Practical MS SQL Introduction

1. www.formatech.com.lb
Microsoft SQL Server
Design, Performance and Reporting
Version 1.4 - 08
.
By Naji El Kotob.
Certified Trainer
Information Technology Consultant
_______________________________
naji@dotnetheroes.com

2.  Database
◦ Definitions and Fundamentals
◦ Relational Database Objects
◦ B-Tree
 Microsoft SQL Server
◦ Design and Architecture
 Database Design
◦ Relationships
◦ Database Normalization
 SQL – Structured Query Language
◦ DML
◦ JOINS
 Inner, Outer, Full, Cross and self
 Optimization and Performance Tips
 Microsoft SQL Server Development Tools
◦ Business Intelligence Development Studio
 Resources and References
Outlines
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

3. Definitions and Fundamentals
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

4.  An organized collection of data.
Database?
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5.  DEMO
◦ [Real Case Studies]
Database?
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6.  There are two main types of database;
flat-file and relational.
Database Types
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7. RDBMS?
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8.  The "relation" comes from the fact that
the tables can be linked to each other.
Relational
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9.  DBMS is the software that controls the
organization, storage, retrieval, security
and integrity of data in a database.
DBMS [Database Management System]
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10.  A type of database management
system (DBMS) that stores data in the
form of related tables.
Source: http://www.webopedia.com
RDBMS
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11.  One major advantage of the relational
model is that, if a database is designed
efficiently, there should be NO duplication
of any data; helping to maintain database
integrity.
Customers
Orders
Relational Model
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12. Relational Database Objects
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13.  Database objects are tables, indexes,
views, triggers, procedures…
Database Objects
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14.  Tables are the basic component of a
relational database (RDB). It has a
number of rows and columns, similar to a
spreadsheet.
Database Tables
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15.  A database index is a data structure that
improves the speed of operations in a
table.
 Indexes can be created using one or more
columns, providing the basis for both
rapid random lookups and efficient
ordering of access to records.
Database Index
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16. Database Index: DEMO
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17. B-Tree?
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18. Image source: http://20bits.com/articles/interview-questions-database-indexes/
A B-tree consists of a root
node that contains a
single page of data,
zero or more
intermediate levels
What is a b-tree? containing additional
pages, and a leaf level.
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

19. Clustered index
Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177443.aspx
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

20. Non-clustered index
Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177484.aspx
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21. B-Tree: DEMO
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22. QnA?
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23. Microsoft SQL Server
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24. Image source: http://www.vovisoft.com/SQLServer2000/images/DatabaseStorageAllocation.gif (Nov. 2008)
MSSQL: Design and Architecture
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25. Primary Filegroup
Data Log
.mdf .ldf
MSSQL: Design and Architecture
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26. Primary Filegroup
Data
.mdf
New Filegroup
Data Log
Data
.ndf .ldf
.ndf
MSSQL: Design and Architecture (Cont’d)
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27.  SQL Server uses a write-ahead log
(WAL), which guarantees that no data
modifications are written to disk before
the associated log record is written to
disk.
◦ Source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186259(SQL.90).aspx
Log Files: WAL
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28. 1 Data modification is
sent by application Modification is recorded
3 in transaction log on disk
Buffer
Cache
Disk
Disk
Data pages are located in,
2 or read into, buffer cache
and modified Checkpoint writes
4 committed transactions
to database
Log Files: Transaction Logging
Image source: http://www.vovisoft.com/SQLServer2000/images/HowTransactionLogWorks.gif (Nov. 2008)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

29. Database Design
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30. Relationships
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31.  Unique Key:
◦ It creates non-clustered index by default
◦ It allows only one null value
◦ Multiple Key(s) per table
 Primary Key:
◦ It creates clustered index by default
◦ It doesn't allow nulls
◦ One key per table
 Foreign Key
◦ A key used in one table to represent the value of a
primary key in a related table. While primary keys must
contain unique values, foreign keys may have duplicates.
Tables: Keys
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32. Tables Keys: DEMO
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33.  One record in Table-1 has one and only
one matching record in Table-2.
Relationships: One-to-One
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34.  One record in Table-1 can have multiple
matching records in Tabl-2, but only one
in Table-1.
Relationships: One-to-Many
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35.  Each record in Table-1 and Table-2 can
have multiple matching records in either
table.
Relationships: Many-to-Many
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36. Relationships: DEMO
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37. Normalization
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38.  Normalization is the process of efficiently
organizing data in a database.
◦ Eliminating redundant data (e.g. storing the same
data in more than one table)
◦ Ensuring data dependencies make sense (only
storing related data in a table).
What is Normalization?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

