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1. CAVES, ARCHES, STACKS AND STUMPS
BY: KWAKU BONSU
Topic: Erosion Landforms
Aim: The Formation of Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps

2. Caves
Although coastal headlands
consist mostly of resistant
rock, there are always weak
points such as faults and
joints. These faults are forced
to become larger and larger
by the three erosion
processes: corrasion, solution
and hydraulic pressure. These
faults and joints then
eventually become small
caves. This can be observed
in the picture to the right of
the Old Harry Rocks of Dorset
in Southwest England.

3. Arches
The caves are being
widened and enlarged by the
sea (through the erosion
processes:
corrasion, solution and
hydraulic action). The
waves eventually cut
through the caves and form
natural arches. The foot
(lower end) of the arch is
constantly being eroded and
the roof of the arch soon
becomes too heavy and it
collapses.

4. Stacks
Once the roof of the arch
has fallen down, it leaves an
isolated column the rocky
cliff to stand alone called a
stack. This stack continues
to be eroded at the lower
part. The undercut parts of
the stack are called wavecut notches. Sooner or later
the stacks base will become
too thin to support the
column of rock and the stack
will collapse.

5. Stumps
Once the stack has been
collapsed due to lack of
support, it leaves an even
smaller portion of the cliff
called a stump. This is the
lower portion of the stack
that was not broken down.
The stump continues to be
eroded and it slowly breaks
down.

7. Thank you for watching my presentation!
Presentation by: Kwaku Bonsu
Video found by: Kwaku Bonsu
Edited by: Kwaku Bonsu
Research by: Kwaku Bonsu
Background chosen by: Kwame Bonsu
Animations chosen by: Mommy
Animations executed by: Kwaku Bonsu
Video downloaded by: Ghina Obeid
THE END!