Graphics Programming Tutorial in OpenGL
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This document provides an overview of OpenGL and graphics programming concepts: - OpenGL is a graphics API that makes graphics programming hardware independent, and GLUT is a toolkit library that makes it easier to use OpenGL. - Graphics rendering represents 3D models as 2D images through applying transformations, projection, lighting and textures. - Key concepts include representing objects as geometric primitives, applying transformations, adding realism through lighting and textures, and customizing rendering through shaders.
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Graphics Programming Tutorial in OpenGL
- 1. Graphics Programming in OpenGL Arvind Devaraj
- 2. Arvind Devaraj2 OpenGL and GLUT Overview �� OpenGL is graphics API.OpenGL is graphics API. �� Makes graphics programmingMakes graphics programming h/wh/w independentindependent �� GLUT is a toolkitGLUT is a toolkit library of utilities using OpenGLlibrary of utilities using OpenGL makes easier to use OpenGLmakes easier to use OpenGL
- 4. Arvind Devaraj High Level � Represent Objects as Primitives � Apply Transformations on objects � Projection : Visible portions are rendered � Add realism by adding Light and Texture � Remember using State information � Customize using Shaders � Framebuffer operations
- 5. Arvind Devaraj5 OpenGL Geometric Primitives GL_QUAD_STRIPGL_QUAD_STRIP GL_POLYGONGL_POLYGON GL_TRIANGLE_STRIPGL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLE_FANGL_TRIANGLE_FAN GL_POINTSGL_POINTS GL_LINESGL_LINES GL_LINE_LOOPGL_LINE_LOOPGL_LINE_STRIPGL_LINE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLESGL_TRIANGLES GL_QUADSGL_QUADS
- 8. Arvind Devaraj8 Camera Analogy �� Graphics Rendering is like taking aGraphics Rendering is like taking a photographphotograph �� 3D model3D model �� 2D image2D image camera tripod model viewing volume
- 9. Arvind Devaraj9 Transformations �� Steps in Forming an ImageSteps in Forming an Image � specify geometry (world coordinates) � specify camera (camera coordinates) � project (window coordinates) � map to viewport (screen coordinates) �� Each step uses transformationsEach step uses transformations �� Transformation = change in coordinateTransformation = change in coordinate systemssystems
- 10. Arvind Devaraj1 0 Camera Analogy of Transformations �� Projection transformationsProjection transformations � adjust the lens of the camera �� Viewing transformationsViewing transformations � tripod–define position and orientation of the viewing volume in the world �� Modeling transformationsModeling transformations � moving the model �� ViewportViewport transformationstransformations � enlarge or reduce the physical photograph
- 11. Arvind Devaraj1 1 Affine Transformations �� Want transformations which preserveWant transformations which preserve geometrygeometry � Rotation, translation, scaling � Projection � Concatenation (composition)
- 12. Arvind Devaraj Affine Transformations � Basic Transformations � Any transformation is Composition of these
- 13. Arvind Devaraj Affine Transformation Matrix
- 14. Arvind Devaraj1 4 3D Transformations �� A vertex is transformed by 4 x 4 matricesA vertex is transformed by 4 x 4 matrices � all affine operations are matrix multiplications � all matrices are stored column-major in OpenGL � matrices are always post-multiplied � product of matrix and vector is v � M � � � � � � � � � � � � � 151173 141062 13951 12840 mmmm mmmm mmmm mmmm M
- 15. Arvind Devaraj1 5 Programming Transformations �� Prior to rendering, view, locate, andPrior to rendering, view, locate, and orient:orient: � eye/camera position � 3D geometry �� Manage the matricesManage the matrices � including matrix stack �� Combine (composite) transformationsCombine (composite) transformations
- 16. Arvind Devaraj1 6 v e r t e x Modelview Matrix Projection Matrix Perspective Division Viewport Transform Modelview Modelview Projection � � � object eye clip normalized device window Transformation Pipeline
- 17. Arvind Devaraj1 7 Viewing Transformations �� Position the camera/eye in the scenePosition the camera/eye in the scene � place the tripod down; aim camera �� ToTo ““fly throughfly through”” a scenea scene � change viewing transformation and redraw scene �� gluLookAtgluLookAt(( eyeeyexx,, eyeeyeyy,, eyeeyezz,, aimaimxx,, aimaimyy,, aimaimzz,, upupxx,, upupyy,, upupzz )) � up vector determines unique orientation tripod
- 18. Arvind Devaraj
- 19. Arvind Devaraj1 9 Transformations in OpenGL �� ModelingModeling �� ViewingViewing � orient camera � projection �� AnimationAnimation �� Map to screenMap to screen
- 23. Arvind Devaraj2 3 Connection: Viewing and Modeling �� Moving camera is equivalent to movingMoving camera is equivalent to moving every object in the world towards aevery object in the world towards a stationary camerastationary camera �� Viewing transformations are equivalentViewing transformations are equivalent to several modeling transformationsto several modeling transformations
