1. Si
Gr x i
My ey nch
st an es
Brand?
er d
io we wid
us t e
What is the Territory of the
2. Contents
Presentation Objective
Understanding Branding
From Products to Brands
Brand Attributes
Brand Management
Brand Architecture
Exercise
Brand Building
Brand Audit
Connection Triangle
Big Idea
Evaluating Advertising
3. Presentation Objective
• To understand the facets / issues involved in
branding
• To develop a framework for building a brand
4. Al Ries, David Ogilvy & Ambani
Presentation incorporates
learnings from
India’s Branding School, founded by Reliance:
MICA
Personal Work Experience
Al Ries & Laura Ries: The 22 Immutable Laws of
Branding
6. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
7. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
8. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
9. Module 1 - Stage 1
From Products to Brands
Understanding Brand
Branding Building
Products to Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
10. Module 1 - Stage 1
From Products to Brands
Understanding Brand
Brand v/s. Product
Branding Building
Products to Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
A brand is more distinctive than a product
It is first of all a name, a means of identification
Secondly it s a set of added values offering both functional and
psychological benefits
Above all ‘a brand is a promise’
11. Module 1 - Stage 1
From Products to Brands
Understanding Brand
Branding Building
Products to Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
A Brand is a Promise
“ …A seller’s promise to deliver consistently
a specific set of features, benefits and services
to buyers.
12. Module 1 - Stage 1
From Products to Brands
…….a short-hand that communicates powerfully & reduces uncertainty
13. Fevicol Case
Sales Value AdSpend Adspend as %
Year
( Rs. Crores) ( Rs. Crores) of Sales
92-93 46.02 0.55 1.2%
93-94 77.12 1.7 2.2%
94-95 102.16 2.3 2.3%
95-96 138 3.28 2.4%
96-97 156.19 5 3.2%
97-98 151.68 5.51 3.6%
98-99 191.75 6 3.1%
16. Brand as an Asset
“If Coca Cola lost everything except for ‘the formula’ and its brand
name , it could walk into any bank in the world and get $100 billion
loan to start from the scratch”
Fortune Magazine
17. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
18. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
Name Logo
Colours Essence
19. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Immutable Law of Name
In the long run the brand is nothing more than a name
20. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Name
Short
Kodak, Fuji
CNN an AOL Time Warner Company
Distinctive
• Toyota’s Lexus is distinctive.Toyota’s Luxury commonplace
• Orange was a striking name in a world of tel and coms
Not mean anything rude or silly in another language
Big Macs( McDonald’s) is a slang for big breasts in Canada
21. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Name
Avoid generic / line extended names
• Xerox as opposed to Haloids Paper Master
• Xerox (Copier) is powerful. Xerox Computer is not
Changing your name will not overcome a bad strategy
• “Monday” (Price Waterhouse Coopers )
22. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Immutable Law of Shape
A brand’s logotype should be designed to fit the eyes.
Both eyes
23. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Logo
• Simple logo, designed to fit both eyes
• Mercedes three star
• Logos with a horizontal bias
• Logo with a horizontal bias is esp. useful for retail brands
• Logo font has to be clear and legible
• A housewife does not buy Ariel because it is written in a specific
font
25. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Immutable Law of Colour
A brand should use a colour opposite of its rival
26. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
The Cola Wars: Energy Vs. Peace
27. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Colours
Colours have meanings
• Purple means royalty
• Red is energetic
• Blue is peaceful
Opposite colours can differentiate
• Coke is red, Pepsi is blue
• Kodak is yellow, Fuji is green
28. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Colours..
Colours can help you stand out
• FedEx’s orange and purple packet stands out in corporate blue
Logo and colours help, but the power of the brand
Essentially in the meaning of the brand name in consumer’s mind, its
essence
29. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Immutable Law of Singularity
Most important thing for a brand is its
single mindedness.
30. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Single-mindedness means consistency.
Fresh and interesting manifestations of a single idea.
31. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Essence
A brand must “leverage a compelling truth”
Linux stands for freedom as opposed to Microsoft’s monopoly
A brand should mean a single powerful thing: the essence
Essence of Volvo is Safety
Essence of Tata is trust
Essence of Fevicol is bonding
32. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Understanding Brand
Branding Building Name Logo
Products to
Colours Essence
brands Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
Brand Essence
A brand should also be clear of what is not its essence
In India, STAR NEWS is not a channel of the masses unlike STAR PLUS
A brand should drive single mindedly its essence
Volvo has been selling safety for 35 years
Raymond has been selling the complete man for over 2 decades
Essence of Dettol is protection against germs
A brand loses its essence if it starts meaning a lot of things
What is Miller :A regular,light,draft,cheap, expensive beer
33. Module 1 - Stage 2
Attributes
Immutable Law of Word
A brand should try to own a word in consumer’s mind
37. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Co-Brand
Brands need to address a similar need segment
– Kellogg's Pop-tarts with Smuckers Jam
Brands with complementary strengths: Seen often on the Net
– NY Times gives Amazon credibility
– Amazon makes NY Times look modern.
38. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Stealth Brand
Brand building that attracts customer attention but not of rivals
• Home-to-home, word of mouth / PR, internet community building
• Krispy Kreme relies only on PR
Good option when unsure of a new medium/market
Little promotion for Maytag website as opposed to a buy.com. Maytag sold
1000s of Neptune washers on web
39. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Fighting Brand
Pricing led branding option. Works as a competitive response.
