1. Attachment, Deviance and Youth offending.

3. Sigmund Freud 1856 - 1939 Melanie Klein 1882-1960 Anna Freud 1895-1982 Donald Winnicott 1896-1971 John Bowlby 1907-1990 Mary Ainsworth 1913-1999 History

6. Secure attachment In infancy a parent provides consistent emotional support as the primary caregiver. The child learns that people can be trusted and therefore see’s them in high regard and emotionally connects with people. Insecure attachment Inconsistent and emotionally detached / inappropriate parenting leads to the infant believing that the parent cannot be relied on to provide emotional support. They form a negative view of themselves and other and struggle to form relationships. The Internal Working Model

7. Classifications Attachment Pattern Child Caregiver Secure Care giver as secure base for child exploration Consistent and appropriate Avoidant Treats strangers similar to care givers. No attachment. low self esteem and negative self image Little to no response to distressed child. Ambivalent/ resistant Anxious because of inconsistent care giver. Inconsistent between appropriate and neglectful responses Dissorginised Lack of coherent attachment illustrated by contradictory behaviors Neglectful/ abusive behavior.

9. Disorganised

11. “ Although not all disturbed children grow up into anti-social adults, most adults who regally commit crimes or drink excessively or exhibit seriously unacceptable social behaviour have suffered disturbed relationships during childhood.” (Howe, 1995) The Detrimental Effect of Insecure Attachment on Criminality

12. The 44 thieves study aims to determine the correlation between maternal deprivation in infancy and adolescence. 44 juvenile thieves were studied against 44 adolescents who were “emotionally disturbed” but did not steal. The study found that 14 of the thieves were “affectionless” in comparison to none in those who did not steal. The study concluded that there is a connection between the maternal deprived in infancy and criminal behaviour in adolescence. 44 Juvenile Thieves (Bowlby 1944)

13. Youth Crime

15. Case Study

16. Case Study Aileen Wuornos

17. Keith Aileen Barry Lori Dianne Lauri Britta Aileen Wuornos Gino Gram

18. Keith Aileen Barry Lori Lauri Britta Dianne Leo Aileen Wuornos Gino Gram

20. negative forms of attachment are thought to have detrimental effect on the following : * intellectual and emotional development. * academic attainment * mental health, substance abuse. * relationships * life chances * parenting capacity (Howe,1995) Taking a step back: What does this mean to social workers?

21. known risk factors influencing likelihood deviance/ criminality: poverty violence in the home mental health/ substance abuse lack of life opportunity/ academic achievement lack of usual emotional adjustment. (Temple et al, 2007) with this in mind what do we do? Negative attachment, Deviance and Criminality

22. Attachment is the 'parent child process by which a person learns how to respond to the world and how they learn from the world' and is therefore an important tool in a social worker's arsenal (Le Riche et al, 2009) "investments in preschool have substantially higher net benefits than ... most other social programs" (Temple et al, 2007) Early Intervention

23. - american model long established and shaped UK - perry high-scope: longest running. $13 - 1 cost benefit. - chicago cpc closest to uk children center model: - PACT (parent child therapy), routed in attachment therapy. (attachment is a two way street) Early Intervention

24. sure start (1998) children centers: - working with children, parents and communities. - focus on socialisation, - health, - development and parent skills. - eventual academic attainment and life achievement. - all are linked to prevention of deviant and criminal behaviors Children’s Centers

25. every little helps individual and societal benefit lessens associated costs of crime (monetaraly and other) helps stop cycle of poverty crime deviance. helps parents consider their parenting and grow. benefiting parent and child family and community but... although sure start and children centers given statutory footing in 2009, cuts are still a reality. and not run for long enough yet to demonstrate full benefits. Solve all life's problems?

26. So what do you think?

27. Biology- genes Psychological –personality traits Family-structure& style Environment Is it all down to attachment?

36. Conclusion

37. Questions... Anyone?