• How low-e coatings work• The differences between “passive” and “solar control” low-e coatings• How the energy, environmental and economic benefits of low-e glass have been quantified• The energy impact of various low-e coated glass through simulation modeling
2. AIA CES Master – Energy Efficient Glazing FG005
PPG Industries Inc. is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education
Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificate of
Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content
that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any material construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
3. Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International copyright
laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
PPG Industries Inc. 2008
4. Learning Objectives
By the end of this presentation, you will
understand:
• How low-e coatings work
• The differences between “passive” and “solar control”
low-e coatings
• How the energy, environmental and economic benefits
of low-e glass have been quantified
• The energy impact of various low-e coated glass
through simulation modeling
5. Energy Efficient Glazing
Solar Energy Spectrum
Percent
Transmittance
UV VISIBLE IR
100
90
Spectral distribution of solar energy
80 at the surface of the Earth
70
60
50
40
30
20
Infrared
UV 10 Visible 53%
3% 44%
0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Wavelength (NM)
7. Energy Efficient Glazing
Benefits:
Low infrared heat gain
High visible natural light
transmittance
Less artificial lighting
Reduction of long wave
heat gain/loss
Increased
comfort/productivity
Results:
Overall reduction in
energy usage
8. Energy Efficient Glazing
Types of Coated Glass
Passive Low-E (pyrolytic, hard coat and MSVD , soft coat)
Solar Control Low-E (mostly MSVD, soft coat)
Non Low-E Glass (coated for tints or reflectivity)
11. Energy Efficient Glazing
Passive Low-E: Pyrolytic Coating Process
Pyrolytic Coating (Chemical Vapor Deposition)
Chemically applied or sprayed on hot glass during
manufacturing process (on-line process)
Creates strong thermal bond
12. Energy Efficient Glazing
Passive Low-E: Pyrolytic Coating Process
Pyrolytic Coating (Chemical Vapor Deposition)
Hard coat
Very durable
Withstands processing
Long shelf life prior to fabrication
14. Energy Efficient Glazing
Solar Control Low-E: MSVD Coating Process
Magnetic Sputtered Vacuum Deposition (MSVD)
Off-line coating process
Coating applied at room temperature
Most solar control low-e glasses are “soft coat”
Must be sealed in IG or laminated unit
Superior solar control performance
15. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Visible Light Transmittance (VLT)
16. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
17. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Light to Solar Gain (LSG) Ratio:
VLT ÷ SHGC = LSG
21. Energy Efficient Glazing
DOE Funded LBNL Glazing Study On
Spectrally Selective Glazings
“A well-proven window technology to reduce energy costs while
enhancing daylight and view.”
22. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
“Spectrally Selective” vs. Moderate Glazing
Energy Efficient Glass Formula
“Spectrally Selective” = (LSG > 1.25) = Recommended
“Moderate” = (LSG < 1.25) = Not Recommended
23. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
“Spectrally Selective” vs. Moderate Glazing
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories (LBNL)
Glass is Spectrally Selective when:
VLT SHGC = Light to Solar Gain (LSG) > 1.25
Examples (Spectrally Selective Glass)
Triple-Silver Coated MSVD Coated Glass
64% (VLT) ÷ 0.27 (SHGC) = 2.37 (LSG)
Double-Silver Coated MSVD Glass
70% (VLT) ÷ 0.38 (SHGC) = 1.84 (LSG)
Spectrally Selective Tinted Glass
60% (VLT) ÷ 0.40 (SHGC) = 1.50 (LSG)
Examples (Non-Spectrally Selective Glass)