• Smirnov (Heublein) Case
Smirnov attacked by W’schmidt @ $1 less
Heublein raised the price of Smirnov
Heublein introduced Reiska(fighting brand) at the same price
point as W’schmidt
Heublein added Popov lower than both
40. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Fighting Brand
Built as new, independent brand
• Prevents dilution of the leading brand
HLL introduced Wheel to fight Nirma
41. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Immutable Law of Siblings
There is a time and place to launch a second brand
43. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Multi Brand
Key to a multi-brand approach is to give each sibling a unique
identity
Time, Fortune,Life, Money, People
Tempting to mash the brands and top it with corporate frosting
Tata Salt,Tata Tea
Second brand risks diluting equity
Is Kingfisher Mild drinker more likely to be from Kingfisher or from
Fosters?
44. Module 1 - Stage 3
Management
Stealth
Understanding
Branding
Brand
Building Co-Brand
Brand
Fighting
Multi-Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand
Multi Brand..
Common product area focus
Shampoos: Clinic Plus, Ayush, Sunsilk
Single attribute segmentation
Price:Maruti 800, Zen, Esteem
Sibling creates a new category
Herbal Anti-Dandruff category by Ayush
45. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
46. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
House of Endorsed
Brands Brand
Sub Brand Branded House
47. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Immutable Law of Contraction
A brand becomes stronger when you narrow its focus
48. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
The Economist is red and daring.
Provocative, brutally honest and non-conformist
49. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Understanding Brand House of Endorsed
Branding Building
Brands Brand
Branded
Sub Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise House
House of Brands
Often dictated by corporate strategy. Core competence of the firm
is marketing / branding
• P&G is the prime example. Its “big” with the channel
Multiple independent brands allows company to fill each niche
• Helps brand focus
Gives an opportunity for the company to focus on each brand and
contract its scope.
50. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Understanding Brand House of Endorsed
Branding Building
Brands Brand
Branded
Sub Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise House
Endorsed Brand
Endorsement used as a device to transfer brand assets from one
brand(corporate) to another
Titan from TATA, transferring trust
Danger of diluting the equity of endorsing brand
Best as a transitional strategy
Gain, from makers of Ariel
51. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Immutable Law of Expansion
Brand’s power inversely proportional to scope.
52. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
The Volkswagen bus ad, talked only about ‘plenty of room’
53. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Understanding Brand House of Endorsed
Branding Building
Brands Brand
Branded
Sub Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise House
Sub Brand
Inside out branding.Company pushes core brand in different
directions
Sub-branding can destroy what branding builds
• Donna Karan menswear, DKNY, DKNY menswear, DKNY kids
54. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Immutable Law of Company
Brands are brands, companies are companies.
There is a difference.
55. Module 1 - Stage 4
Architecture
Understanding Brand House of Endorsed
Branding Building
Brands Brand
Branded
Sub Brand
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise House
Branded house
Consumers buy brands, not companies
Danger of branded house, being many things to one group of people
• Virgin? Does “Virgin trains” work?
May motivate trade, so might be useful for PR purposes with
trade/other stakeholders
• P& G way
56. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
57. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Exercise
Two brand positioning within the same brand family?How do we
reconcile the two positions?
The options available to us
1. Single brand
2. Stand Alone New Brand
3. Transfer of Brand Assets from an existing brand
What are the pros and cons of each option ?
58. Module 1
Understanding Branding
Understanding Brand Building
Branding
Products to
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise
brands
Single Brand
Options
Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Brand Brand Assets
59. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Single Brand Family
‘Stand-alone’ New Brand
Transfer of Brand Assets ‘x from y’
60. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option : Single Brand family
Constant values / different products
• Dettol antiseptic / soap / hand wash
• Crest toothpaste / Mouth wash (But not chewing gum)
Differentiate on product usage
• IBM Value Point - Entry level purchase
• Gillette Good News Line - Disposables
61. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option : Single Brand family
Use as umbrella branding
TATA Trust
SONY Electronic technology
But Taj from TATA for Performance segments
Difficult for a single brand to straddle Performance and Price
segments
Surf entry in popular segment with Surf Easywash. Withdrew after 2 yrs
Gap changed Gap Warehouse to Old Navy Clothing due to perceived
brand erosion
62. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option : Single Brand family
Learnings
+ Cheaper than creating a new brand
- Difficult to stretch brands across Price and Performance
- Risk of eroding present position
- Lose opportunity of creating a new segment
63. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option : ‘Stand-alone’ New Brand
Levers enters popular segment successfully with Wheel as opposed
to Surf Easywash
Levers use of brand-wise differentiation of brand values and
attributes to target consumer segments- Surf / Rin / Wheel / OK
detergents
Toyota launches Lexus to enter the Premium Auto segment credibly
64. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option : ‘Stand-alone’ New Brand
Learnings
+ Clear brand identity, values and assets
+ Create new opportunity of a range possibility in Popular segment
+ Leave present brand secure
- Expensive to build brand assets
- Difficult to build trial as a stand-alone Brand
65. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option: Transfer of Brand Assets ‘x from y’
Titan (from Tata’s)
• Worked well for Titan
Sonata (from Titan)
• Eroding equity of Titan
Gain (from the makers of Ariel)
• Apparently a ‘Transitional Strategy’
66. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Option: Transfer of Brand Assets ‘x from y’
Learnings
+ Cheaper than developing a new brand
+ Can be used as a ‘Transitional Strategy’
- Still a risk of eroding present image
- Possible mix of values and assets
67. Module 1 - Stage5
Exercise
Understanding Brand Single Brand
Options
Branding Building Family
Stand Alone Transfer of
Products to
brands
Attributes Management Architecture Exercise Brand Brand Assets
Branding Options: Conclusion
‘Single Brand family possible if:
Different products / similar values
Differentiate on end use
‘Stand-alone ‘New Brand’ best option to straddle values - however it
is expensive to create a new Brand
‘Transfer of Brand assets ‘x from y’’ possible, especially as a
transitional strategy - still a risk of eroding present values and
mixing values and assets