it was my final sem seminar report in which i got 49 for 50

1. NANOELECTRONICS
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM
A SEMINAR REPORT ON
NANOELECTRONICS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED BY
DEEPU.P.V : 1BO08EC009
BRINDAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DWARAKANAGAR, BANGALORE
MONTH AND 2012
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2. NANOELECTRONICS
BRINDAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DWARAKANAGAR,YELAHANKA BANGALORE
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled “ nanoelectronics ” is a bonafide work carried out in the eighth semester
by “ deepu. P.v ” in partial fulfillment for the award of bachelor of engineering in “ electronics &
communication ” from visvesvaraya technological university during the academic year 2011-2012, who
carried out the seminar work under the guidance and no part of this work has been submitted earlier for the
award of any degree
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
V.K. GUPTA KEERTHI .N.V
SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR INTERNAL GUIDE
SR. LECTURER LECTURER
DEPT OF ECE, BRCE DEPT OF ECE, BRCE
SIGNATURE
PROF G. VENKATESH
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEPT OF ECE ,BRCE
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3. NANOELECTRONICS
* CONTENTS
Abstract : Nanoelectronics
Chapter-1 : Introductio To Nanotechnology
Chapter-2 : History Of Nanoelectronics
Chapter-3 : Nanotechnologies Impact On Electronics
Chapter-4 : How Can Nanotechnology Improve The Capabilities
Of Electronic Components?
Chapter-5 : Contribution Of Nanoelectronics To The World
Chapter-6 : Advantages Of Nanoelectronics To The World
Chapter-7 : Applications Under Development
Chapter-8 : Bibilography
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4. NANOELECTRONICS
List Of Tabels
1. Table 4.1: Scaling Principles
List Of Figures
1. Fig 1.1 : Matter On Atomic And Molecular Scale.
2. Fig 2.1: Moore’s Law.
3. Fig 3.1: Smart Microprocessor Based Computer
4. Fig 4.1 :Scaling Principles
5. Fig 4.2:Schematic Representation Of Gate –Dielectric Tunneling And
Direct Source-Drain Tunnelling
6. Fig 4.3: E J-Mosfet
7. Fig 4.4: Showing Resonant Tunnels
8. Fig 5.1: Transistor
9. Fig 5.2 : Nanofabrication
10. Fig 5.3 Molecular Electronics
11. Fig 5.4 : Nanoionics
12. Fig 5.5 : Nanno Photonics
13. Fig 5.6: Nanowire
14. Fig 5.7: Next Generation Display Screens
15. Fig 5.8 : Optics
16. Fig 5.9 : Handheld Devices
17. Fig 7.1 Transistors Built Using Carbon Nanotubes
18. Fig 7.2 Schematic Of A Graphine Transistor
19. Fig 7.3 : Mram
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5. NANOELECTRONICS
NANOELECTRONICS
ABSTRACT
Electronic industry is developing rapidly and tremendously over past few decades. Our traditional
microelectronic devices appear to be saturated for further miniaturization. Hence, new technologies are
developing vigorously. The range of nanotechnology and designs for nano electronic devices are discussed
in this paper. The paper also describes and compares in nonmathematical way, the operating principles,
advantages and status of new technologies that promise to continue miniaturization of computers to the scale
of few nanometers and ultimately to molecular scale. Devices having very small size and dimensions of only
few nanometers i.e (10 ^ -9m) are most promising alternatives for this problem. The research work is yet
going on to design .in this paper first, we will discuss about nanotechnology , nanotechnologies impact
electronics, history of nanoelectronics . Second, we will review architectures being developed for circuit-
level integration, hybrid crossbar/cmos circuits and array-based systems, including experimental
demonstrations of key concepts such lithography-independent, chemically coded stochastic demultipluxers.
These device structures show robust switching, promising performance metrics and the potential for terabit-
scale density.then about the approaches of nanoelectronics .at last, we discuss about the future and the scope
of nano technology. Nanoelectronics will surely revolutionize almost all fields like biology, biophysics,
bioinformatics, computer science, information technology, mathematics, physics, molecular biology and
chemistry. As well, it will improve our lifestyle
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6. NANOELECTRONICS
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTIO TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
A shortened of "nanotech", is the study of the
controlling of matter on
an atomic and molecular scale. Generally
nanotechnology deals with structures of the size
100 nanometres or smaller in at least one
dimension, and involves developing materials or
devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very
diverse, ranging from extensions of
conventional device physics to completely new
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly,
from developing materials with dimensions on the
Nano scale to investigating whether we can
FIG 1.1 : Matter on atomic and molecular scale. directly control matter on the atomic scale.