Pyrolytic Low-E (Passive Low-E) Coated Glass
74% (VLT) ÷ 0.62 (SHGC) = 1.19 (LSG)
24. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy Efficient Glass Formula
Spectrally selective glass – VLT SHGC 1.25 LSG
Greatest amount of natural light transmission
Solar heat gain limited
Less need for daytime electrical lighting, saving energy
Percent
Transmittance
UV VISIBLE IR
100
90
80
Spectral distribution of solar energy
at the surface of the Earth
70
Solar Energy 60
Spectrum 50
40
30
20 INFRARED
UV VISIBLE 53%
3% 10 44%
0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Wavelength (NM)
25. Spectrally Selective Tinted
Glazing
Percent Solar Energy Transmittance
Transmittance
UV VISIBLE IR
100
90
80
70 Ideal Glass
60
50 Blue/Green
40 Light Green
Emerald Green
30
20
Aqua Blue/Aqua Green
10
0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Wavelength (NM)
26. “Moderate” Bronze/Gray Glazing
Percent Solar Energy Transmittance
Transmittance
UV VISIBLE IR
100
90
80
Ideal
70
Bronze
60
Gray
50
Dark Gray
40
Medium Gray
30
20 Darker Gray
10
0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Wavelength (NM)
27. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance Criteria for Glazing
Glass Winter VLT SHGC LSG Ratio
U-Value
Pyrolytic Low-E on Coated 0.35 74% 0.62 1.19
Clear (Passive Low-E)
MSVD Double- Silver 0.29 70% 0.38 1.84
Coated
(Solar Control Low-E)
MSVD Triple-Silver Coated 0.28 64% 0.27 2.37
(Next-Gen Solar Control Low-E)
Spectrally Selective Tinted 0.47 69% 0.49 1.41
Glass
28. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance Criteria
Glass Type Winter VLT SHGC LSG
U-Value
Uncoated Glasses
Clear Glass 0.47 79% 0.70 1.13
Ultra-Clear Glass (Low-iron glass) 0.47 84% 0.82 1.02
Blue/Green (Spectrally Selective) Tinted 0.47 69% 0.49 1.41
Glass
Coated Glasses
Pyrolytic Low-E (Passive Low-E) Glass 0.35 74% 0.62 1.19
Triple Silver Solar Control Low-E 0.28 64% 0.27 2.37
Tinted Solar Control Low-E 0.29 51% 0.31 1.64
Subtly Reflective Tinted 0.47 47% 0.34 1.39
Blue/Green Reflective Tinted 0.48 27% 0.31 0.87
29. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance
Cradle to Cradle Certification, MBDC
The U.S. Green Building Council
Promote energy efficiency and sustainable design
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) program
LEED credits influenced by glass selection
Energy and Atmosphere (Energy Savings)
Materials and Resources (Recyclability)
Indoor Environmental Quality (Daylighting)
Cradle to Cradle™ Certification
30. Industry Background
In commercial buildings, up to 30% of electricity is used for interior
lighting.
Estimated Electricity Usage in Commercial Buildings
HVAC
Interior Light
Office Equipment
Exterior Light
Water
Refrigeration & Cooking
Misc.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Percentage of Electricity Used
32. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
• Most buildings in the country are not clad with the most efficient
glass available.
• There are approximately 77.2 billion square feet of built
environment in the U.S.
• This figure is expected to climb by another 7 billion square feet (an
additional 536,000 buildings) in the next five years.
• If this new development incorporates the most efficient glass
technology available, significant upfront and long-term savings will
result.
33. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
• If all existing buildings and new construction were to use the latest
glazing advancement – triple-silver Low-E glass – 2,134 trillion
BTU’s would be saved annually.
– This is 2% of the total US energy consumption
per year.
– This would save $38 Billion (gas and electric)
per year.
– CO2 emissions would be reduced by 123
million tons/year.
While that is the best-case scenario, the impact triple-silver Low-E
glass can have on energy consumption, economic savings and the
environment is vast.
34. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Daylighting and Energy Savings
Performance glazings can significantly affect the
heating, lighting, and cooling costs of a building
Average savings 44% Average savings 52%
$200 per employee $68 per employee
35. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Natural light has been shown to be psychologically beneficial, the
more light, the better
Recent studies link natural light with improved work environments
and increased productivity
Average savings 5.5%
$2,475 per employee
36. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance
Energy Modeling
Real World Energy Savings
Real World Equipment Savings
Real World CO2 Emissions
Energy Simulations
DOE 2.2 Building Energy Analysis Simulation
Developed by Lawrence Berkeley and Los Alamos National Labs
Hour-by-Hour Energy Consumption for One Year (8,760 hours)
37. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance
Energy Modeling
Two Major Building Types
Single-Story Middle School
Eight-Story Office Building
12 North American Cities
Five High-Performance Glazing Types
Window Walls or Punch Windows
38. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Six Glazing Types
New, Triple-Silver MSVD Solar Control Low-E
Two, Double-Silver MSVD Solar Control Low-E
One, Pyrolytic Passive Low-E
One, (standard) Dual-Pane, Spectrally Selective Tint
39. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
270,000 square-foot, eight-story 200,000 square-foot, one-story
office building school
Punched window Punched window
Total window area: 33,418 ft2 Total window area:18,863 ft2
Total wall area: 56,640 ft2 Total wall area: 63,520 ft2
Window to wall ratio: 59% glass Window to wall ratio: 30% glass
Window wall Window wall
Total window area: 50,976 ft2 Total window area: 45,027 ft2
Total wall area: 56,640 ft2 Total wall area: 63,520 ft2
Window to wall ratio: 90% glass Window to wall ratio: 71% glass
40. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Office HVAC equipment School HVAC equipment
• VAV • Packaged VAV
• Centrifugal chiller • DX coils
• Hot water boilers • Hot water heating
• Gas water heater
41. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Office internal peak loads School internal peak loads
• Square ft/occupant: 448 • Square ft/occupant: 123
• Lighting: W/sq.ft.: 1.3 • Lighting: W/sq.ft.: 1.1
• Equipment: W/sq.ft: 0.75 • Equipment: W/sq.ft: 0.45
42. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
The Variables
• Total Electric Consumption (kWh)
• Total Natural Gas Consumption (therms)
• Peak Cooling Load (tons)
• Peak Heating Loads (kBtu/hr)
• Total Supply Airflow (cfm)
• Total Electric Cost ($)
• Total Natural Gas Cost ($)
• Total Building Energy Consumption Cost ($)
• Cooling Equipment Capital Cost ($)
• HVAC Equipment Capital Cost ($)
• Total Cooling HVAC Capital Cost ($)
43. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
• Atlanta Houston Mexico City
• Boston Los Angeles Ottawa
• Chicago St. Louis Philadelphia
• Denver Seattle Phoenix
44. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
The Simulation Model
• DOE 2.2
– Calculates hour-by-hour energy consumption of the prototype facility
over an entire year (8,760 hours)
– Uses hourly climate data for any location
– Detailed input provides accurate simulation of building features such as
shading, fenestration, interior building mass, envelope building mass,
and dynamic response of heating and air conditioning systems.
45. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
The Simulation Model
• DOE 2.2 energy simulations were developed for each glazing scenario
according to their unique characteristics
• The model ran a simulation for both building types, in all 12 locations, and
for both architectural scenarios (punched windows and window walls)
• The model calculated the effect of each glazing based on the following:
– Building loads
– Cooling equipment size
– Building energy costs
– HVAC Cooling costs
• based on cooling size in tons and total air supply flow into the
building
46. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
The Simulation Model
• Calculating HVAC capital cooling costs
– Calculations were based on peak cooling loads, in tons, for total air
supply into the building.
– Cooling costs were estimated at $1,200 per ton.
– HVAC equipment costs were estimated at $3.50 per cfm airflow.
• Utility rate calculations
– Utility companies for each of the 12 cities provided the latest rate tariffs
for electricity and natural gas.
47. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
The Simulation Model
• Calculating carbon emissions
– Derived using Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the Generation of Electric
Power in the United States, a report published in 2000 by the U.S.
Department of Energy.
*Estimates were used to simplify the model and meta calculations.
48. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance
Triple-Silver Coated MSVD vs. Dual Pane-Tinted Glass
City Annual HVAC Operating Annual Total HVAC Equipment Costs Immediate 1st Year