- 25. Arvind Devaraj2 5 Depth Buffering and Hidden Surface Removal 1 2 4 8 16 1 2 4 8 16 Color Buffer Depth Buffer Display
- 27. Arvind Devaraj2 7 Phong Principles �� Lighting simulates how objects reflectLighting simulates how objects reflect lightlight � material composition of object � light’s color and position
- 28. Arvind Devaraj
- 29. Arvind Devaraj Various Lighting Models
- 30. Arvind Devaraj3 0 Simulating Lights �� PhongPhong lighting modellighting model � Computed at vertices �� Lighting contributorsLighting contributors � Surface material properties � Light properties � Lighting model properties
- 31. Arvind Devaraj3 1 Surface Normals �� NormalsNormals define how a surface reflectsdefine how a surface reflects lightlight glNormal3f(glNormal3f( x, y, zx, y, z )) � Current normal is used to compute vertex’s color
- 32. Arvind Devaraj3 2 Light Position Tutorial
- 34. Arvind Devaraj3 4 Texture Mapping �� Apply image to geometryApply image to geometry �� UsesUses � Reduce Geometric complexity � Add Realism � Reflections
- 35. Arvind Devaraj Texture Mapping Reduce Geometric Complexity
- 36. Arvind Devaraj
- 37. Arvind Devaraj Reflections – Environmental Map
- 39. Arvind Devaraj3 9 Texture Example �� The texture (below) is aThe texture (below) is a 256 x 256 image that has been256 x 256 image that has been mapped to a rectangularmapped to a rectangular polygonpolygon
- 41. Arvind Devaraj4 1 OpenGL’s State Machine All Rendering info are remembered as state info State Information Lighting Shading Texturing Blending
- 42. Arvind Devaraj4 2 OpenGL’s State MachineAll Rendering info are remembered as state info Manipulating vertex attribute changes state info glColor() glNormal() glTexCoord()
- 43. Arvind Devaraj Shaders � Allow these transformations to be user programmable
- 44. Arvind Devaraj
- 46. Arvind Devaraj
- 47. Arvind Devaraj4 7 Getting to the Framebuffer BlendingBlendingDepth Test Depth Test DitheringDithering Logical Operations Logical Operations Scissor Test Scissor Test Stencil Test Stencil Test Alpha Test Alpha Test Fragment Framebuffer
- 49. Arvind Devaraj Alpha : for blending effect
- 50. Arvind Devaraj
- 51. Arvind Devaraj5 1 Blending (using Alpha) �� AlphaAlpha--Measure of OpacityMeasure of Opacity � simulate translucent objects � glass, water, etc. � composite images � Antialiasing glEnable( GL_BLEND )
- 52. Arvind Devaraj5 2 Blending �� Combine pixels with whatCombine pixels with what’’s in alreadys in already in thein the framebufferframebuffer glBlendFuncglBlendFunc(( srcsrc,, dstdst )) FramebufferFramebuffer PixelPixel ((dstdst)) Blending Equation Blending Equation FragmentFragment ((srcsrc)) BlendedBlended PixelPixel pfr CdstCsrcC ��� ��
- 53. Arvind Devaraj Blending- Demo � Exercises � add multiple shaders � simple blend � Demo (url devmaster) � Advanced (notes) Other blending modes Texture blending
- 56. Arvind Devaraj Accumulation buffer � The accumulation buffer is simply an extra image buffer that is used to accumulate composite images.
- 57. Arvind Devaraj Accumulation buffer � Color buffer loses precision, so use float buffer �� CompositingCompositing �� AntialiasingAntialiasing �� FilteringFiltering �� Motion BlurMotion Blur
- 58. Arvind Devaraj OpenGLES � There is no support for glBegin or glEnd. Use vertex arrays and vertex buffer objects instead. � The only supported rasterization primitives are points, lines and triangles. Quads are not supported � There is no support for display lists.
- 59. Arvind Devaraj OpenGLES � There is no support for the fixed-function graphics pipeline. You must use your own vertex and fragment shader programs. � There is no support for viewing transforms such as glFrustumf. You must compute your own transformation matrix, pass it to the vertex shader as a uniform variable, and perform the matrix multiplication in the shader. � There is no support for specialized functions such as glVertexPointer and glNormalPointer. Use glVertexAttribPointer instead.
- 60. Arvind Devaraj OpenGLES- Buffer Objects � OpenGL cannot directly see any of your memory � Therefore, the first step is to allocate some memory that OpenGL can see . This is done with something called a buffer object. Think of a buffer object as an array of GPU memory.
- 61. Arvind Devaraj OpenGLES- Buffer Objects � Pass arrays of vertices, colors, etc. to OpenGL in a large chunk glVertexPointer( 3, GL_FLOAT, 0, coords ) glColorPointer( 4, GL_FLOAT, 0, colors ) glEnableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ) glEnableClientState( GL_COLOR_ARRAY ) glDrawArrays( GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, numVerts );
- 62. Arvind Devaraj OpenGLES - BufferObjects � void InitializeVertexBuffer() { glGenBuffers(1, &positionBufferObject); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, positionBufferObject); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, siz, vertexPositions, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); }
- 63. Arvind Devaraj Exercises � Moving ball animation � Blending � Texturing