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Regulation,
Basel II and Solvency II
         (Hull, Chapter 11)


     wi3421TU, Risicomanagement
          23 November 2011
Verzekeraars

              Pensioen-
               fondsen




23-11-2011
               Banken




page 2
             Hedgefunds
                            Toezichthouders




             Beleggings-
                                              Regulatie financiële instituten




             instellingen

               Overige
Regulatie financiële instituten


                        Banken




                                     Market Risk
                                                   Operational
                                                     Risk
                                 Operational
           Credit Risk Risk
 Credit Risk   Market
                                   Risk




          23-11-2011   page 3
Regulatie financiële instituten


                      Credit Risk




                                          EAD
              PD                    LGD




         23-11-2011    page 4
Pre-Basel II in vogelvlucht

•   -                 1988: capital/total assets >= min

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)
                                         “International Convergence of Capital
                                         Measurement and Capital Standards”


•   1988: BIS Capital Accord (Basel I)
•   1996: Amendment to BIS Accord
•   1999: Basel II first proposed
•   2006/2007: Basel II



                   23-11-2011   page 5
Tekortkomingen Basel I + Amend

•   Geen onderscheid binnen asset classes
•   Geen correlaties tussen tegenpartijen
•   Niet bankspecifiek (eigen data, modellen)
•   Alleen Credit en Market Risk




                  23-11-2011   page 6
Structuur Basel II

 Pillar 1 - Minimum                   Pillar 2 -         Pillar 3 –
        Capital                      Supervisory
   Requirements                        Review         Market Discipline

 • Credit Risk                •   Other risk types   • Qualitative/
 • Market Risk                •   RC <-> EC            Quantitative
 • Operational Risk           •   Stress Tests       • Level of detail
                              •   Organisatie        • Frequency




                 23-11-2011       page 7
Structuur Basel II

 Pillar 1 - Minimum                   Pillar 2 -         Pillar 3 –
        Capital                      Supervisory
   Requirements                        Review         Market Discipline

 • Credit Risk                •   Other risk types   • Qualitative/
 • Market Risk                •   RC <-> EC            Quantitative
 • Operational Risk           •   Stress Tests       • Level of detail
                              •   Organisatie        • Frequency


Drie benaderingen binnen Credit Risk
1. Standardised Approach
2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings-Based approach)
3. Advanced IRB



                 23-11-2011       page 8
BIS website




        23-11-2011   page 9
BIS toelichting
op risk weight
functions
Basel II




            23-11-2011   page 10
Loss distribution (1)




         23-11-2011   page 11
Loss distribution (2)

                      Kapitaal aanhouden voor VaR – EL = UL
                      (EL is al gedekt)




         23-11-2011   page 12
Basel risk parameters
 PD = (1yr) Probability of Default
    = kans op wanbetaling binnen 1 jaar

 EAD    = Exposure At Default
    = uitstaande schuld op moment van wanbetaling

 LGD   = Loss Given Default
    = percentage verlies van EAD in geval van wanbetaling



 Dus EL = PD*EAD*LGD




                23-11-2011   page 13
Basel RWA formula
PD deel gebaseerd op Normale copula:
                                   N -1 ( PD )       N -1 (0.999 )
     WCDR (1 jr, 0.999 )     N
                                                 1
waarbij PD = Q(1jr) specifiek voor iedere tegenpartij

Ideosyncratische PD wordt getransformeerd tot conditionele PD:
• bij zeer slecht economisch scenario (ééns/1000jr)
• rekening houdend met correlaties binnen portefeuille

LGD/EAD worden niet op een dergelijke manier getransformeerd
Instelling moet zorgen dat LGD en EAD downturn zijn




                23-11-2011   page 14
Basel RWA formula
Gehele formule:
                                             K * EAD
 RWA    Risk Weighted Assets                            12.5 * K * EAD
                                               8%
waarin K de Capital requirement is:

               N -1 ( PD)             N -1 (0.999)                  1 ( M 2.5) * b( PD)
 K   LGD * N                                           PD * LGD *
                               1                                      1 1.5 * b( PD)




        VaR/EAD                                      EL/EAD           Maturity
                                                                      adjustment
Wat is de relatie met UL = VaR – EL?

