This document discusses homeland security and the role of law enforcement agencies. It defines homeland security as protecting lives, property and infrastructure by preventing terrorism, responding to attacks, and providing technical support. It outlines several government agencies involved in homeland security like the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, and intelligence community. It also discusses the development of intelligence systems at state and local levels to facilitate information sharing between law enforcement agencies according to legal guidelines. Overall, the document examines how law enforcement can contribute to homeland security through intelligence gathering, analysis, and collaboration with federal partners.

1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 14:
An Introduction to Homeland
Security
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

2. Defining Homeland Security
 Searching for Defined Roles
o While not completely defined, agencies have made
progress over the last few years, especially in the
area of information sharing and cooperation.
 The reason for the confusion about policy:
America had no common definition of
homeland security
o The new Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
was responsible for protecting the borders and the
country’s interior.
o A host of private businesses, nonprofit organizations,
and health care systems were involved in security
efforts.

3. Defining Homeland Security
 Keeping the country safe
o Agencies are beginning to understand their
roles and the concept of homeland security.
o Homeland security protects lives, property, and
infrastructure.
o Divided into three functions:
 preventing terrorism
 responding to attacks
 providing technical support to local agencies
 Critics maintain that confusion remains
and that the country is not prepared.

4. Security Missions
 The policy guiding homeland security has not
been fully developed.
 Executives are not quite sure of the way that
all the missions of various agencies fit
together.
 Homeland security involves civil defense.
 Homeland security is much more than the sum
of agencies charged with protecting the United
States.
 A major portion of security is a civic
responsibility.

5. Agencies Charged with Preventing
and Interdicting Terrorism
 The Department of Homeland Security
o Created from the Office of Homeland Security in
2003 as a direct result of the 9-11 attacks.
o Has several different missions.
o Many DHS agencies are involved in intelligence.
 Office of Intelligence and Analysis coordinates these
efforts.
o Many DHS employees are employed in law
enforcement tasks.
 They have arrest powers.
 The are trained in the Federal Law Enforcement
Training Center (FLETC).

6. Agencies Charged with Preventing
and Interdicting Terrorism
 The Department of Justice
o DOJ maintains several functions in the
realm of terrorism and the most noted
agency is the FBI.
o The Department of Justice is involved in
other areas.
 The U.S. Marshall’s Service
 The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms (ATF)

7. Agencies Charged with Preventing
and Interdicting Terrorism
 The Department of Defense
o In time of war, the military organizations in
the Department of Defense (DOD) play the
leading role.
o DOD operates the United States Northern
Command for the purpose of homeland
security.
o In times of emergency military forces can
provide much needed assistance to local
units of government.

8. Agencies Charged with Preventing
and Interdicting Terrorism
 The Intelligence Community
o Underwent massive changes after 9-11 and
the failure to find WMD after the invasion of
Iraq.
o The purpose of the ODNI:
 To unite America’s national security intelligence under
one umbrella.
 To coordinate information from national security and
military intelligence.
 To run intelligence operations from the Department of
State.
 To incorporate federal law enforcement intelligence under
its umbrella.

9. Agencies Charged with Preventing
and Interdicting Terrorism
 State, Local, and Tribal Enforcement
o Collect tactical intelligence for the
prevention of terrorism and other crimes.
o Utilize intelligence for planning and the
deployment of resources.
o Enhance counterterrorism efforts through
the information sharing.
o When it comes to terrorism, state, local, and
tribal agencies are crucial to homeland
security.

10. Rethinking Conflict
 Networks and Law Enforcement
o Homeland security is more than counterterrorism.
o Law enforcement has a major role in stopping
international networks that wage modern conflict.
o The primary job of law enforcement in preventing
terrorism is to stop criminal activity within networks.
o Arquilla and Ronfeldt: five factors must be in place
for networks to operate.
 Technology
 Social support
 Narrative
 Organizational structure
 Tactical doctrine

11. Rethinking Conflict
 Rethinking conflict:
o Networks have changed the tactical structure of conflict.
o The principles of conflict remain the same.
o Terrorist group have to have a structure units for
operations.
o Terrorists have to effectively communicate with one
another.
o Terrorists must:
 Move material
 Seize and maintain the initiative
 Sass at the enemy’s weak point
 Psychologically convince the enemy that there is no point
in fighting
 The rule set has changed; not the nature of war.

