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Biostratigraphy

Stratigraphy based on the fossil
          occurrence
Introduction
•    "Stratigraphy based on the paleontological aspects of 
    rocks".
•   As early as the 1700’s William Smith realized that fossils 
    could be used to recognize strata of different ages.
•   Alcide d’Orbigny, in roughly 1842 came up with the idea of 
    creating major subdivisions of strata based on a unique 
    assemblage of fossils. D’Orbigny name the fossil 
    assemblage strata groups as STAGES.
•   Albert Oppel (1856) conceived the idea of small-scale units 
    defined by the stratigraphic ranges of fossil 
    species. Species stratigraphic range zones are referred to 
    as range zones.  The species which marks a range zone 
    is known as an index fossil.
•   A paleontological record is the position of a fossil taxon in a 
    rock sequence
•  
Types of fossil assemblages
Two types of fossil assemblages
  – Biocoenosis 
  – Thanatocoenosis 

   Biocoenosis is an assemblage representing the living 
     assemblage of any particular environment. This is a 
     natural assemblage which is reliable for 
     biostratigraphy.

   Thanatocoenosis is an assemblage which undergone 
     transportation or reworked. This assemblage cannot 
     be used for age determination.
Fundamentals of biostratigraphy
 Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that deals with 
   the distribution of fossils in the stratigraphic record and 
   the classification of bodies of rock or rock material into 
   biostratigraphic units based on their contained fossils.
• Biostratigraphic units are distinct from all other kinds of 
   stratigraphic units because their contained fossils record 
   the unidirectional process of organic evolution.
• The stratigraphic record as a whole contains an 
   unrepeated sequence of fossil taxa that may be used to 
   determine the relative age of their enclosing strata.
• The biostratigraphy is based on the biostratigraphic 
   events which includes the first appearance and 
   disappearance from the geologic record.
Biostratigraphic events
• Fossil events are the result of the continuing evolutionary 
  trends of life on earth; they differ from physical events in 
  that they are unique, non-recurrent, and that their order 
  is irreversible.
• Events that usually utilised in biostratigraphy are
   – First appearance
   – Last occurrence
   – Rapid increase in population
   – Rapis decrease in population
Boundaries
• The boundaries of a biozone are drawn at surfaces that 
  mark the lowest occurrence, highest occurrence, limit, 
  increase in abundance, or decrease in abundance of one 
  or more components of the fauna or flora.
•  Furthermore, the base or top of one kind of biozone may 
  not, or need not, coincide with the base or top of another 
  kind of biozone.
Index fossils
• Characteristic of Index fossils
   – Well preserved and easily retreived, particularly 
     microfossils.
   – Short stratigraphic range
   – wide geographic distribution, free from facies. can be 
     found in many rock types e.g. planktonic forms
   – abundant
   – Distinctive & easily recognized forms
Nature of Biostratigraphic Units
• A biostratigraphic unit is a body of rock that is defined or 
  characterized by its fossil content.
• Most fossils are contemporaneous with the body of rock 
  that contains them, including those derived from different 
  but coeval sedimentary environments.
• Fossils not contemporaneous with the enclosing body of 
  rock should not be used to define, characterize, or 
  identify a biostratigraphic unit.
• Biostratigraphic units are based on criteria that differ 
  fundamentally from those used for lithostratigraphic units
• The boundaries of most biostratigraphic units, are both 
  characteristically and conceptually diachronous.
Fundamental Unit

• The biozone is the fundamental unit of
  biostratigraphic classification.
• Biozone is a condensed expression for
  ‘‘biostratigraphic zone.’’
Kinds of Biostratigraphic Units
• The biozone is the fundamental biostratigraphic unit. 
  Five specific kinds of biozones are recognized herein: 
    -  range biozone, 
   – interval biozone, 
   – lineage biozone, 
   – assemblage biozone, and 
   – abundance biozone
• These five kinds of biozones are not hierarchically 
  interrelated.
• The most common choice of biozone is one in which 
  both the lower boundary and the upper boundary are 
  based on the lowest occurrences of individual taxa; the 
  two taxa may or may not have a direct phylogenetic link.
Biostratigraphy - Geologist
Range biozone
• A range biozone is a body of rock representing the 
  known stratigraphic and geographic range of occurrence 
  of any selected element or elements of the chosen fossil 
  taxon, or taxa, present in the rock record
• Three types of range biozones
   – Taxon range biozone
   – Concurrent range biozone
   – Partial-range biozone
Taxon range biozone
• A taxon-range biozone is a body of rock representing the 
  known stratigraphic and geographic range of a chosen 
  taxon
• The lower boundary is marked by first appearance 
  datum (FAD) and the upper boundary is marked by last 
  appearance datum (LAD) of the same species.
                                      LAD