NANOTECHNOLOGY DEALS WITH SYSTEMS DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED AT THE SCALE OF THE
ATOM, OR
HE NANOMETRE SCALE. MORE SPECIFICALLY, NANOTECHNOLOGY DEALS WITH STRUCTURES OF LESS THAN
100 NANOMETRES (NM). ONE NM IS 1 BILLIONTH OF A METER. NANOTECHNOLOGY INVOLVES THE
MANIPULATION AND CONTROL OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES, THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ALL MATERIALS.
BROADLY SPEAKING, THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN.
THE FIRST APPROACH, THE BOTTOM-UP, INVOLVES MANIPULATING SMALL NUMBERS INDIVIDUAL ATOMS OR
MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES, INTO STRUCTURES TYPICALLY USING MINUTE PROBES. THE SECOND, TOP-
DOWN, APPROACH IMPLIES CONTROLLING PROCESSES TO FORCE ATOMS AND MOLECULES TO BUILD-UP
THEMSELVES TO DESIRED LOCATIONS AND/OR STRUCTURES.
Nano’ materials have a size or features on the scale of around 1nm to 100nm nanometres.
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7. NANOELECTRONICS
CHAPTER-2
HISTORY OF NANOELECTRONICS
In 1965, gordon moore, one of the
founders of intel corporation, made the
outstanding prediction that the number
of transistors that could be fit in a
given area would double every 18
months for the next ten years. This it
did and the phenomenon became
known as moore's law
Fig 2.1: Moore’s law.
This trend has continued far past the predicted 10 years until this day, going from just over
2000 transistors in the original 4004 processors of 1971 to over 700,000,000 transistors in the core 2.
There has, of course, been a corresponding decrease in the size of individual electronic elements,
going from millimeters in the 60's to hundreds of nanometers in modern circuitry
The term "nanotechnology" was first defined by norio taniguchi of the tokyo science
university in a 1974 paper [6] as follows: "'nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of,
separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule." since that
time the definition of nanotechnology has generally been extended to include features as large as
100 nm. Additionally, the idea that nanotechnology embraces structures exhibiting quantum
mechanical aspects, such as quantum dots, has further evolved its definition. Nanotechnology
and nanoscience got a boost in the early 1980s with two major developments: the birth
of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (stm). This development
led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and the structural assignment of carbon nanotubes a few
years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals were
studied. This led to a fast increasing number of semiconductor nanoparticles of quantum dots.
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8. NANOELECTRONICS
Chapter-3
Nanotechnologies Impact On Electronics
Nanotechnology is already being used by
the electronic industry and you will be
surprised to know that many of today’s
electronics have already incorporated many
applications that the nanotechnology science
has developed. For example, new computer
microprocessors have less than 100
nanometres (nm) features. Smaller sizes mean
a significant increase in speed and more
processing capability.
FIG 3.1: Smart microprocessor based
computer
These advances will undoubtedly help achieve better computers. However, at some point in time
(very near in the future) current electronic technology will no longer be enough to handle the demand
for new chips microprocessors. Right now, the method for chip manufacturing is known as
lithography or etching. By this technology, a probe literally writes over a surface the chip circuit.
Besides being small and allowing more transistors to be packed into a single chip, the uniform and
symmetrical structure of nanotubes allows a higher electron mobility (faster electron movement in
the material),a higher dielectric constant (faster frequency), and a
symmetrical electron/hole characteristic.[4]
Also, nano particles can be used as quantum dots.
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9. NANOELECTRONICS
Chapter-4
How Can Nanotechnology Improve The Capabilities Of
Electronic Components?
Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronics devices
while we reduce their weight and power consumption. Some of the nanoelectronics areas under
development, which you can explore in more detail by following the links provided in the next section,
include the following topics. Improving display screens on electronics devices. This involves reducing
power consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens. INCREASING THE DENSITY
OF MEMORY CHIPS. RESEARCHERS ARE DEVELOPING A TYPE OF MEMORY CHIP WITH A PROJECTED
DENSITY OF ONE TERABYTE OF MEMORY PER SQUARE INCH OR GREATER. REDUCING THE SIZE OF
TRANSISTORS USED IN INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. ONE RESEARCHER BELIEVES IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO "PUT
THE POWER OF ALL OF TODAY'S PRESENT COMPUTERS IN THE PALM OF YOUR HAND".
4.1 Scaling principles
For designing nano fet apart from channel length, other parameters like doping, voltages etc. Are to be
also scaled
TABLE 4.1: SCALING PRINCIPLES
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10. NANOELECTRONICS
FIG 4.1 :SCALING PRINCIPLES
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11. NANOELECTRONICS
4.2 NANO MOSFET
Ej mosfet (electrically variable shallow junction mosfet)
4.2.1 SCALING LIMITS OF MOSFET
Technical problem: for channel length<30nm , insulating sio2 is expected to be less than 2nm thick.
