1. VISUAL ARTS
Topic of Study
Does Interpretation and perception of art bring about a
differentiation in the works of Jackson Pollock and Wassily
Kandinsky?
(ii)
Abstract
Art is an expression of thoughts and ideas to communicate one self. It maybe a
childlike way or an amateur experimenting with forms of art or an artist trying
with new techniques to explore. Even during the Cave Art period the simplest way
of interpretation was the line drawings which conveyed a great meaning towards
the creation of history of art. Various forms of expression can be perceived and
interpreted by thousands of people .Some may use mediums to convey their
emotions and communicate.

2. The techniques and methods of art that were common between me, as an
amateur, and the artist Jackson Pollock is what amused me. I involuntarily felt like
researching more on him and his styles. I also found Kandinsky’s work, having a
lot of movement and force just like Pollock’s work of art but both were still
different in application of lines and colour.
There I see an art of abstraction portraying perception and interpretation with
mediums and techniques. Both being Modern Artist I chose to analyze the
paintings of these two artists and come up with a topic that prevails my
perception towards it.
Thus the question: ‘Does Interpretation and perception of art bring
about a differentiation in the works of Jackson Pollock and Wassily
Kandinsky?’ Since the two artists have their unique differences of the art forms
they are known for, I thought of interpreting their differences through my
perception. The differences include selecting their line, style, application of
colour. Though they both being forceful painters, Kandinsky worked as an
abstractionist and Pollock worked as an Abstract expressionist.
Word Count: 263
(iii)
Table of Contents

3. Contents Pg. No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Interpretation and Perception 2
3 Analysis- Comparison 5
4 Conclusion 19
5 Bibliography 20
6 Book Bibliography 21
7 Glossary 23
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INTRODUTION:
Art is one’s own individual creativity. It is also a medium of exchanging cultural
ideas and awareness as it plays the role of a messenger. It can be in any form and
is present all around us. Just like in our normal life different people think
differently about a situation or a subject, art too can have varied perceptions.
Each one interprets art through their, own excellence of understanding. Each

4. one’s visual ideas about a work could also differ pertaining to the aura that the
painting sets in. Idealizing art in your own personal way is what perception of art
is all about. Perception of art by a particular individual may also show his mindset.
It’s like art judging the person. Each painting may not have the same appeal to
every individual. Some work, which may have non-violence and signs of
destruction may be liked by some and disliked by some. The perception of art by
an observer can be completely different than the actual ideas of the artist.
Everybody’s ideas, views, thought processes and stream of consciousness are
usually different. Perception can also be determined by the point of view from,
which the painting is looked at. Looking at ones aspect of the painting, can give
the observer some different meaning of the same thing, if seen from some other
angle. Some perceive renaissance art, landscape and portraits to be a perfect art
due to the structured format and claim that abstract is not an art. Other things
like mood also help in changing one’s perception to an extent.
Without having a clear definition for art, art is how you perceive it to be according
to your views. One can only talk about it if they look at it. Math and science
mostly have a procedure to follow and therefore fixed, whereas art has freedom
of expression and hence freedom of expression. Emotions play an important role
in art. Art is, I think, an externalized form of playing with perception: moving from
the center of our normal perceptual world to its edges and purposely stepping
beyond. It’s one of the best ways I know to learn to experience the world
differently, in a way that permanently enlarges the world, which you can perceive.
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Interpretation and Perception

5. Figure 1 1 An imagery Abstract art by children.
Interpretation and perception have a thin line between them. Interpretation
involves analysis and a detailed study. People use their perception to interpret
works differently. Everyone has their own justifications for their own
interpretations. People may conclude a 180 degrees far apart meaning of a work
than that of the artist who made it. Colors, texture, style, subject, brush strokes,
rhythm are few things, which help in interpreting an artwork. Different colors are
perceived differently. Brush strokes also portray the artist’s state of mind or also
what kind of mindset he wants to portray. Every element of art has some kind of
symbolism involved. A person’s style of thinking, his perception, affects his
interpretation. It also depends on the point of view of the person. Interpretation
also matters age-wise and experience wise. A child’s artwork is also interpreted
differently. If just given a glimpse it may just look like some strokes but probably
they have a deep meaning beneath them too. Random strokes by great artists are
considered as expensive artworks whereas a child’s artwork is just a random work
for most.
-3-
Action painter: Pollock
During the time of 1940’s, Pollock
used the technique of ‘ pouring
paint ’ on his canvas. The term
Action Painting originated from
the same. His paint would flow on
the canvas. American Painter
Pollock is best known for his
1
Abstract by Children

