- York University undertook transportation demand management initiatives in the late 1990s as 70% of commuters drove alone and expansion was projected to increase congestion. - Initiatives included working with Smart Commute North Toronto to develop alternatives to driving like transit, cycling, and carpooling which have increased to over 60% of trips. - Parking permits decreased from over 14,000 in 2000 to under 12,500 in 2007 as plans for new parking structures were deferred due to effective transportation demand management programs.