                  23-11-2011       page 15
De 5e parameter: rho
Onderscheid tussen asset classes
Corporates: rho daalt met PD, stijgt met Size (= jaaromzet in M € )

            1 e 50*PD                 1 e 50*PD            Size 5
     0.12 *                  0.24 *[1           ] 0.04 *[1        ]
             1 e 50                    1 e  50
                                                             45

Banks, Sovereigns: idem zonder Size adjustment (vgl. Size=50)
Retail:
• Mortgages: rho=0.15
• QRRE: rho=0.04
• Other:
                          1 e 35*PD             1 e 35*PD
               ρ    0.03*               0.16*[1           ]
                           1 e 35                1 e  35




                23-11-2011   page 16
Basel II RWA formula in Excel




         23-11-2011   page 17
Basel II RWA formula


Voorbeeld:

Bedrijf met omzet > M 50 EUR, AA rating S&P (PD=0.03%) -> rho=23%
M=2.5, LGD=45%
Conditional PD = 1.38%
RW = RWA/EAD = 22.44%

Zelfde bedrijf met BB+ rating (PD=2.97%) heeft rho=15%
Conditional PD = 22.43%
RW = RWA/EAD = 128.08%




                 23-11-2011   page 18
Pauze!



23-11-2011   page 19
Regulering/toezicht in de praktijk

•   Wie
•   Wat
•   Waar
•   Wanneer
•   Waarom
•   Hoe



          23-11-2011   page 20
Toezicht: Wie




         23-11-2011   page 21
Wie: Toezichthouder DNB

• 7 toezichtsteams voor banken (totaal 93 fte)
• Centrale afdeling Financieel Risicomanagement Banken (15 fte)
  binnen Toezicht beleid

Cultuurverandering:
• “Indringend en vasthoudend” toezicht
• Toezicht expertisecentra, o.a.:
    • Cultuur, organisatie en integriteit
    • Interventie en handhaving
• Nieuwe directie
• Directeur Toezicht Banken/Beleid wiskundige Jan Sijbrand



                 23-11-2011   page 22
Wie: de instellingen

• IRB banken
• Reputatiekwestie
• Grote inspanning:
   • Organisatie & Policies
   • Data!
   • Modellen bouwen
   • Validaties
   • Rapportage
   • etc
• Voordeel: capital relief
• Geen arbitrage! -> coverage 85%



                23-11-2011   page 23
Wat: structuur Basel II


 Pillar 1 - Minimum                   Pillar 2 -         Pillar 3 –
        Capital                      Supervisory
   Requirements                        Review         Market Discipline

 • Credit Risk                •   Other risk types   • Qualitative/
 • Market Risk                •   RC <-> EC            Quantitative
 • Operational Risk           •   Stress Tests       • Level of detail
                              •   Organisatie        • Frequency
                              •
                              •




                 23-11-2011       page 24
Toezicht: Wat

     BIS/BCBS:“International Convergence
     of Capital Measurement and Capital
     Standards” – Revised framework


        EU: Capital Requirements Directive
        (CRD)



            EBA (CEBS): (many) Guideline papers


                 DNB: Besluit prudentiële regels Wft 
                 Regeling solvabiliteitseisen voor het
                 kredietrisico




             23-11-2011   page 25
Toezicht: Wat en Hoe




         23-11-2011   page 26
Wat en Hoe: instellingen

•   PD, LGD, EAD modellen
•   Statistisch of expert-based
•   Grote bank: >100 modellen
•   Onafhankelijke validatie afdeling
•   Validatie: discriminatie, calibratie, risk drivers, methode, data
•   Jaarlijkse review/validatie per model




                    23-11-2011   page 27
Wat en Hoe: DNB


 Pillar 1 - Minimum                   Pillar 2 -         Pillar 3 –
        Capital                      Supervisory
   Requirements                        Review         Market Discipline

 • Credit Risk                •   Other risk types   • Qualitative/
 • Market Risk                •   RC <-> EC            Quantitative
 • Operational Risk           •   Stress Tests       • Level of detail
                              •   Organisatie        • Frequency
                              •
                              •