6. “splashed” Abstract Expressionism. His style influenced the American Abstract
Expressionism.
The Surrealists and Picasso influenced Pollock.
Figure 2 2 “Action Painting” - Jackson Pollock.
Pollock’s paintings usually have a webbed effect where there are many rhythmic
lines put all together creating movement. He is considered an abstract painting
because there is nothing realistic in his paintings. It is left for the viewers to
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interpret their own meaning. They may consider it just as a work with messy lines
all over the canvas and confusion or perhaps find a concept or meaning behind it.
They contain no shape or texture. It is the colors, which play a role in
differentiating his works. Some of his works even involve his footprints as he
followed the idea of immersing oneself in a painting. Pollock was known or
stepping into the painting rather than standing away from his canvas, which most
artists did. He would immerse himself in his piece of artwork. This style of
“stepping into his canvas” made him feel as if he is actually a part of the painting.
His aim was to express his thoughts and feelings through his works rather than
making it according to other people’s perception. Placing the canvas on the floor,
he would walk over it and begin his splashes. Usually the artists fit their paintings
according to the canvas but he would let his paintings go out of the canvas. This
may show his flow of thoughts, which are limitless and he avoids bounding them.
He numbered his works. Numbers are neutral and don’t give much meaning.
Therefore the people look at the painting how they should, just like a ‘pure
painting’.
2
Pollock Painting

7. Abstractionist:Kandinsky
Kandinsky was an influential painter and was the founder of Figure 3
3
“Composition VII”
Abstract Expressionism. Kandinsky began the category of paintings, which he
called improvisations. His famous ten compositions involve sharp tones of colors.
-5-
Kandinsky’s ideas about his matter are portrayed through colors. He has a
combination of geometric shapes and abstract in his works. Composition VII
was the most complex piece he ever painted. Use of sharp tones creates rigidity.
Shapes, lines and colors together make Kandinsky’s works. I have always been
interested in symbols as
condensed elements of meaning,
but I hadn’t really considered the
elements of the shapes as
evocative. That is, I knew human
beings invested meaning in
shapes and colors. He used
shapes in such a way that no one
has really used before.
Comparison through
my Perception:
Comparison is carried out by analyzing the data according to time period, theme,
style, colours.
3
Composition VII by Kandinsky

8. Figure 4 4 COLOURS IN KANDINSKY Figure 5 5 COLOURS IN POLLOCK
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“ It doesn't make much difference how the paint is put on as long as
something has been said. Technique is just a means of arriving at a
statement.” Jackson Pollock
"Colors are the keyboard, the eyes are the harmonies, and the soul is
the piano with many strings.” Kandinsky
The Lines:
In the history of modern art, Pollock’s work shows a great development in the
most radical abstract styles by redefining the concept of drawing and painting and
searching for new means to create a space in the composition. Kandinsky’s
painting shows influence of music in his works. We can observe and connect this
through the flow of lines and shapes with colours.
Both these artists show movement and force in lines showing depth in density by
4
Kandinsky’s work
5
Pollock’s work

