1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 15:
Law Enforcement
Bureaucracy and Homeland
Security
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

2. The Bureaucracy Challenge
 Currently, a variety of Senate and House
committees are responsible for different aspects
of security in the U.S.
o Federal, state, local, tribal agencies and private
corporations
 Max Weber
o Coined the term of bureaucracy to describe
professional, rational organizations designed to serve a
purpose.
 Bureaucracy and Preventing Terrorism
 There is a controversy concerning homeland
security bureaucracy
o Efficiency of consolidating power
o Efficiency of decentralized services

3. Intelligence and Bureaucracy
 FBI is a leading agency for
counterterrorism.
 Important services are shared with
Border Patrol, Secret Service and CIA.
 Under the intelligence reform law of
2004 all intelligence coordination must
take place in the National
Counterterrorism Center (NCTC).

4. State, Local, and Tribal
Law Enforcement Bureaucracies
 There are more than 800,000 state, local,
and tribal law enforcement agencies in the
U.S.A.
 Law enforcement executives must support
task orientated methods in counterterrorism.
o Task orientation focuses the actions of
individuals and departments.
 Additionally, commitment to threat analysis
and identification of pre-incident indicators
have to be taken into consideration.

5. Border Protection
 Borders of the U.S. are vulnerable in several
areas:
o Long stretches of unprotected areas along the northern
and southern borders are wide open for infiltration.
o Over 300 seaports must be secured.
o Air travel and entry points require security.
o Noncitizens within U.S. borders to be accounted for.
 The DHS must coordinate the activities of different
agencies responsible for border protection.
o Custom Service
o Immigration and Customs Enforcement
o Coast Guard

6. Policy Disputes
 The 9-11 Commission Report addressed border
security, recommending reforms.
 More than 500M people cross U.S. borders every
year; 330M are foreigners.
 The system is unable to provide security or monitor
foreigners in the U.S.
 An agency as broad as DHS will face criticism from
various outside and inside groups with conflicting
demands.
 DHS issues:
o Deployment of personnel
o Policies concerning international travelers
o Responsibility of local agencies

7. Immigration Debate
 Boarder Security involves issues of:
o Tightening entry of illegal immigrants
o Tighter controls on immigration from countries
that may harbor hostility toward the United
States
 Diminyatz notes four major threats related to
protection of the southern border:
o Terrorism and weapon of mass destruction
o Drug trafficking
o Human smuggling
o Infectious diseases

8. Immigration Debate
 Buchanan
o Unregulated flow of immigrants from the southern
border opens the door to terrorist infiltration and to
destruction of American culture.
 To correct the situation, U.S. military forces should
be deployed along the border until civilian law
enforcement can be consolidated and effective
barriers can be established.
 The federal government needs to form partnership
with local law enforcement.
o There is a danger this would impede effective local
law enforcement which requires contacts within
illegal immigrant communities.

9. Infrastructure Protection
 Clarke – There are a number of threats facing
the nation’s infrastructure.
o Information systems
▪ Most computer systems are vulnerable to viruses.
o Internet and computer networks that support
transportation and economic systems are also
vulnerable to attack.
▪ Shut down electrical grids and computers – shut
down transportation and communication
o Energy
▪ The nation’s power system and technological
organizations that support it are vulnerable to
disruptions.

10. Private vs. Governmental Partnership
 Private industries (i.e., General Motors, Wal-Mart)
have excellent information gathering and security
systems.
o Information used for competition and profit
 Private industries often share information with the
government for the public good.
o One-way flow of information
 Police forces need to be linked with security forces
charged with infrastructure protection.
 Cybersecurity also requires expertise beyond the
scope of most law enforcement agencies.

11. Infrastructure Protection
 All levels of law enforcement are faced with the
problems of technical specialists and access to
privately owned portions of the infrastructure.
 Links with the public and private organizations
are necessary.
 Linkages should be developed in two crucial
areas:
o Police should be linked to the security forces already
associated with infrastructure functions.
o State and local law enforcement agencies must
establish formal and informal networks with the
organizations in their jurisdictions.