                 23-11-2011       page 28
Pillar3: voorbeeld RABO bank




        23-11-2011   page 29
Pillar3: voorbeeld RABO bank




        23-11-2011   page 30
Pillar3:
voorbeeld
ING




47 pagina‟s van de 291 gaan over
risk management

                  23-11-2011   page 31
Referenties

organisatie/onderwerp                        link

Bank for International Settlements           www.bis.org
(BIS)
DNB                                          www.dnb.nl
Open Boek Toezicht                           www.toezicht.dnb.nl
European Commission                          ec.europa.eu/internal_market/bank/regcapital
European Banking Authority (EBA)             www.eba.europa.eu
RABO: Capital Adequacy and Risk              www.rabobank.com/content/investor_relations/ri
Management Report 2009                       sk_management/more_information.jsp
ING: informatie over Risk                    www.ing.com/Ons-Bedrijf/Investor-
Management                                   relations/Jaarverslagen.htm
de kwantitatieve dienst                     www.dekwantitatievedienst.nl




                      23-11-2011   page 32
Regulering/toezicht in de praktijk

•   Wie
•   Wat
•   Waar
•   Wanneer
•   Waarom
•   Hoe



          23-11-2011   page 33
Vragen?




23-11-2011   page 34
Basel III



 Dit is alles wat Basel II over liquiditeit zegt
 Basel III (2018) introduceert liquiditeitsratios:
 • Liquidity Coverage Ratio (30 dagen stress)
 • Net Stable Funding Ratio (1 jaars horizon)

 Daarnaast:
 • Extra eisen aan hoeveelheid/kwaliteit kapitaal
 • Vermindering pro-cycliciteit door extra buffers
 • Grenzen aan leverage




                   23-11-2011   page 35
Solvency II
 EU Directive voor verzekeraars: “Basel for insurers”

 Zelfde Pillar structuur als Basel II:
 • Pillar 1 – Quantitative requirements (SCR)
 • Pillar 2 – Governance/risk mgt, supervision
 • Pillar 3 – Disclosure/transparency

 Standaardbenadering of eigen modellen

 SCR ~ 1 jr verplichtingen met 99.5% zekerheid
 MCR ~ idem met 85% zekerheid
 25%*SCR < MCR < 45%*SCR

 Nu fase QIS -> aanpasen framework -> invoering 1-1-2013

 Krijgt nu ook veel aandacht (capaciteit weg van Basel II ??)

                 23-11-2011   page 36
Stress Testing
 Resultaten EBA Stress Test 2011:
 Core Tier1 ratio per bank in „adverse‟ scenario




                  23-11-2011   page 37

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Basel II Regulering in de praktijk