This thin layer causes gate dielectric tunneling
Physical problem: for channel length<10nm, direct source-drain tunneling occurs.
Fig 4.2:schematic representation of gate –dielectric tunneling and direct source-drain tunneling
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12. NANOELECTRONICS
4.3 EJ- MOSFET
* Construction
It consists of 2 gates :upper gate and a lower gate. Gates are insulated from
each other by an integrate oxide layer
FIG 4.3: E J-MOSFET
* Working
 Upper layer electrically induces the inversion layers that are self aligned to the lower gate and the
lower gate controls the current between the inversion layer.
 Presence of two gates helps in suppressing short channel effects
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13. NANOELECTRONICS
4.4 basic phenomenon observed in nano devices
4.4.1 ballistic transport in nano structures
 At room temperature mean free path of electron is around 10nm.so, at ultrashort channel length
electron scattering decreases considerably.
 At channel length less than 10nm,scattering approaches zero. It is called ballistic transport.
 With decrease in temperature mean free path can be increased & ballistic transport can be obtained
at larger channel length.
4.4.2 resonant tunneling in nano devices
Rt is observed in hetero-structure semiconductor devices made from pairs of different alloys iii-v
alloys.
Eg. Algaas/gaas/algaas diodes
FIG 4.4: SHOWING RESONANT TUNNELS
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14. NANOELECTRONICS
Chapter-5
Contribution of nanoelectronics to the world
5.1 NANOELECTRONICS
Nanoelectronics refer to the use
of nanotechnology on electronic components,
especially transistors. Although the
term nanotechnology is generally defined as
utilizing technology less than 100 nm in size,
nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices
that are so small that inter-atomic interactions
and mechanical properties need to be studied
extensively. As a result, present transistors do not
fall under this category, even though these devices
are manufactured with 45 nm or 32
nm technology,
FIG 5.1: TRANSISTOR
Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are
significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates include: hybrid
molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular
electronics.
Although all of these hold promise for the future, they are still under development and will most likely
not be used for manufacturing any time soon.
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15. NANOELECTRONICS
.
5.2 NANOFABRICATION.
Nanofabrication can be used to construct ultra-
dense parallel arrays of nanowires, as an
alternative to synthesizing nanowires
individually.
For example, single electron transistors, which
involve transistor operation based on a single
electron. Nanoelectromechanical systems also
falls under this category
FIG 5.2 : NANOFABRICATION
5.3 MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
Single molecule devices are another
possibility. These schemes would make heavy
use of molecular self-assembly, designing the
device components to construct a larger
structure or even a complete system on their
own. This can be very useful
for reconfigurable computing, and may even
FIG 5.3 MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS completely replace present fpga technology.
Molecular electronics is a new technology which is still in its infancy, but also brings hope for truly
atomic scale electronic systems in the future. One of the more promising applications of molecular
electronics was proposed by the ibm researcher ari aviram and the theoretical chemist mark ratner in
their 1974 and 1988 papers molecules for memory, logic and amplification, (see unimolecular rectify) .
This is one of many possible ways in which a molecular level diode / transistor might be synthesized by
organic chemistry. A model system was proposed with a spiro carbon structure giving a molecular diode
about half a nanometre across which could be connected by polythiophene molecular wires. Theoretical
calculations showed the design to be sound in principle and there is still hope that such a system can be
made to work.
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16. NANOELECTRONICS
5.4 NANOIONICS : is the study and application
of phenomena, properties, effects and
mechanisms of processes connected with
fast ion transport (fit) in all-solid-
state nanoscale systems. The topics of interest
include fundamental properties of
oxide ceramics at nanometer length scales,
and fast ion conductor (advanced superionic
conductor)/electronic FIG 5.4 : NANOIONICS
conductor heterostructures.
5.5 NANOPHOTONICS:
nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of
the behavior of light on the nanometer scale. It
is considered as a branch of optical
engineering which deals with optics, or the
interaction of light with particles or
substances, at deeply sub-wavelength length
scales. Technologies in the realm of nano-
optics include near-field scanning optical
microscopy (nsom), photoassisted scanning
tunnelling microscopy, and surface
plasmon optics.
FIG 5.5 : NANNO PHOTONICS
5.6 NANOWIRES : Nanowires are ultrafine
wires or linear arrays of dots, formed by self-
assembly. They can be made from a wide
range of materials. Semiconductor nanowires
made of silicon, gallium nitride and indium
phosphide have demonstrated remarkable
optical, electronic and magnetic
characteristics.