39. Project Project Employee Employee Department
ID Name ID Name
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
5 Naji Marketing
2 Nada HR
Repeating groups of
similar data
ZERO Normal Form
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40. Project Project Employee Employee Departmen
ID Name ID Name t
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
5 Naji Marketing
2 Nada HR
NF1: Project Project Employee Employee Departme
A row of data cannot ID Name ID Name nt
contain repeating 123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
groups of similar data
(atomicity) 123 Payroll 8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
Each row of data must
have a unique identifier 134 CRM 5 Naji IT
(or Primary Key). 134 CRM 2 Nada HR
First Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

41. Project Project Employee Employee Department
ID Name ID Name
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
123 Payroll 8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
134 CRM 5 Naji IT
134 CRM 2 Nada HR
NF2: Project Project
No Partial ID Name
Dependencies on a 123 Payroll Employee Employee Department
Concatenated Key
134 CRM ID Name
5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
7 Sandra IT
2 Nada HR
Second Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

42. Project Project Employee Employee Department Department column:
ID Name ID Name Rely on non-key attributes
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
Can it exist independent
134 CRM
8 Dani Finance of the Employee ID
column?
7 Sandra IT
2 Nada HR
Project Project
ID Name
Employee Employee
123 Payroll ID Name
134 CRM 5 Naji
8 Dani
NF3: 7 Sandra Department Department
It contains no transitive ID Name
2 Nada
dependencies 1 IT
(No Dependencies on
Non-Key Attributes). 2 Finance
3 HR
Third Normal Form
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43. Normalization: DEMO
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44. QnA?
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45. SQL (Structured Query Language)
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46.  SQL is a standardized query language for
accessing/manipulating data and schema
in relational database management
systems, such as Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, etc.
SQL
Data/Feedback
SQL (Structured Query Language)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

47. SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

48. Northwind Sample
Database
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE‘
Customers
Shippers
Suppliers
Orders
Products
Order Details
CustomerCustomerDemo
CustomerDemographics
Region
Territories
EmployeeTerritories
sysdiagrams
Employees
Categories Source:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?Fam
ilyID=06616212-0356-46A0-8DA2-
EEBC53A68034&displaylang=en
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

49.  The SQL SELECT statement is the SQL
command that retrieves data from an SQL
database. This operation is also known as
a query and is the key to the use of SQL
for analysis and reporting.
SQL: Select Statement
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50. Let’s experience it ;)
SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

51. SELECT * FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

52. SELECT ContactName + ' (' + CompanyName + ')'
FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (Concat)
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53. SELECT SUBSTRING(CustomerID, 1, 3) + ' - ' +
CompanyName FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (Substring)
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54. SELECT DISTINCT Country
FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (DISTINCT)
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55. SELECT DISTINCT Country
FROM Customers
Order by Country ASC -- or DESC
SQL: Select Statement (ORDER BY)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

56. SELECT OrderID, ProductID, (UnitPrice *
Quantity * (1 - Discount)) AS SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
SQL: Select Statement (Expression)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

57. SELECT ORDERID,
SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
GROUP BY ORDERID
SQL: Select Statement
(Aggregate Functions)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

58. SELECT o.CustomerID,
(SELECT SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
WHERE OrderID = o.OrderID)
FROM Orders o
SQL: Select Statement (Aggregate
Functions + Subquery)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

59. SELECT ORDERID,
ROUND(SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))), 2) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
GROUP BY ORDERID
HAVING SUM(UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount)) > 500
SQL: Select Statement (Aggregate
Functions + Filtration)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

60. QnA?
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61. ◦ = Equal
◦ <> Not Equal
◦ > Greater Than
◦ < Less Than
◦ >= Greater Than Or Equal
◦ <= Less Than Or Equal
◦ _______________________
◦ TOP # [PERCENT]
◦ BETWEEN
◦ LIKE %, _, [], [^]
◦ IN
◦ IS NULL / IS NOT NULL
◦ NOT, AND, OR
◦ …
SQL: Select Statement: WHERE
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62. DML: Select, Insert, Update and Delete
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