  • 1. Regulation, Basel II and Solvency II (Hull, Chapter 11) wi3421TU, Risicomanagement 23 November 2011
  • 2. Verzekeraars Pensioen- fondsen 23-11-2011 Banken page 2 Hedgefunds Toezichthouders Beleggings- Regulatie financiële instituten instellingen Overige
  • 3. Regulatie financiële instituten Banken Market Risk Operational Risk Operational Credit Risk Risk Credit Risk Market Risk 23-11-2011 page 3
  • 4. Regulatie financiële instituten Credit Risk EAD PD LGD 23-11-2011 page 4
  • 5. Pre-Basel II in vogelvlucht • - 1988: capital/total assets >= min Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) “International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards” • 1988: BIS Capital Accord (Basel I) • 1996: Amendment to BIS Accord • 1999: Basel II first proposed • 2006/2007: Basel II 23-11-2011 page 5
  • 6. Tekortkomingen Basel I + Amend • Geen onderscheid binnen asset classes • Geen correlaties tussen tegenpartijen • Niet bankspecifiek (eigen data, modellen) • Alleen Credit en Market Risk 23-11-2011 page 6
  • 7. Structuur Basel II Pillar 1 - Minimum Pillar 2 - Pillar 3 – Capital Supervisory Requirements Review Market Discipline • Credit Risk • Other risk types • Qualitative/ • Market Risk • RC <-> EC Quantitative • Operational Risk • Stress Tests • Level of detail • Organisatie • Frequency 23-11-2011 page 7
  • 8. Structuur Basel II Pillar 1 - Minimum Pillar 2 - Pillar 3 – Capital Supervisory Requirements Review Market Discipline • Credit Risk • Other risk types • Qualitative/ • Market Risk • RC <-> EC Quantitative • Operational Risk • Stress Tests • Level of detail • Organisatie • Frequency Drie benaderingen binnen Credit Risk 1. Standardised Approach 2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings-Based approach) 3. Advanced IRB 23-11-2011 page 8
  • 9. BIS website 23-11-2011 page 9
  • 10. BIS toelichting op risk weight functions Basel II 23-11-2011 page 10
  • 11. Loss distribution (1) 23-11-2011 page 11
  • 12. Loss distribution (2) Kapitaal aanhouden voor VaR – EL = UL (EL is al gedekt) 23-11-2011 page 12
  • 13. Basel risk parameters PD = (1yr) Probability of Default = kans op wanbetaling binnen 1 jaar EAD = Exposure At Default = uitstaande schuld op moment van wanbetaling LGD = Loss Given Default = percentage verlies van EAD in geval van wanbetaling Dus EL = PD*EAD*LGD 23-11-2011 page 13
  • 14. Basel RWA formula PD deel gebaseerd op Normale copula: N -1 ( PD ) N -1 (0.999 ) WCDR (1 jr, 0.999 ) N 1 waarbij PD = Q(1jr) specifiek voor iedere tegenpartij Ideosyncratische PD wordt getransformeerd tot conditionele PD: • bij zeer slecht economisch scenario (ééns/1000jr) • rekening houdend met correlaties binnen portefeuille LGD/EAD worden niet op een dergelijke manier getransformeerd Instelling moet zorgen dat LGD en EAD downturn zijn 23-11-2011 page 14
  • 15. Basel RWA formula Gehele formule: K * EAD RWA Risk Weighted Assets 12.5 * K * EAD 8% waarin K de Capital requirement is: N -1 ( PD) N -1 (0.999) 1 ( M 2.5) * b( PD) K LGD * N PD * LGD * 1 1 1.5 * b( PD) VaR/EAD EL/EAD Maturity adjustment Wat is de relatie met UL = VaR – EL? 23-11-2011 page 15
  • 16. De 5e parameter: rho Onderscheid tussen asset classes Corporates: rho daalt met PD, stijgt met Size (= jaaromzet in M € ) 1 e 50*PD 1 e 50*PD Size 5 0.12 * 0.24 *[1 ] 0.04 *[1 ] 1 e 50 1 e 50 45 Banks, Sovereigns: idem zonder Size adjustment (vgl. Size=50) Retail: • Mortgages: rho=0.15 • QRRE: rho=0.04 • Other: 1 e 35*PD 1 e 35*PD ρ 0.03* 0.16*[1 ] 1 e 35 1 e 35 23-11-2011 page 16
  • 17. Basel II RWA formula in Excel 23-11-2011 page 17
  • 18. Basel II RWA formula Voorbeeld: Bedrijf met omzet > M 50 EUR, AA rating S&P (PD=0.03%) -> rho=23% M=2.5, LGD=45% Conditional PD = 1.38% RW = RWA/EAD = 22.44% Zelfde bedrijf met BB+ rating (PD=2.97%) heeft rho=15% Conditional PD = 22.43% RW = RWA/EAD = 128.08% 23-11-2011 page 18
  • 19. Pauze! 23-11-2011 page 19
