Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and potentially fatal condition where blood clots block arteries in the lungs. An estimated 5 million venous thromboses occur annually worldwide, with 10-30% of PE cases correctly diagnosed. Risk factors include older age, cancer, obesity, surgery, trauma, and genetic or acquired hypercoagulable states. Diagnosis involves assessing clinical probability based on symptoms and risk factors, then confirming with tests like D-dimer, chest imaging, ventilation-perfusion scanning, pulmonary angiography, or CT pulmonary angiography. Treatment focuses on anticoagulation to prevent further clotting while allowing natural lysis of existing thrombi.