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LONG TERM EFFECTS
OF EXERCISE ON THE
BODY SYSTEMS
Physiology of Fitness
                        Andrew Roberts
Long Term Effects of Exercise on
the Body Systems
    What body systems      As you exercise
     do we mean?             regularly your body
1.   Cardiovascular          adapts – you become
                             fitter – more able to
2.   Respiratory
                             cope with the
3.   Energy systems          demands of exercise.
4.   Muscular                We are going to look
5.   Skeletal                at what changes
                             occur in the heart,
                             lungs, muscle,
6.   CREMS                   skeleton and energy
                             systems.
Learning Outcomes
   Identify the 5 main body systems that are
    affected by long term exercise
   Describe 3 key changes to the cardiovascular
    system after long term exercise (e.g. after 6
    weeks)
   Identify 2 changes to the energy systems as
    an adaptation to long term exercise
   Examine and record our current level of
    cardiovascular fitness
Long Term Effects of Exercise on
the Cardiovascular System
W is the
 hat             Task
CV system?
                 In pairs list what aspects of the
The heart
and blood         cardiovascular system may change
vessels of
the
                  as a result of regular long term
circulatory       exercise?
system
                 In fours, compare results and see if
                  you can add to your original list.
Heart
   Cardiac Hypertrophy

The heart increases in its size
  and blood volume.
The wall of the left ventricle
  thickens ..why?
  to increase the strength
  potential of its contractions

    In sedentary, middle aged
    individuals it may be as high
    as 100 beats/min.               Normal heart     Elite endurance
                                    rate (HR) 60-    athlete’s HR
                                    80 beats / min   28 – 40 bpm
CV system cont...
   Increase in Stroke                In untrained individuals
    Volume                             stroke volume at rest it
SV = The amount of blood that          averages 50-70ml/beat
   can be pumped by the heart          increasing up to 110-
   per beat.
                                       130ml/beat beat during
This means the heart can now
   pump more blood per minute.
                                       intense, physical
Why is this beneficial?
                                       activity.
Increased blood flow allows for       In elite athletes resting
   faster and more efficient           stroke volume averages
   delivery oxygen and nutrients       90-110ml/beat
                                       increasing to as much
                                       as 150-220ml/beat
CV system cont...
Increased Cardiac             Untrained      REST         MAX EXERCISE
  Output (CO)                   SV         60ml/beat        120ml/beat
  SV X HR = CO                   X             X                X
As SV and HR increase           HR        70 beats/min    130 beats/ min
   during exercise CO will
                                 =             =                =
   increase.
                                CO        4200ml/min       15600ml/min
In a trained heart both SV
   and HR have increased
   capacity.                    Elite        REST         MAX EXERCISE
SV does increase to a           SV         100ml/beat       200ml/beat
   point – however the
   significant increases in      X             X                 X
   CO are caused by a           HR        40 beats/ min    180 beats/ min
   bigger increases in           =             =                 =
   heart rate                   CO        4800ml/min       36000ml/min
CV system cont...

Discussion   Eg An untrained student’s heart rate
                was measured at 140bpm while
                running 6mph on the treadmill
             After 6 weeks of exercise (running for
                30 mins 3 times per week) I would
                expect HR to decrease
                              increase

             1. Why?

             2. What physiological changes would
                have occurred?
CV system cont...
   Decreased resting           Capillarisation
    heart rate                  Capillary networks
With regular training your       increase to your cardiac
  resting HR falls.              and skeletal muscle.
Also your HR returns to         This improves blood
  normal quicker after           supply to the active
  exercise.                      muscles and improves
                                 the muscles’ efficiency
How could you measure
  these improvements
  over your 6 week
  program?
CV system cont...
   Increase in Blood              Reduction in
    Volume                          Resting Blood
   Your blood volume is the        Pressure
    amount of blood            What are the 2 measurements
    circulating in your body     of BP?
   It increases as an         1.   Systolic
    adaptation to regular      2.   Diastolic
    exercise                   Research shows that the quicker
                                 your BP returns to normal the
   It increases as a result     fitter you are.
    of capillarisation         How could you measure this?
                               Regular exercise can contribute
                                 to lowering BP.
CV system cont...
   Decreased                      Increased Aerobic
    Recovery Time                   Fitness
   HR recovery is a               This occurs as a result of
    measure of how much             what kind of training?
    your HR falls the first        Aerobic training e.g.?
    minute after exercise.         Running, cycling...
   Fit people can recover
                                   Aerobic fitness refers to
                                    endurance, or the ability to
    more quickly. How?              sustain work for prolonged
   The CV system has adapted       periods.
    and become more efficient      How can you measure an
    through the demands of          improvement in aerobic
    regular exercise                fitness?
Recap