9. either making it thick and painting it complete as in Kandinsky lines are seen filled
with the spaces. In Kandinsky’s paintings, lines are straight and filled in contrast to
Pollock’s rhythmic interlocked lines. But somewhere in Pollock’s work the lines
gather at various places on the canvas with a small amount of Black colour
patches.
Figure 6 6 Shape and form of Pollock Figure 7 7 Shape and form of Kandinsky
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The Shapes:
Kandinsky a pioneer who attempted to draw shapes to convey emotions and
feelings directly on canvas rather than making it look real. Kandinsky showed
shapes probably signifying the main elements of his ideas or thoughts. We notice
him use a lot of basic geometrical shapes. He painted objects using patches of
colours instead of painting perfect details in the artwork.
On the other hand, Pollock’s works do not involve a single shape or form but it
seems to be developed while splashing the colour. His strokes were forced, rapid
and impulsive. He used knives to apply the paint.
Analyzing both the artists work’s I have gone through the “thought web” with
too many questions in my mind!
Then how do we interpret art? What does the form represent?
Is there any symmetry evident in the artwork? How can a colour show emotion?
Each human being has various interpretation and perception to art.
Art being inevitable, perceptions will never end. It will differ from time to time,
person to person, era to era and gene to gene. One single painting may have
6
Pollock’s work
7
Kandinsky’s work

10. millions of perceptions but not all of them are accounted valid.
The Technique: Figure 8 Wassily
Kandinsky:
Conducting Colour.
Both Pollock and Kandinsky used natural
grounds to start the works. Kandinsky’s style
includes mixing sand with paint which, gave a granular texture whereas Pollock
created textures of his footprints by stepping into his work.
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Pollock wanted to create his own style
whereas Kandinsky got influences by
theosophy. Pollock was popular as an action
painter and Kandinsky was famous for
improvisation. Pollock’s important feature
was the ‘all over ‘shapeless painting. On the
other hand Kandinsky has his elements and
proper geometric shapes. Kandinsky’s
Abstract art shows no connection to the
external world. The forms and shapes actually
contained no reference to any object.

11. Figure 09 Jackson Pollock,
1912 –1956 Number71951
Figure 9 The technique shown by Ed Harris
Jackson Pollock from the movie "Pollack’’
-9-
Comparison in Totality of Paintings:
Figure 11
11
“Landscape with
Steer” Figure 12 “Composition
12
X”
11
Pollock’s Landscape with Steer

12. ‘Landscape with Steer’ is a painting done by Pollock. Early work of this painting
was painted between 1936 and 1937, which illustrates the innovations with which
Pollock experimented during that time.
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Technique: Pollock has used the Lithograph and airbrushing technique adding an
abstract wash to the more realistic landscape.
Colour: Pollock has used the basic of three primary colors – blue, red and yellow
green, which are visible merging with the background. The sharpness of colour
seems to be dividing the painting into halves. There are no definite shapes used
but just forms of colours as if camouflaged with the background. As the name of
the painting suggests ‘steer’, the colours are applied in that direction. The dark
shades are used to give the effect to show something related to sky or night -
time. The red may similarly show dawn. It appears as if each color shows each
time of day.
Where as in “ Composition X” Kandinsky has used all shades of colors: unlike the
limited use of colors in ‘Landscape with Steer’ where merging the colors shows
the transition from one color to another. The yellow I feel shows the ‘morning
time’. Coming downward it ends with dark shades of green and use of black is
vital as its present all around the picture. Black has a huge emphasis on this work
as it creates the impression of darkness and fear. The use of red color may give
the impression of anger. The colors used at the bottom show a lot of struggle. The
merging gives the blur effect, which may show unclearness.
12
Kandinsky’s Composition X

13. Rhythm: Amidst all this turbulent and emotions of anger and fear, the movement
maintains a rhythm. The main role of conveying the thoughts is done by the
colors. The movement around the picture of the colors and the strokes is smooth.
The tone of the painting is at least calmer at the top half and becomes sharp
downwards. Therefore it is not much balanced.
Colours and Textures: The colors are dominant and the texture looks very
rough. The use of curved lines adds to the smoothness, whereas the straight and
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sharp lines below make it look hard. The style of textures and colors give the
painting the ‘real’ feel. The colors are a part of the positive space and the black is
used as a background only to create contrast and balance. Putting black in the
background puts it in a negative space, perhaps to dominate the color because he
may want the brightness to dominate the black. The colors appear sharp against
the background. Only a part of the landscape has been shown but that in itself
looks very real and conveys the right tone and mood to the viewers. Kandinsky’s
painting gives an overall feeling of something bright, lively and vibrant due to its
colours. It also gives the feeling that all wishes will sail or fly smoothly. The
elements appear to be flying high and give the feeling of some view of an outer
space or universal objects. The elements have their own proper, perfect shape
with the same amount of colours. This art without any smudging is more like a
child art done neatly. The sharpness avoids continuity, which makes each element
stand out on its own
Composition: Kandinsky always related his compositions to musical
compositions. I could see the carefully balanced forms and shapes all the
elements well placed to evoke the aesthetic and emotional response from the
viewer. In “Composition X” Kandinsky expressed his inner self with a series of
Compositions at various stages. This may be his culmination of efforts towards