63.  SELECT * FROM Employees
 INSERT INTO Employees(FirstName,
LastName)
VALUES ('Naji','El Kotob')
 UPDATE Employees SET City='Beirut',
Country='Lebanon' WHERE EmployeeID = 10
 DELETE FROM Employees WHERE
EmployeeID = 10
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DML
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

64. DML: DEMO
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65. SQL: Select Statement: JOIN
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66.  The SQL join command is used to join
two or more tables.
SQL: Select Statement: JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

67.  JOIN match in both tables
 LEFT JOIN match in the right table
 RIGHT JOIN match in the left table
 FULL JOIN match in one of the tables
 CROSS JOIN Cartesian Product - combines
two tables by generating all possible
SQL: Select Statement: JOINS
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68.  What’s the name of the top 5 customers
with their order value and order date?
INNER JOIN
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69. SELECT TOP 5 C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, O.OrderDate,
ROUND(SUM((OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity * (1 - OD.Discount))), 2)
AS SubTotal
FROM Customers C INNER JOIN
Orders O ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID INNER
JOIN
[Order Details] OD ON O.OrderID = OD.OrderID
GROUP BY C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, O.OrderDate
ORDER BY SubTotal DESC
INNER JOIN
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70.  Generate a list of customers with the
number of orders?
 Generate a list of all the customers with
the number orders?
 Generate a list of employees and their
managers?
JOINS: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

71. SELECT Customers.CompanyName,
COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS [Number of Orders]
FROM Customers INNER JOIN
Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =
Orders.CustomerID
GROUP BY Customers.CompanyName
ORDER BY Customers.CompanyName
INNER JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

72. SELECT Customers.CompanyName,
COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS [Number of Orders]
FROM Customers LEFT JOIN
Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =
Orders.CustomerID
GROUP BY Customers.CompanyName
ORDER BY [Number of Orders] DESC
LEFT JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

73. SELECT e.FirstName + ' ' + e.LastName AS 'Employee
Name', m.FirstName + ' ' + m.LastName AS 'Manager
Name'
FROM Employees AS e LEFT OUTER JOIN Employees AS m
ON e.ReportsTo = m.EmployeeID
SELF JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

74. SELECT Products.ProductName,
Suppliers.CompanyName
FROM Products CROSS JOIN Suppliers
CROSS JOIN
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75. QnA?
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76. Microsoft Reporting
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77. Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173767.aspx
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

78. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

79. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

80. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

81. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

82.  Reports (Manager)
 ReportServer (Viewer)
SQL Server Reporting Services
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83.  rs:Command
 rs:Format
 rc:NoHeader
 rc:Parameters
 ParametersName
 …
URL Parameters
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

84.  http://websiteowner.info/articles/cgi/databasetypes.asp
 http://www.progress.com/psm/objectstore/object-oriented-
database-management-system/index.ssp
 http://www.bluerwhite.org/btree
 http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=608628&seq
Num=3
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree
 http://slady.net/java/bt/view.php?w=600&h=450
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177443.aspx
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms179355.aspx
 http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mssql/article.php/1
439801/Optimizing-SQL-Server-Performance-by-Using-File-
and-Filegroups.htm
 http://riki-lb1.vet.ohio-
state.edu/mqlin/computec/tutorials/SQLTutorial.htm
Resources and References (Cont’d)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

85.  http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms180892(SQL.90).aspx
 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/873235
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189573(SQL.90).aspx
 http://www.smart-soft.co.uk/Oracle/advanced-sql-tutorial.htm
 http://infogoal.com/sql/sql-select.htm *
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=06616212-
0356-46A0-8DA2-EEBC53A68034&displaylang=en
 http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_tryit.asp
 http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mssql/article.php/3464481/Usi
ng-a-Subquery-in-a-T-SQL-Statement.htm *
 http://www.sql-tutorial.com/sql-aggregate-functions-sql-tutorial *
 http://www.sql-tutorial.com/sql-introduction-sql-tutorial *
 http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2001/03/20/aboutSQL.html
 http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/normalization.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization
 http://www.datamodel.org/NormalizationRules.html
Resources and References (Cont’d)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

86.  http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2008/en/us/wp-sql-2008-reporting-
services.aspx
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
 http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F
2006%2Fs1705%2F51s05%2F51s05.asp
Resources and References
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

87. www.formatech.com.lb
Please send your feedback
and suggestions to:
naji@dotnetheroes.com
Thank You 
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}