12. Blurring War and Peace
 Blurring War and Peace
o The practice of terrorism has blurred the
distinction between war and peace.
o The Constitution states that only Congress
has the power to declare war.
o Terrorism is changing the nature of conflict.
o Law enforcement agencies, courts, and
corrections joined in the battle, even though
they are not constitutionally associated with
military power.

13. Networks and Classical Theories
of Conflict
 Carl von Clausewitz
o Prussian general and military philosopher
o Studied the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and
Frederick the Great (1740 –1786).
o Joined the Russian Army in 1812 to fight Napoleon
and the German War of Liberation.
o Emphasized that the purpose of military action is to
seek a decisive engagement.
 Terrorism, however, is designed to produce
the opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct
confrontation with force.

14. Networks and Classical Theories
of Conflict
 American law enforcement
o Does not seek a decisive battle with enemy forces.
o Its purpose can never be the imposition of political will.
o Will be involved in combating terrorism.
 Because the goals of terrorism are to create panic and
cause social systems to break.
 Sun Tzu, a Chinese philosopher
o Produced a treatise on the paradoxes of war.
o War and politics were psychological forces held
together by the belief in power.
o Concept of strength-to-weakness
 In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry.
 It means competing forces are out of balance, a weak
force fights a much stronger power.

15. Pearl Harbor and 9-11:
Two Different Worlds
 Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different Worlds
o Indicated that America was vulnerable to attack
o Occurred with no formal declaration of war
o Involved civilian casualties
 The purpose of the Japanese surprise attack was
to destroy U.S. military capabilities in the Pacific
 The purposes of the September 11 terrorists were
o To temporarily destroy America’s capacity to wage war
o To achieve political objectives with military might
o To negotiate a truce from a position of strength
o To create drama and fear
o To persuade Western institutions to change their behavior
o To attack globalization

16. Operating Deeply in Our Society
 Arthur Cebrowski the U.S. armed forces need to:
o Develop the ability to operate “deeply” in society
o Fully understand, accept, and defend America with a
complete comprehension of American culture combined with
the willingness to completely understand any enemy society
in depth
o Create a new defense culture that permeates all levels of
society and that breaks down barriers between organizations
 Martin van Creveld:
o A war for existence changes the nature of conflict because
the strategic rules of war and the rational extension of policy
are thrown out the window.
o If military forces approach homeland security as a
continuation of national policy, they will bring the wrong
weapons to the wrong war.

17. Building Intelligence Systems
 The Intelligence Process
o Police intelligence systems can be modeled after
academic research
o Involves general information about a subject and its
sub-disciplines
o Involves gathering basic information about a target and
real-time information about current activities
o Involves collecting, analyzing, and forwarding
information
 National Security and Criminal Intelligence
o In network-to-network conflict, bureaucracies should not
change their role.
o Each organization in a network has its own function.
o The key to success in a network is sharing information.

18. Building Intelligence Systems
o National security intelligence
 Gathered to defend the nation
 Is not used in criminal prosecutions
 Is not subject to legal scrutiny
o Criminal intelligence
 Gathered by law enforcement and prosecuting
attorneys
 Cannot be gathered, analyzed, or stored without reason
to believe that a crime is about to or has taken place
o Law enforcement should plan and develop two
channels for information
 Aimed at law enforcement intelligence
 Prepared to pass information along to defense sources

19. Building Intelligence Systems
 A Checkered Past
o Law enforcement and national defense intelligence
came under difficult times during the administration
of President Jimmy Carter.
o The president tried to correct the abuse of power
and end the scandal of using covert operations
against American citizens.
o The USA Patriot Act increases the ability of law
enforcement and intelligence agencies to share
information.
o The abuses of the past cannot be repeated if police
agencies want to develop effective intelligence
systems.