TASK
            In pairs, recall at least 3 key changes to your CV
             system as a result of long term exercise?
        1.   Cardiac hypertrophy
        2.   Increased SV
        3.   Increased CO
        4.   Decreased resting HR
        5.   Capillarisation
        6.   Increase in blood volume
        7.   Reduction in resting BP
        8.   Decreased recovery time
        9.   Increased aerobic fitness
Long Term Effects of Exercise on the
Energy System

Task        In pairs
            Exercise can cover a wide range of
             meanings ....what exercise are we
             considering? On a flip chart write exercise in
             the middle and jot down what exercise means to
             you.

                Type       Intensity   Frequency     Duration
Long Term Effects of Exercise on the
Energy Systems
   Type Intensity Frequency Duration
   What systems does our body use to supply
    energy to our muscles?
   ATP-CP       1-10 secs

   Lactic Acid energy system 10s – 2mins
   Aerobic Energy system 2 mins +
Long Term Effects of Exercise on the
Energy Systems
    At cellular level              Increased use of fat
     muscles need what               as an energy source
     to contract? ATP               Fat combustion powers
    What adaptations may            almost all exercise at
     occur at cellular level ?       25% of aerobic power.
1.   Increase in level of           Fat oxidation increases if
     enzymes for aerobic and         exercise extends to long
     anaerobic systems.              periods as glycogen
                                     depletes
2.   Increase in size of
     mitochondria.                  Trained athletes burn
                                     more fat as fuel than
                                     non-trained athletes.
Long Term Effects of Exercise on the
CV & Energy Systems

Paired Task      Identify 2 changes to the energy
                  systems as an adaptation to long
                  term exercise
                 Describe 3 key changes to the CV
                  system and how you may examine
                  record those changes before and
                  after a 6 week training program

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Long term effects of exercise on cv & energy systems