14. “pure painting”. This was his final work in the series. In this work of art you may
feel varied colors are used in compare to Pollock’s composition. Due to so many
colors the painting looks bright and colors are bold and sharp. There is no merging
of colors here. He has coloured every form with pure single colour tone without
mixing .This helps in maintaining the value the colour. No color overshadows the
other. The elements of art like line is are curved and straight. It involves most of
the principles of design. It has balance and harmony. The positive space is utilized
properly. Being the tenth and the last work of his compositions, it gives a proper
ending to his works as it has a very ‘happy’ and ‘cheerful’ look.
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An investigation of paintings:
Figu re 13
13
“T riad”
1948
Figure 14 14“Black Triangle”
13
Triad by Pollock
14
Black Triangle by Kandinsky

15. “Triad” made in 1948, by Pollock is a monochromatic painting. It has use of only
black and white. This selection can show contrasting ideas or contrasting ideas
resulting in unity. Black is the background and white is used to depict figures. This
creates a contrast between the figures and the background. The background is
plain and dark whereas the white is made up of random lines.
The white lines make up the skeleton, which is the structure of the human body.
Although there is only black and white used, the painting looks vibrant as the type
of paints use are fresh and bright. The background doesn’t show much but only
plainness and darkness. The ‘random’ white lines show rhythm and movement.
-13-
Figures maintain a balance in the picture due to their placement. Even the black
and white creates a balance. The two figures are not geometric and have no
proper shape, which again reminds us that this is
Pollock’s forms appear to be holding something perhaps some kind of instrument.
The right figure has a guitar shaped lines next to it. The knob board and the body
can be figured out easily. The figure on the left also holds some sort of
instrument. There are few splashes of paint near the figures perhaps showing
Pollock’s splash trademark. Just like most of the other works of Pollock, this one
too is not clear in its concept.
“Black Triangle” made in 1925 consists of limited colours. It has
use of dull colors with dark tones. The maximum colors are concentrated only on
the figure, to focus on it, which is the positive space and the background has
shades of green. The negative space has not been given many colors. Different
shapes combine together to form one whole figure. The figure in the painting is a
human figure in armor. This portrays that maybe that artist is trying to show
aggression or something related to war. It may also portray how a knight is before
or after a war. The painting has not much of background and is focused on the
armor. The armor has been made up of shapes or rather the shapes are placed in
order to make armor. The triangles and a semi circle are effectively used to make
the knight’s legs and face respectively. The corners and the side of the

16. background have blackness shaded, which is also merging with the gray or
greenish part of the background. The use of purple helps in creating the armor to
become the focal point of this painting. The semi circle in red shows a mix of black
in it. It also catches attention due to the mix of the colors and also the use of red
Colour, which is not present anywhere in the picture as the painting has use of
cool and dark colors and red is suddenly put in the middle. It is just like
“composition X” where the use of the green ball with colors merging is different
from the rest of the painting.
-14-
This creates continuity and shows the similarities between the two works by the
same artists. There is no rhythm in the picture because the single figure has no
movement. The two works “Triad” and “Black Triangle” are similar as they both
use figures but show them in different techniques.
While I was researching, I was curious
to understand if others felt the same
so I interviewed different age levels
and identities. I took up few paintings
to analyze according to others point
of view.
Figure 15 15 “Number 8”, 1949 Oil, enamel, and
aluminum paint on canvas, Neuberger Museum,
State University of New York.
15
Number 8 by Pollock