  • 20. Regulering/toezicht in de praktijk • Wie • Wat • Waar • Wanneer • Waarom • Hoe 23-11-2011 page 20
  • 21. Toezicht: Wie 23-11-2011 page 21
  • 22. Wie: Toezichthouder DNB • 7 toezichtsteams voor banken (totaal 93 fte) • Centrale afdeling Financieel Risicomanagement Banken (15 fte) binnen Toezicht beleid Cultuurverandering: • “Indringend en vasthoudend” toezicht • Toezicht expertisecentra, o.a.: • Cultuur, organisatie en integriteit • Interventie en handhaving • Nieuwe directie • Directeur Toezicht Banken/Beleid wiskundige Jan Sijbrand 23-11-2011 page 22
  • 23. Wie: de instellingen • IRB banken • Reputatiekwestie • Grote inspanning: • Organisatie & Policies • Data! • Modellen bouwen • Validaties • Rapportage • etc • Voordeel: capital relief • Geen arbitrage! -> coverage 85% 23-11-2011 page 23
  • 24. Wat: structuur Basel II Pillar 1 - Minimum Pillar 2 - Pillar 3 – Capital Supervisory Requirements Review Market Discipline • Credit Risk • Other risk types • Qualitative/ • Market Risk • RC <-> EC Quantitative • Operational Risk • Stress Tests • Level of detail • Organisatie • Frequency • • 23-11-2011 page 24
  • 25. Toezicht: Wat BIS/BCBS:“International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards” – Revised framework EU: Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) EBA (CEBS): (many) Guideline papers DNB: Besluit prudentiële regels Wft  Regeling solvabiliteitseisen voor het kredietrisico 23-11-2011 page 25
  • 26. Toezicht: Wat en Hoe 23-11-2011 page 26
  • 27. Wat en Hoe: instellingen • PD, LGD, EAD modellen • Statistisch of expert-based • Grote bank: >100 modellen • Onafhankelijke validatie afdeling • Validatie: discriminatie, calibratie, risk drivers, methode, data • Jaarlijkse review/validatie per model 23-11-2011 page 27
  • 28. Wat en Hoe: DNB Pillar 1 - Minimum Pillar 2 - Pillar 3 – Capital Supervisory Requirements Review Market Discipline • Credit Risk • Other risk types • Qualitative/ • Market Risk • RC <-> EC Quantitative • Operational Risk • Stress Tests • Level of detail • Organisatie • Frequency • • 23-11-2011 page 28
  • 29. Pillar3: voorbeeld RABO bank 23-11-2011 page 29
  • 30. Pillar3: voorbeeld RABO bank 23-11-2011 page 30
  • 31. Pillar3: voorbeeld ING 47 pagina‟s van de 291 gaan over risk management 23-11-2011 page 31
  • 32. Referenties organisatie/onderwerp link Bank for International Settlements www.bis.org (BIS) DNB www.dnb.nl Open Boek Toezicht www.toezicht.dnb.nl European Commission ec.europa.eu/internal_market/bank/regcapital European Banking Authority (EBA) www.eba.europa.eu RABO: Capital Adequacy and Risk www.rabobank.com/content/investor_relations/ri Management Report 2009 sk_management/more_information.jsp ING: informatie over Risk www.ing.com/Ons-Bedrijf/Investor- Management relations/Jaarverslagen.htm de kwantitatieve dienst  www.dekwantitatievedienst.nl 23-11-2011 page 32
  • 33. Regulering/toezicht in de praktijk • Wie • Wat • Waar • Wanneer • Waarom • Hoe 23-11-2011 page 33
  • 35. Basel III Dit is alles wat Basel II over liquiditeit zegt Basel III (2018) introduceert liquiditeitsratios: • Liquidity Coverage Ratio (30 dagen stress) • Net Stable Funding Ratio (1 jaars horizon) Daarnaast: • Extra eisen aan hoeveelheid/kwaliteit kapitaal • Vermindering pro-cycliciteit door extra buffers • Grenzen aan leverage 23-11-2011 page 35
  • 36. Solvency II EU Directive voor verzekeraars: “Basel for insurers” Zelfde Pillar structuur als Basel II: • Pillar 1 – Quantitative requirements (SCR) • Pillar 2 – Governance/risk mgt, supervision • Pillar 3 – Disclosure/transparency Standaardbenadering of eigen modellen SCR ~ 1 jr verplichtingen met 99.5% zekerheid MCR ~ idem met 85% zekerheid 25%*SCR < MCR < 45%*SCR Nu fase QIS -> aanpasen framework -> invoering 1-1-2013 Krijgt nu ook veel aandacht (capaciteit weg van Basel II ??) 23-11-2011 page 36
  • 37. Stress Testing Resultaten EBA Stress Test 2011: Core Tier1 ratio per bank in „adverse‟ scenario 23-11-2011 page 37