Expenses Savings Equipment Savings
Savings
Dual-Pane Triple Silver Dual-Pane Triple Silver
Tinted Tinted
Atlanta $680,456 $597,772 $82,684 $2,115,464 $1,697,686 $417,597 $500,281
Boston $853,450 $756,001 $97,539 $2,326,967 $1,928,086 $398,881 $496,420
Based on eight-story glass-walled office building
Total Glass Area: 50,967 ft2
Total Floor Area: 270,000 ft2
49. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance
Double-Silver Coated Tinted MSVD vs. Dual Pane-Tinted
Glass
City Annual HVAC Operating Annual Total HVAC Equipment Costs Immediate 1st Year
Expenses Savings Equipment Savings
Savings
Dual-Pane Triple Dual-Pane Triple Silver
Tinted Silver Tinted
Atlanta $681,456 $610,900 $70,556 $2,115,464 $1,772,350 $343,114 $413,680
Boston $853,540 $770,241 $83,299 $2,326,967 $2,003,328 $323,639 $406,938
Based on eight-story glass-walled office building
Total Glass Area: 50,967 ft2
Total Floor Area: 270,000 ft2
50. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance: CO2 reductions
Triple-Silver Coated MSVD vs. Dual Pane-Tinted Glass
City Electricity Gas Annual CO2 40-Year CO2 Acres of Pine
(KwH Savings) (Therm Reductions Reductions Forest Preserved
Savings) (Tons) (Tons)
Atlanta 455,841 18,829 417 16,699 124
Boston 432,301 26,618 354 14,163 105
Chicago 434,777 29,644 502 20,087 149
Houston 473,971 14,199 422 16,889 126
Phoenix 469,246 6,170 411 16,451 122
Seattle 328,567 29,588 250 10,018 74
Based on eight-story glass-walled office building
Total Glass Area: 50,967 ft2
Total Floor Area: 270,000 ft2
51. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
Energy and Environmental Performance: CO2 reductions
Double-Silver Tinted MSVD vs. Dual Pane-Tinted Glass
City Electricity Gas Annual CO2 40-Year CO2 Acres of Pine
(KwH Savings) (Therm Reductions Reductions Forest Preserved
Savings) (Tons) (Tons)
Atlanta 377,043 17,176 353 14,138 105
Boston 356,143 24,455 306 12,220 91
Chicago 360,903 27,073 431 17,227 128
Houston 390,425 12,516 352 14,093 105
Phoenix 387,284 5,708 343 13,713 102
Seattle 271,799 26,627 219 8,670 64
Based on eight-story glass-walled office building
Total Glass Area: 50,967 ft2
Total Floor Area: 270,000 ft2
52. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
2nd vs. 3rd Surface
“The general recommendation from the glass industry
for commercial buildings is to leave the choice (coating
on either #2 or #3 surface) to the glass manufacturer.”
(Source: MasterSpec Evaluation Section, Coated Glass.)
“For most commercial buildings, regardless of climate,
in which the primary concern is reducing the solar heat
gain, the location (coated surface) is of less concern,
and placing it on either the second or third surface
should remain an option.”
53. Low-E Coatings Role in
Energy Efficient Glazing
2nd vs. 3rd Surface
Coatings can be applied to the #2 or #3 surface of an
insulating glass unit (IGU)
Having the flexibility to coat either the #2 or # 3
surface of an IGU allows for more competitive pricing
without dramatically impacting its solar control
performance
In some cases, (such as a tinted outdoor lite and a
clear indoor lite) applying coatings to the #3 surface
instead of the #2 surface permits accelerated product
delivery
54. Learning Objectives
This concludes the continuing education portion of the course.
Here is a quick review of the learning objectives.
• How low-e coatings work
• The differences between “passive” and “solar control” low-e coatings
• How the energy, environmental and economic benefits of low-e glass
are quantified
• The energy impact of various low-e coated glass through simulation
modeling
55. Thank You
PPG is an industry leader in manufacturing architectural glass, metal coatings
and paint and was the first to provide triple-silver MSVD solar-control Low-E
glass. For more information on the study and its results you can contact PPG
by visiting www.ppgideascapes.com or by calling 1-888-ppg-idea (774-4332).
56. Close/Conclusion
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Program
Questions?
Thank you for your time.
57. PPG Industries
• PPG is a global supplier of paints, coatings,
optical products, specialty materials, glass and
fiber glass
• PPG has manufacturing facilities in 23 countries.
The company has operations and equity affiliates
in more than 60 countries
• PPG generated revenues of $11.2 billion and
invested more than $330 million in research &
development
Australia • Argentina • Belgium •
Brazil • Canada • China • England
• France • Germany
Ireland • Italy • Japan • Mexico •
Netherlands • Philippines • South
Korea • Spain
Taiwan • Thailand • Turkey •
United States • Venezuela
58. Products
Glass
– Worlds Leader in Production of Commercial, Military and
General Aviation Glass
Fiberglass
– Electronic Circuit Boards, Recreational Boat Hulls, Tub
and Shower Units.
Chemicals
– Pharmaceutical, Agricultural, Plastics, Water
Purification, Pulp/paper Manufacturing, Oil Drilling,
Aluminum Production
Plastic Photo Chromic Lenses – Transitions
Transportation Coatings
– World’s Number 1 Producer of Transportation Coatings.
