1. Settlement and Integration Outcomes: Some Research Paul Spoonley and Trudie Cain Massey University Diversity Forum 22 August 2011

2. Integration of Immigrants Programme 2007-2012 Objective 2 (Paul Spoonley) What are the experiences of immigrant families and households in relation to labour market participation and business activity? What strategies do they adopt in relation to paid/unpaid work, entrepreneurship, saving behaviour, investment? How significant/important are ethnic sub-economies/networks/precincts or transnational linkages? What is the nature/size of ethnic economic networks/enclaves and what are the spill-over effects? (Team: P. Spoonley, R. Bedford, E. Ho, R. Peace, T. Cain)

3. Employees Employers Chinese IndianKoreans South Africans British Networks Ethnic Precincts Entrepreneurs

6. Ethnic/familial obligations

7. Labour market regulation and the treatment of labour

9. Changing Cartographies: Ethnic Precincts Visibility of cultural differences Branding the city as multicultural Authenticity and representation …increasingly hyphenated forms of demographic mixing… Keith, 2005

10. Racialization and Public Spaces The city plays an increasingly significant role in conceptualising these dynamics [cultural contact]. In this sense the multiculturalism of the cities of the twenty-first century is both demographically and politically challenging. Michael Keith, 2005

11. Research and Policy Questions Ethnic Precincts Are they evidence of parallel communities that might inhibit social integration? Are they evidence of low quality outcomes and poor economic incorporation?

12. Ethnic Entrepreneurs as Institutional Actors Surveys of Business Owners and Employees Ethnic Precincts Linguistic Landscapes Surveys of EP Consumers

14. Gain privileged access to certain resources

16. Northcote Dominion Rd Meadowlands

17. Ethnic Precincts

18. Meadowlands Ethnic Precinct

19. Meadowlands Ethnic Precinct

24. Relational Embeddedness:Chinese Employer Interviews Co-ethnic workers 100% employed at least one Chinese employee Co-ethnic suppliers 100% had at least one Chinese supplier Co-ethnic customers 90% had Chinese customers Chinese Main language used with workers for 95% of employers

25. Transnationalism International connections 50% employers travelled internationally 90% of these went to China “I need to learn any new dish in China so I can provide it to my customers here as soon as possible. The other reason is that some materials I can only get from China, so sometimes I need to import products”. “My Chinese [ ] company must import [ ] from China then sell [these products] to other Chinese shops in New Zealand. If I lost the business contacts in China my business wouldn’t be able to continue running”.

26. Functions of Chinese Ethnic Precincts Chinese Consumers Frequency (43% daily/weekly) Food (price/culturally relevant) Social contact Non-Chinese Consumers Frequency (26% daily/weekly) Food (price) Accessibility

27. Unresolved Questions Size of Chinese ethnic economy in Auckland Trajectory of business development: remain co-ethnic focused?

28. Character of Multiculturalism Voluntarism of ethnicity/ethnic precincts Geographies of visibility Incorporation Licensed Excluded Assimilated (Kymlicka, Parekh) Transnationalism/globalised networks of exchange and allegiance Deliberative democracy to negotiate political options/settlement of city (Keith)

29. Who is a New Zealander? What it means to be a New Zealander? What it means to be a New Zealander in a culturally diverse society?