9. Subunit Vaccines 2 Toxoids Toxoids are bacterial toxins that have been inactivated by heat or chemicals. When injected, the toxoid stimulates the production of antitoxins. Acellular Vaccines These are produced by fragmentation of a conventional whole-agent vaccine and collecting only those portions containing the desired antigens. Heat, iodine or formaldehyde Antigenic fragments of bacterial cells

12. Producing a DNA Vaccine 1 The recombinant bacteria are allowed to grow and reproduce on an agar plate. Antigen gene is spliced into the plasmid and the plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium. Gene for the antigen is removed from the pathogenic or cancerous cell Plasmid is isolated from a harmless bacterium.

13. Producing a DNA Vaccine 2 Expression of the gene in the patient produces a protein that elicits an immune response. The isolated antigen gene is delivered to the patient using direct injection or via a gene gun .

17. Antimicrobial Activity Spectrum of antimicrobial activity of a number of chemotherapeutic drugs Streptomycin Prokaryotes Mycobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria Rickettsias/ Chlamydias Penicillin Tetracycline Isoniazid Viruses Acyclovir

18. Antimicrobial Activity Spectrum of antimicrobial activity of a number of chemotherapeutic drugs Eukaryotes Fungi Protozoa Tapeworms/ Flukes Ketoconazole Nicosamide (tapeworms) Mefloquine (malaria) Praziquantel (flukes)

21. Making Monoclonal Antibodies Hybridoma cells Mouse cell and tumor cell fusing Unfused cell Pure tumor cells are harvested from culture A mouse is injected with a foreign protein ( antigen ). The mouse’s B-cells produce an antibody to recognize the antigen. A few days later, antibody-producing B-cells are taken from the mouse’s spleen. The mouse cells and tumor cells are mixed together in suspension. Some of the mouse cells fuse with tumor cells to make hybrid cells called hybridomas . Hybridomas are screened for antibody production. They are then cultured to produce large numbers of monoclonal antibodies. The mixture of cells is placed in a selective medium that allows only hybrid cells to grow.