1. Elections, Voting, and Voter Behavior

2. Outline Nominating Candidates Caucuses & Conventions Primary Elections Petition Nominating Presidential Candidates Elections and Campaigns Regulating Elections Financing Elections Hard & Soft Money Presidential Elections Voting Rights and Voting Laws History Laws Voter Behavior Influences on Voting Decisions Voters and Nonvoters

3. Nominating Candidates Nominate: select a candidate to run for office 4 methods for being on the ballot: Caucus Convention Direct primary petition

4. The Caucus & Convention Caucus: party leaders meet and decide who will run for office Nominating convention: public meeting of party members to choose candidates Party bosses: influential party leaders

5. Primary Election Direct primary election: several candidates from the same party run against each other for the nomination Two types of primary: Closed primary: limited to registered members of political parties Open primary: any registered voter

6. Nomination by Petition Petition: piece of paper that states a person wishes to run for office, a number of signatures is required to be considered. The more important the office, the more signatures needed

7. 2008 Presidential Primaries General Election

8. Elections & Campaigns Right to vote=basic to democracy Election Day Regulating Elections: State v. Federal laws Election dates (1st Tuesday, following the 1st Monday in November) Help America Vote Act (2002)

9. Financing Elections Campaigns require lots of money: Offices Campaign workers Advertisements Websites Where does the money come from? Private donors (expect favors) Public money ($3 contribution on income tax)

10. Campaign Finance Laws Political Action Committee (PAC): a political organization formed by special interest groups such as companies and labor and professional organizations. Examples: National Rifle Association (NRA), The American Medical Association (AMA), etc.

11. Hard & Soft Money Hard Money Regulated by laws Money raised and spent by candidate themselves Soft Money No real laws Money raised and spent on “party building” activities 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act: The goal was to ban soft money, however, the result was that by the 2004 election, politicians had found a loophole by setting up Section 527 organizations. Much like PACs except these groups were not regulated.

12. Presidential Elections Electoral College January 6th (Congress counts votes) Election night news coverage Popular vote: total number of votes cast by citizens Electoral vote: number of votes that states have in the electoral college

13. Electoral College Map

14. Voting Rights African Americans were not considered citizens until 1868 Women couldn’t vote until 1920 Native Americans were not granted citizenship until 1924 Youth vote was extended in 1971 Suffragist: people who supported the right to vote for women

15. Voting Rights Laws Law Fifteenth Amendment Voting Rights Act of 1965 Twenty Fourth Amendment Interference Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax

16. Voter Behavior Registered Voters Why do some citizens vote in every election and some never vote?

18. African-Americans

19. High school graduates

20. Women (slightly more)

21. Catholics

22. Jews

23. Immigrants

25. College graduates

26. Protestants

27. Some Latinos

28. Suburbs, rural areasStraight-ticket voting: voting only for a party’s candidates

29. Voters & Nonvoters Voters College graduates Higher income Over 45 64+ highest voting rates Women more than men Married people Don’t move around Religious attendees Nonvoters High School graduates or less Low income Youth Single people People who move around Political efficacy: the idea that a person can influence government by voting.

30. Why don’t people vote? Don’t meet residency requirements Never registered Feel little will change Happy with the status-quo No sense of political efficacy Average nonvoter= male, under 35, single, low level of education, works at unskilled jobs