  • 1. LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE BODY SYSTEMS Physiology of Fitness Andrew Roberts
  • 2. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Body Systems  What body systems  As you exercise do we mean? regularly your body 1. Cardiovascular adapts – you become fitter – more able to 2. Respiratory cope with the 3. Energy systems demands of exercise. 4. Muscular We are going to look 5. Skeletal at what changes occur in the heart, lungs, muscle, 6. CREMS skeleton and energy systems.
  • 3. Learning Outcomes  Identify the 5 main body systems that are affected by long term exercise  Describe 3 key changes to the cardiovascular system after long term exercise (e.g. after 6 weeks)  Identify 2 changes to the energy systems as an adaptation to long term exercise  Examine and record our current level of cardiovascular fitness
  • 4. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Cardiovascular System W is the hat  Task CV system?  In pairs list what aspects of the The heart and blood cardiovascular system may change vessels of the as a result of regular long term circulatory exercise? system  In fours, compare results and see if you can add to your original list.
  • 5. Heart  Cardiac Hypertrophy The heart increases in its size and blood volume. The wall of the left ventricle thickens ..why? to increase the strength potential of its contractions In sedentary, middle aged individuals it may be as high as 100 beats/min. Normal heart Elite endurance rate (HR) 60- athlete’s HR 80 beats / min 28 – 40 bpm
  • 6. CV system cont...  Increase in Stroke  In untrained individuals Volume stroke volume at rest it SV = The amount of blood that averages 50-70ml/beat can be pumped by the heart increasing up to 110- per beat. 130ml/beat beat during This means the heart can now pump more blood per minute. intense, physical Why is this beneficial? activity. Increased blood flow allows for  In elite athletes resting faster and more efficient stroke volume averages delivery oxygen and nutrients 90-110ml/beat increasing to as much as 150-220ml/beat
  • 7. CV system cont... Increased Cardiac Untrained REST MAX EXERCISE Output (CO) SV 60ml/beat 120ml/beat SV X HR = CO X X X As SV and HR increase HR 70 beats/min 130 beats/ min during exercise CO will = = = increase. CO 4200ml/min 15600ml/min In a trained heart both SV and HR have increased capacity. Elite REST MAX EXERCISE SV does increase to a SV 100ml/beat 200ml/beat point – however the significant increases in X X X CO are caused by a HR 40 beats/ min 180 beats/ min bigger increases in = = = heart rate CO 4800ml/min 36000ml/min
  • 8. CV system cont... Discussion Eg An untrained student’s heart rate was measured at 140bpm while running 6mph on the treadmill After 6 weeks of exercise (running for 30 mins 3 times per week) I would expect HR to decrease increase 1. Why? 2. What physiological changes would have occurred?
  • 9. CV system cont...  Decreased resting  Capillarisation heart rate  Capillary networks With regular training your increase to your cardiac resting HR falls. and skeletal muscle. Also your HR returns to  This improves blood normal quicker after supply to the active exercise. muscles and improves the muscles’ efficiency How could you measure these improvements over your 6 week program?
  • 10. CV system cont...  Increase in Blood  Reduction in Volume Resting Blood  Your blood volume is the Pressure amount of blood What are the 2 measurements circulating in your body of BP?  It increases as an 1. Systolic adaptation to regular 2. Diastolic exercise Research shows that the quicker your BP returns to normal the  It increases as a result fitter you are. of capillarisation How could you measure this? Regular exercise can contribute to lowering BP.
  • 11. CV system cont...  Decreased  Increased Aerobic Recovery Time Fitness  HR recovery is a  This occurs as a result of measure of how much what kind of training? your HR falls the first  Aerobic training e.g.? minute after exercise.  Running, cycling...  Fit people can recover  Aerobic fitness refers to endurance, or the ability to more quickly. How? sustain work for prolonged  The CV system has adapted periods. and become more efficient  How can you measure an through the demands of improvement in aerobic regular exercise fitness?
  • 12. Recap TASK  In pairs, recall at least 3 key changes to your CV system as a result of long term exercise? 1. Cardiac hypertrophy 2. Increased SV 3. Increased CO 4. Decreased resting HR 5. Capillarisation 6. Increase in blood volume 7. Reduction in resting BP 8. Decreased recovery time 9. Increased aerobic fitness
  • 13. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Energy System Task  In pairs  Exercise can cover a wide range of meanings ....what exercise are we considering? On a flip chart write exercise in the middle and jot down what exercise means to you. Type Intensity Frequency Duration
  • 14. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Energy Systems  Type Intensity Frequency Duration  What systems does our body use to supply energy to our muscles?  ATP-CP 1-10 secs  Lactic Acid energy system 10s – 2mins  Aerobic Energy system 2 mins +
  • 15. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Energy Systems  At cellular level  Increased use of fat muscles need what as an energy source to contract? ATP  Fat combustion powers  What adaptations may almost all exercise at occur at cellular level ? 25% of aerobic power. 1. Increase in level of  Fat oxidation increases if enzymes for aerobic and exercise extends to long anaerobic systems. periods as glycogen depletes 2. Increase in size of mitochondria.  Trained athletes burn more fat as fuel than non-trained athletes.
  • 16. Long Term Effects of Exercise on the CV & Energy Systems Paired Task  Identify 2 changes to the energy systems as an adaptation to long term exercise  Describe 3 key changes to the CV system and how you may examine record those changes before and after a 6 week training program