17. -15-
Interviewing the Audience:
For analyzing the above artwork and to know more about perception, I decided to
question a group of children around the age of 5- 8 yrs.
(Children)According to the children, the painting gave a look of a dense forest to
them with green playing the role of trees and the lines as branches, I feel this may
be due to the brown color. It looked to them like some ‘jungle-party’ happening.
They couldn’t trace a particular meaning out of it. It overall looked like a spider’s
web to one of them. The other interpreted it as blood falling from the ‘trees’,
maybe due to the use of red color towards the bottom of the painting. They
almost ended up proving that the painting is against deforestation, which no adult
can even think of looking at this work. One of those child expressed that the
painting looked liked as if it was sowing cracks and something like a broken glass.
This was children’s interpretation about this work of Pollock. Kids seem to have a
different world of their own and interpret different from adults.
I interviewed my teachers and our librarian to interpret this painting, which are
nowhere connected to art and painting.
What they would perceive and interpret in the work of art done by Jackson
Pollock titled “Number 8”.

18. (Librarian) Our librarian could see a fish jumping out of the water in a painting,
maybe a shark. Due to the shark it gave him an overall feel of violence and also
the colour red played the role of signifying blood and danger. He could relate this
work with a dream.
The forest look, which the kids interpreted, gave the librarian the look of autumn
and the painting’s concept seemed very environmentally focused.
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(Teacher)A homeroom teacher interpreted as creepers and leaves around. Also
could see an electric bulb in the work, which is a unique observation and different
from others. According to her, the painting also gives the feel as if everything is
coming out bursting or like blast from a focal point and everything scattered
around all over the place. (Counselor)Next was a counselor, Ms. Rene could relate
the piece with some kind of war happening in the woods. She relates the splashes
with snow. She could also see the image of an arrow and the red paint as blood,
which led to her thoughts concluding the painting as an aggressive one.
According to me Pollock’s “Number 8” in one glimpse gives me a feeling of
confusion and dull effect due to rhythmic lines creating movement in random
directions and splash of colours. The random lines show no steady thoughts and
that the artist probably moved his thoughts to any direction with the help of the
lines. No shape and structure leaves the viewers unclear. Specific colors used but
that too are splashed anywhere. The black is very much visible and attracts the
eyes the most,
which makes the
work look little
bright. The colors
give a dull effect
due to the use of
warm colors like
red and yellow.

19. Amongst this confusion also, we can interpret objects in this. The black line can
play the role of wings of a butterfly. English alphabets can also be found
connecting the colors like ‘D’ (the black line) and ‘H’. At the bottom the yellow
splash gives the look of a dancing girl in her own world and a deer next to it.
Towards the bottom right, we can see a person sitting, resting his back at the right
side of the work and looking at us. He selects simpler forms of nature and
transferred into our work.
Figure 1616 “Composition VII”
-17-
Interpretation of the composition of Kandinsky’s work according to me:
I feel Kandinsky’s “Composition VII” has more shapes along with complementary
colours. We can see different types of shapes like a triad, waves, letters, forms,
net etc. The use of colors is something I liked here. I feel there is an appropriate
use of colors with the shapes. The colours are merges with each other, which
makes it appear blur. The statement ‘Sharpness of Blur’ fits here perfectly. The
red and blue circle at the top seems sharper than merged. Blurred splash of
English alphabets are also visible in this like ‘P’ and ‘L’. Kandinsky has shown sense
of expression with the help of shapes and colors sharpness of blur. The blue
horizontal line looks like a part of the Eiffel tower. A yellow parrot can also be
seen on the right. The nets seem to be some kind of railway track. The left bottom
most side has a paw made with the help of the lines. The painting gives a happy
and a cheerful look. The focal point here looks like the black circle kind of a shape
in the centre and the red and blue clear circle on top.
I happen to show the same group of children and teachers the above painting.
(Children)The children came up with the idea that many insects fighting all
16
Composition VII by Kandinsky

20. around. Children could spot bugs and insect like figures. A heart, boat and a guitar
were spotted too. It gave them the feeling of everything smashed together. This
painting was introduced to my librarian for him it felt like a festive and a
celebration mood. It seemed to him like the coronation of a king, which is the
black focal point and the all other his ministers around him, which are the other
shapes around it forming a circle.
(Teacher)The Primary teacher’s first word was “Complicated”. That was her first
feeling when she looked at the painting. The painting is ‘bright and vibrant’. The
focal point seemed to her like a man weaving a thread and all the random shapes
coming out of his weaving. The other focal point, the circle stands out according
to her.
-18-
(Counselor)To the Counselor it gave her a fun and party mood. The painting looks
like very impulsive done and with spontaneity. A paintbrush, peacock, clouds and
ships were visible to her in the work.