20. Building Intelligence Systems
 The New Jersey Intelligence System
o The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is
made up of three main divisions.
 The Intelligence Bureau, composed of six units:
 The Analytical Unit
 The Casino Intelligence Unit
 The Electronic Surveillance Unit
 The Liaison Computerized Services Unit
 The Services Unit
 The Street Gang Unit
 The Central Security Unit
 The Solid Waste Unit

21. Building Intelligence Systems
 The California Intelligence System
o The center linked federal, state, and local information
services in one system and divided operational zones
into five administrative areas.
o Trained intelligence analysts operated within civil rights
guidelines and utilized information in a secure
communications system.
o It combined intelligence
 Gathered by computers and other automated devices
 Gathered from a variety of police agencies
o California created new systems under the tight control
of regional law enforcement agencies and in partnership
with four regional Joint Terrorism Task Forces.

22. Building Intelligence Systems
 The NYPD Intelligence System
o Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly
created two new units:
 One for counterterrorism and
 One for intelligence
o Kelly stated that he wanted the NYPD to do
a better job of intelligence analysis and to
work more closely with the federal
government.

23. Building Intelligence Systems
 US Attorneys and the JTTFs
o The DOJ has created two intelligence systems
 One in federal prosecutors’ offices
 The other in law enforcement
o Each U.S. Attorney’s office has an Anti-Terrorist
Assistance Coordinator (ATAC)
 Coordinate the collection of criminal intelligence
 To share intelligence among federal, state, local, and
tribal law enforcement agencies
 That hold security clearances
o Each Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) is made up of:
 Officers from all levels of American law enforcement
 Officers from a variety of different types of agencies
 Agents that received a national security intelligence
clearance

24. Building Intelligence Systems
 Plans, Networks, and Fusion Centers
 The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing
Plan (NCISP)
o Created by the International Association of
Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Department of
Justice
o The purpose of the plan:
 To establish norms for collecting, analyzing, and
storing criminal intelligence within legal
guidelines.
 To suggest manners in which information could
be shared among agencies

25. Issues in Homeland Security
 Criminal intelligence networks in operation
after 9-11:
o The Regional Information Sharing System
(RISS)
o The Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange
(ATIX)
o FBI’s Law Enforcement Online (LEO)
o The Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit (LEIU)
o The Homeland Security Information Network
(HSIN)

26. Law Enforcement’s Special Role
 Law Enforcement’s Special Role
o Responsible for breaking some of America’s most
formidable terrorist cells.
o If state and local agencies shift to offensive thinking
and action, two results will inevitably develop:
 Police contact with potential terrorists will increase.
 Proactive measures demand increased intelligence
gathering, and much of the information will have no
relation to criminal activity.
o Police intelligence operations and drug enforcement
units can add counterterrorism to their agendas.
o Patrol and investigative units can be trained to look for
terrorist activities in the course of their normal duties.

27. The Role of Symbols and Structures
 The Role of Symbols and Structures
o Asymmetrical war is waged against symbolic targets
o Homeland security is designed to secure symbols
o Americans represent symbolic targets of military value
 Styles of terrorism
o Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack to show
vulnerability.
o Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical attempt to destroy
political power.
o Systematic terrorism is waged over a period of time to
change social conditions.
 Terrorists use symbolic attacks or attacks on symbols
to achieve pragmatic or systematic results.

28. Creating a Culture of
Information Sharing
 The National Strategy for Homeland Security calls
for increased information sharing among law
enforcement agencies.
 Intelligence is not properly analyzed, and agencies
do not coordinate information.
 Despite criticism, information sharing is growing into
a law enforcement norm.
 Police agencies should:
o Adopt community policing strategies
o Developed skills in problem solving
o Build community partnerships
o Gather and analyze the information needed to deal
with crime and social problems in a local community

29.  The 9-11 Commission Report suggested several
reforms for restructuring government:
o Focus on defense, intelligence, information sharing,
homeland security, and law enforcement
o The current position of Director of Central Intelligence
should be replaced by a National Intelligence Director
o Integrating the U.S. border security system into a larger
network
 The central question for criminal justice focuses on
the role of law enforcement.
 The question of balancing security with freedom is
delicate, and the new intelligence infrastructure has
not dealt with all the issues.