12. Thinking Internationally
 Terrorism is an abstract concept fluctuating
according to political circumstances.
 Security forces require people with critical
thinking skills.
o Abstract reasoning skills
o Knowledge of international politics and history
▪ Specialized expertise in particular regions
 Law enforcement agencies in the U.S.
generally do not have skilled specialists.
o Presents problems as DHS tries to create
information networks.

13. Rivalries
 Federal agencies, at times, act more like rivals
than partners.
o 9-11 Commission noted this in its report.
 Federal agencies’ failure to cooperate with
each other can influence local police
relationships.
 Many police executives in the U.S. are not
convinced the FBI is in partnership with efforts
to stop terrorism.
 If law enforcement in the U.S. is to become
part of homeland defense, the relationship
between the FBI and local law enforcement
must improve.

14. Local Control and Revenue Sources
 Civil libertarians believe consolidated police
power will erode civil rights.
 Local government officials worry their agendas
will be lost in the federal maze.
 Costs of homeland security responsibilities adds
a level of frustration to local governments.
o Some jurisdictions want homeland security money
distributed evenly.
o Larger jurisdictions argue that money should be
distributed according to likelihood of attack.
o Others are concerned that homeland security
grants are given to local governments for bizarre
reasons.
▪ $36,000 to the state of Kentucky to keep terrorists
from infiltrating bingo halls.

15. Border Security: Critique and Reform
 Bureaucracies in the U.S. are squandering the
opportunity to defend it.
 Flynn – U.S. has made two crucial mistakes:
o Homeland security separated from national
security.
o Under-qualified personnel that cannot maintain
national security.
 U.S. has not organized its resources for
defense.
 Prepared to fight overseas while neglecting to
protect the home front.

16. Border Security: Critique and Reform
 Flynn – According to the CIA, weapons of
mass destruction would most likely be
smuggled into the U.S. by sea.
o Difficult to inspect all of the cargo containers in
seaports.
o Oceans represent an opportunity for terrorists.
 Bush administration has done very little to
protect the nation’s seaports.
o U.S., in 2004, spent more money every three
days to fight the war in Iraq than it has in three
years of protecting seaports.

17. Border Security: Critique and Reform
 Nation’s critical infrastructure remains
open to attack.
o Department of Defense, in 2005, was allotted
$7.6 billion to enhance the fortifications of its
bases.
 In the same budget, the infrastructure for the entire
nation received $2.6 billion.
o Dirty bombs and chemical threats can be
developed from hazardous material.
 Over the past three years funds to secure the
disposal of such material have been drastically
reduced.

18. Border Security: Critique and Reform
 While enhanced border security is
necessary, this alone will not protect the
U.S. against a terrorist attack.
 Jihadists are fully aware of vulnerabilities
in the infrastructure.
 Safest and most effect way to hit the
U.S. is to hit the infrastructure.
o Jihadists understand the economic effect of
their actions.

19. Border Security: Critique and Reform
 Flynn – Development of an integrated
system against terrorism would reduce
the drug trade, contraband smuggling,
and theft.
 Law enforcement agencies should look
for weaknesses in the system, probe
them, and make changes based on the
results.
 Not every attack can be prevented;
however, most terrorism can be deterred
through cooperative partnership.

20. Successful Law Enforcement
 New approaches to the law enforcement mission:
o Police must be prepared to look beyond the arrest
situations to communicate intelligence beyond local
jurisdiction.
o Local police can expand their skills in detecting and
reporting deceptive behavior.
o Homeland Security must develop emergency
response plans that would define roles and
responsibilities to be put into place after an incident.
o Joint terrorism Task Forces
▪ System that separates criminal and national security
intelligence.

21. JTTF System
 The JTTF system may serve as an
example for the first step in law
enforcement cooperation.
 Regional units designed to combat
terrorism combine
o Local police officers
o State police officers
o Various federal police officers
o Prosecutors
o Correctional officers

22. JTTF System
 Local and state officers are given
federal authority; these officers’
presence give federal agents the
ability to act in local jurisdictions.
 Local police are in a perfect position
to engage in intelligence gathering
activities.
o France
o Germany
o Canadians and British