21. -19-
Conclusion:
Different people of different age groups, different profession and none related to
art had different views regarding a single work. Their perceptions show how there
is differences in the works of both the artists. My perception and interpretation
create difference in the works. My thinking, use of shapes, lines, colors and
concepts make them different from one another. Different people’s thinking also
creates differences.

22. -20-
Bibliography
1) (htt) http://www.theartstory.org/artist-pollock-jackson.htm.
2)
(htt1)http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Wassily_Kandinsky's_art_style#i
xzz1euM2uYBT
3) "What Is Wassily Kandinsky's Art Style." The Q&A Wiki. Web. 09 Jan.
2012.
<http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Wassily_Kandinsky's_art_style>.
4) (htt2)http://poulwebb.blogspot.com/2011/02/jackson-pollock.html
"Jackson Pollock." POUL WEBB. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://poulwebb.blogspot.com/2011/02/jackson-pollock.html>.
5) (htt3)http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/artwork/jackson-
pollock3.htm
"HowStuffWorks "How Jackson Pollock Worked"" HowStuffWorks
"Entertainment" Web. 09 Jan. 2012.

23. <http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/artwork/jackson-
pollock3.htm>.
6) (htt4) http://www.theartstory.org/artist-pollock-jackson.htm.
7) (htt5)http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Wassily_Kandinsky's_art_styl
e#ixzz1euM2uYBT
8) "What Is Wassily Kandinsky's Art Style?" The Q&A Wiki. Web. 09 Jan.
2012.
<http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Wassily_Kandinsky's_art_style>.
9) (htt6)http://poulwebb.blogspot.com/2011/02/jackson-pollock.html
10)"Jackson Pollock." POUL WEBB. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://poulwebb.blogspot.com/2011/02/jackson-pollock.html>.
-21-
(htt7)http://painting.about.com/od/colourtheory/a/Pollock_paint.htm.
11) (htt8)http://www.jackson-pollock.com/action-painting.htm.
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13) (htt10)http://jinawallwork.blogspot.com/2010/05/composition-7-by-
wassily kandinsky.html - kand pic compositon 7
15) (htt11)http://www.linesandcolors.com/2006/09/21/jacksonpollockorg
"Lines and Colors :: A Blog about Drawing, Painting, Illustration, Comics,
Concept Art and Other Visual Arts » JacksonPollock.org." Lines and Colors ::
A Blog about Drawing, Painting, Illustration, Comics, Concept Art and Other
Visual Arts. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.linesandcolors.com/2006/09/21/jacksonpollockorg>.
16) http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jackson_pollock.html

24. "Jackson Pollock Quotes - BrainyQuote." Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote.
Web. 22 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jackson_pollock.html>.
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"My Abstract Paintings." Squidoo : Welcome to Squidoo. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.squidoo.com/my-abstract-paintings>.
18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting
"Action Painting." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting>.
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<http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/pollock/>.
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25. -22-
Bibliography of Books
The books I have referred to are -
1) “Kandinsky’’ is written by Ulrike becks-Molorny
Published by – TASCHEN GmbH

26. Hohenzollernring 53,
D – 50672 Koln.
Published in the year 2007.
2) “Jackson Pollock” is written by Landau
Published by Thames and Hudson
181A High Holborn,
London WC1V 7QX
Published in the year 1989.
-23-
Glossary
Action painting – A style of painting or an artwork in which paint is splashed on
the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.

27. Improvisation- It is making and creating art in a moment and with one’s
immediate environment and inner most feelings.
Works of Pollock -
1) Landscape with Steer
2) Number 8
3) Triad
Works of Kandinsky -
1) Composition X
2) Composition VII
3) Black Triangle