– Two of Every Three New Cars on the Road Today in
North America Contain PPG Coatings
Industrial Coatings
– Agricultural and Construction Equipment, Automotive
Parts and Accessories, Appliance, Coil, Aluminum
Extrusion, Wood Flooring, Recreation and Others
Packaging Coatings
– Beverage Can Linings, Packaging Inks
59. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Triple-Silver MSVD Coated
Solarban® 70XL Solar Control Low-E Glass
Next-generation Solar Control Low-E Glass
Clear glass appearance
Can be combined with tints for enhanced performance
2006 Architectural Record “Green Product of the Year”
Shades of Green Award, Green Building Alliance
LSG of 2.37, highest in the industry
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
60. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Double-Silver MSVD Coated
Solarban® 60 Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Clear glass appearance
Can be combined with tints for enhanced performance
LSG ratio of 1.84 combined with clear glass in a 1” IGU
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
61. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Double-Silver MSVD Coated
Solarban® 80 Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Steel jade exterior appearance
LSG ratio of 1.96 combined with clear glass in a 1” IGU
Can be combined with Optiblue glass
Solarban® z50 Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Variety of tints: steel blue-gray to aqua blue
LSG ratios of up to 1.64
30% better performance than competitive products
Low interior reflectance
Clear, natural outdoor views
Optiblue glass is available only with select Solarban
products through PPG Certified Fabricators.
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
62. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Pyrolitic Low-E Glass (Passive Low-E)
Sungate® 500 Passive Low-E Glass
Clear glass appearance
Almost two decades of proven performance
More than 200 million square feet shipped in last
decade
LSG of 1.19 with clear glass in a 1” IGU*
Can be combined with tints for LSG ratios of up to
1.66
* Without tints, this glass does not meet the U.S. DOE criteria for spectrally selectivity
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
63. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
Spectrally Selective Tinted Glasses
Oceans of Color™ Spectrally Selective Glass
Atlantica™ Glass (1.50 LSG ratio)
Azuria™ Glass (1.56 LSG ratio)
Caribia® Glass (1.55 LSG ratio)
Solexia™ Glass (1.41 LSG ratio)
Vistacool® Subtly Reflective, Color-Enriched Glasses
Vistacool Azuria (1.61 LSG ratio)
Vistacool Caribia (1.66 LSG ratio)
Vistacool Solargray (1.13 LSG ratio)*
* This glass does not meet the U.S. DOE criteria for spectrally selectivity
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
64. PPG Low-E and
Solar Control Low-E Glasses
PPG High-Performance Tinted Glass
PPG Performance Tinted
Optigray® 23 Glass
Graylite® Glass
Solarbronze® Glass
Solargray ® Glass
Solarcool ® Reflective Tinted Glasses
All PPG glasses are Cradle to Cradle Certified
65. The Right Information, Right Away
• Technical & Product Hotline: 888-PPG-IDEA (774-4332)
• Direct technical support
• Sourcing Assistance
PPG’s reliable network of applicators, contractors and
certified fabricators
66. The Right Information, Right Away
• All PPG architectural products
• MSDS sheets and technical data
• Download product literature
• Order samples 24/7
• Order literature 24/7
• Read case studies
• Visit photo galleries
67. A portfolio of proven products to help architects achieve sustainable design
goals.
• Solarban® Solar Control Low-E Glasses
• Sungate® Passive Low-E Glass
• Starphire® Highly-Transmittive Glass
• Oceans of Color™ Spectrally Selective Tinted Glasses
• Vistacool® Subtly Reflective Color Enriched Glass
• Duranar® Fluoropolymer Coatings
• Duranar® ULTRA-Cool® Fluoropolymer Coatings
• Duranar® VARI-CoolTM Fluoropolymer Coatings
• Superl® II ULTRA-Cool® Siliconized Polyester Coatings
• Pittsburgh® Paints Zero-VOC Pure Performance Paint
• Speedhide®, Manor Hall® & Porter® Paints
• MegaSeal® Flooring Systems
68. Environmental Leadership
PPG is committed to environmental sustainability
Our glass and coatings are used in the production of wind and solar power,
and we do extensive research and development to make these technologies
more commercially viable
PPG helped automakers eliminate lead from primer coatings, purge chrome
from rinses, cut VOC emissions, stifle the corrosion of metal, and save energy
by lowering curing temperatures for automotive paints and coatings.
We actively manage our own manufacturing processes to improve air
quality, and reduce water and energy consumption
Corporate Goals:
Reduce energy use by 25% by 2016
Reduce green house gas emissions by 10%