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17. NANOELECTRONICS
5.7 Display : new class of display using carbon
nanotubes as emission device for the next
generation of monitor and television (fed
field-emission displays).
FIG 5.7: NEXT GENERATION DISPLAY
SCREENS
5.8 OPTICS
An area of electronics in which
nanotechnology can make a significant
difference is in optics; specifically displays
and lighting. It is true that displays have been
becoming lighter and of a much higher
standard in recent years, but the limits of
current technology are fast being reached .
Fig 5.8 : optics
. Displays are still not very portable, and usually take up a lot of space. Imagine if a crystal-clear display
existed that could be rolled up or folded away when not in use? Or a lightbulb that wasted no energy and
saved the user vast amounts of money? Traditional light bulbs waste about 90% of their electricity use
by turning it into heat.
Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the next
generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging;
see quantum dots.
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18. NANOELECTRONICS
5.9 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HANDHELD DEVICES
More and more in modern life, people are working
on the move, which means taking their laptop,
phone, and other electronic equipment everywhere
they go. There is a need to combine all these
functions in one device so that people can
communicate with colleagues and clients, whilst
continuously having access to their files regardless
of their location.
Fig 5.9 : handheld devices
Nanotechnology can offer improved versatility through faster data transfer, more mobile processing power
and larger data storage
CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES OF NANOELECTRONICS TO THE
WORLD
 One of the obvious advantage is that nanoelectronics reduces size and scale of the machine with the
help of complex integration on the circuit silicon chips.
 Advanced properties of semiconductors can be determined with the help of nanoelectronics.
 Molecular scale nanoelectronics is also known as “the next step” in the miniaturization of electronic
devices, with latest electronics theory and research in the field of nanoelectronics, it is possible to
explore the diverse properties of molecules.
 Extreme fabrication also supported the multiple use of single machine. Parallel processing is also
empowered by nanoelectronics.
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19. NANOELECTRONICS
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Researchers are looking into the following nanoelectronics projects:
1. Building transistors from carbon
nanotube to enable minimum transistor
dimensions of a few nanometers and
developing techniques to
manufacture transistors. Using electrodes
made from nanowires that would enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well
as thinner than current flat panel
displays.
fig 7.1 transistors built using carbon nanotubes
2. Using mems techniques to control an array of probes whose tips have a radius of a few nanometers.
These probes are used to write and read data onto a polymer film, with the aim of
producing memory chips with a density of one terabyte per square inch or greater.
3. Transistors built in single atom thick
graphene film to enable very high speed
transistors. A small sheet of graphene is
taken & channels are carved into it
using electron beam lithography.
Fig 7.2 schematic of a graphine transistor
4. Combining gold nanoparticles with organic molecules to create a transistor known as a nomfet
(nanoparticle organic memory field-effect transistor).
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20. NANOELECTRONICS
5. Using carbon nanotubes to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight,
millimeter thick "nanoemmissive" display panel.
6. making integrated circuits with features that can be measured in nanometers (nm), such as the
process that allows the production of integrated circuits with 45 nm wide transistor gates.
7. Using nano sized magnetic rings to
make magneto resistive random access memory
(mram) which research has indicated may
allow memory density of 400 gb per square inch
Fig 7.3 : mram
8. Developing molecular-sized transistors which may allow us to shrink the width of transistor
gates to approximately one nm which will significantly increase transistor density in
integrated circuits.
9. Using self-aligning nanostructures to manufacture nanoscale integrated circuits.
10. Using nanowires to build transistors without p-n junctions.
11. Using magnetic quantum dots in spintronic semiconductor devices. Spintronic devices are
expected to be significantly higher density and lower power consumption because they
measure the spin of electronics to determine a 1 or 0, rather than measuring groups of
electronics as done in current semiconductor devices
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21. NANOELECTRONICS
CHAPTER-8
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. “Introductio To Nanotechnology, History Of Nanoelectronics, Nanotechnologies
Impact On Electronics” . From Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Nanotechnology
2. “How can nanotechnology improve the capabilities of electronic
components?” From http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotechnology-electronics.html
3. Contribution of nanoelectronics to the world”, advantages of
nanoelectronics to the world
from http://www.wtec.org/nano2/nanotechnology_research_directions_to_2020/chapter08.pdf
4. Applications under development from:-
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=epmlnv4hur8c&pg=pa416&lpg=pa416&dq=applications+under
+development+of+nanoelectronics&source=bl&ots=qda8y3vzsa&sig=m05eeudqfkdp-
czhksmmcuavoqa&hl=en&sa=x&ei=wamlt-pjh4-
hrafpztxscw&ved=0cfiq6aewba#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. Images and tables from www.google.com
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