stand for the whole ;lab , dorm , prof ,
exam.
The back-clipped words are those words that
lose their forepart , like plane and phone.
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14. cont.,
Clipping
• Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or
shortened without changing the meaning of the word.
• There are four types of clipping:
1. back clipping,
2. fore-clipping,
3. middle clipping, and
4. complex clipping.
Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline.
Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from
alligator.
Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from
influenza.
Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in
sitcom from situation comedy.
• Some of the most common products of clipping are names--Liz, Ron,
Rob, Sue, and so on.
http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/59679.
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15. F. Acronoymy
Acronomy is the process whereby a word is
formed from the initials or beginning segments
of a succession of words.
EXAMPLES:
NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
radar (radio detecting and ranging).
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16. cont.,
Acronoymy
•Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase
or name. While acronyms are pronounced as single words (NASA, AIDS),
initialisms are pronounced ''as a sequence of letters'' (DNA, USA).
(Finegan 2007, 48)
•Some acronyms even become words of our everyday language, such as laser or
zip code. But the most famous word based on a shortening is the initialism OK.
•Initialisms and acronyms can be sub-divided into a few groups:
1. Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Interpol - International
Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging)
2. Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM,
JPEG)
3. Recursive initialisms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP
- PHP hypertext preprocessor)
4. Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that,
when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (IOU – I
owe you, CU – See you). This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the
internet.
5. Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly
included anyway (PIN number)
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17. G. Blending
•Blending is the fusion of two words into
one ,usually the first part of one word
with the last part of another, as in
gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol.
•The two classes, blends and clipped
words, are not sharply separated, and
some words may be put into either class.
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18. cont.,
Blending
Blending involves taking two or more words,
removing parts of each, and joining the residues
together to create a new word whose form and
meaning are taken from the source words.
EXAMPLES:
• smog = smoke + fog
• brunch = breakfast + lunch
• motel = motor + hotel
• webinar = (worldwide) web + seminar.
• transistor = transfer + resistor
• autobus = automobile + omnibus
• escalator = escalade + elevator
fog
smoke
smog
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19. H. Back-formation
Backformation is the formation of new words by the
removal of an affix. It may be defined as the
formation of a word from one that looks like its
derivative. When a backformation becomes established in
the language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we
know the etymology of the words in question.
EXAMPLES:
•sculpt (from sculptor),
•burgle (burglar),
•proofread (proofreading),
•scavenge (scavenger)
•to vacuum (vacuum cleaner),
•air-condition (air- conditioning),
•skydive (skydiving),
•babysit (babysitting).
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20. I. Folk Etymology
Changing a word, in part or in whole, to make
it more understandable and more like familiar
words.
EXAMPLES:
•Type A (foreign words):
Cockroach was borrowed from Spanish cucaracha
but was folk-etymologized as cock + roach.
•Type B (one part becomes obsolete):
sand-blind(as if "blinded by the sand") from Old
English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is a once-
common prefix cognate with "semi-").
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 20 11/15/2011

21. J. Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation
of common noun, a verb, or an
adjective from the name of a person
or place.
Examples:
sandwich(from Sandwich who once spent
twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no
other refreshment than some slices of cold beef
between slices of toast).
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22. cont.,
Antonomasia
Frisben (from the Frisbie Bakery in Bridge
Water),
Connecticut (whose pie tins were used for a
throwing game),
Vandal (from the vandals a Germanic people who
overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked
and looted Rome in the fifth century).
• Names from history and literature have
given us man common nouns:
A lover for instance may be called a romeo, a
don juan, a casanova.
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23. K. Reduplication
•Reduplication is the process of forming a new
word by doubling a morpheme, usually with
a change of vowel or initial consonant, as
in pooh-pooh, tiptop, And hanky-panky .
•The basic morpheme is the second half, like
dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick
tock, or both halves, like singsong, neither
half, like boogie-woogie.
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24. cont.,
Reduplication
•The term “REDUPLICATION” involves three
meanings :
1.The process.
2.The result of the process (that is, the
new word).
3. The element repeated
• The repeated element is the basic or
originating morpheme.
•The new word is called twin-words.
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25. teeny-weeny
repetition
tiptop tick-tick
with
Change of
initial
consonant
repetition
repetition
with
without
Change of
change
vowel
TWIN-
WORDS
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26. TYPES OF REDUPLICATION
Exact
Reduplication
e.g. bye-bye
REDUPLICATION
Ablaut Rhyming
Reduplication Reduplication
e.g. super-
e.g. chitchat duper
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27. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 27 11/15/2011