                                       FAD
• For example
• Globorotalia
  pseudomenardii zone
Concurrent-range biozone
• A concurrent-range biozone is a body of rock including 
  the concurrent, coincident, or overlapping part of the 
  ranges of two specified taxa.
• Lower boundary is marked by first occurrence of a taxon 
  and the top is marked by last occurrence of ather taxon
Partial range biozone
• Partial range biozone is a body of rock located between 
  the last appearance of a taxon and the first appearance 
  of another taxon.
• The lower boundary is marked by last appearance and 
  the upper boundary is marked by first appearance. 
Interval biozone
• An interval biozone is a body of rock between
  two specified biostratigraphic biohorizons
  (surfaces)
• Two types of interval biozones
  – The boundaries are based on 
    first appearance
  – The boudaries based on last 
    appearance
Interval biozones
• Based on last appearances
• eg. 
• Globorotalia velascoensis




• Based on first appearances
• eg. 
• Globorotalia psuedobulloides
Lineage biozone
• A lineage biozone is a body of rock 
  containing species representing a specific 
  segment of an evolutionary lineage.
Assemblage biozone
• An assemblage biozone is a body of rock characterized 
   by a unique association of three or more taxa, the 
   association of which distinguishes it in biostratigraphic 
   character from adjacent strata. 
• An assemblage biozone may be based on a single 
   taxonomic group, for example, trilobites, or on
   more than one group, such as acritarchs and 
   chitinozoans
Abundance (acme) biozone
• An abundance biozone is a body of rock in which the
  abundance of a particular taxon or specified group of taxa is
  significantly greater than in adjacent parts of the section.
• Abundance zones may be of limited, local utility because 
  abundances of taxa in the geologic record are largely 
  controlled by paleoecology, taphonomy, and diagenesis

   Lower boundary is marked by the 
   increase of population of taxa

   The upper boundary is marked by the 
   decrease of population of taxa.
   e.g. Emiliania huxleyi biozone
Name
• The name of a biozone consists of the name of one or 
  more distinctive taxa or parataxa (for trace fossils) found 
  in the biozone, followed by the word ‘‘Biozone.’’ (e.g., 
  Turborotalia cerrozaulensis Biozone or Cyrtograptus
  lundgreni-Testograptus testis Biozone). 
• The name of the species whose lowest occurrence 
  defines the base of the zone is the most common choice 
  for the biozone name.
Biostratigraphy - Geologist

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Biostratigraphy - Geologist

  • 2. Introduction •  "Stratigraphy based on the paleontological aspects of  rocks". • As early as the 1700’s William Smith realized that fossils  could be used to recognize strata of different ages. • Alcide d’Orbigny, in roughly 1842 came up with the idea of  creating major subdivisions of strata based on a unique  assemblage of fossils. D’Orbigny name the fossil  assemblage strata groups as STAGES. • Albert Oppel (1856) conceived the idea of small-scale units  defined by the stratigraphic ranges of fossil  species. Species stratigraphic range zones are referred to  as range zones.  The species which marks a range zone  is known as an index fossil. • A paleontological record is the position of a fossil taxon in a  rock sequence •  
  • 3. Types of fossil assemblages Two types of fossil assemblages – Biocoenosis  – Thanatocoenosis  Biocoenosis is an assemblage representing the living  assemblage of any particular environment. This is a  natural assemblage which is reliable for  biostratigraphy. Thanatocoenosis is an assemblage which undergone  transportation or reworked. This assemblage cannot  be used for age determination.
  • 4. Fundamentals of biostratigraphy Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that deals with  the distribution of fossils in the stratigraphic record and  the classification of bodies of rock or rock material into  biostratigraphic units based on their contained fossils. • Biostratigraphic units are distinct from all other kinds of  stratigraphic units because their contained fossils record  the unidirectional process of organic evolution. • The stratigraphic record as a whole contains an  unrepeated sequence of fossil taxa that may be used to  determine the relative age of their enclosing strata. • The biostratigraphy is based on the biostratigraphic  events which includes the first appearance and  disappearance from the geologic record.
  • 5. Biostratigraphic events • Fossil events are the result of the continuing evolutionary  trends of life on earth; they differ from physical events in  that they are unique, non-recurrent, and that their order  is irreversible. • Events that usually utilised in biostratigraphy are – First appearance – Last occurrence – Rapid increase in population – Rapis decrease in population
  • 6. Boundaries • The boundaries of a biozone are drawn at surfaces that  mark the lowest occurrence, highest occurrence, limit,  increase in abundance, or decrease in abundance of one  or more components of the fauna or flora. •  Furthermore, the base or top of one kind of biozone may  not, or need not, coincide with the base or top of another  kind of biozone.
  • 7. Index fossils • Characteristic of Index fossils – Well preserved and easily retreived, particularly  microfossils. – Short stratigraphic range – wide geographic distribution, free from facies. can be  found in many rock types e.g. planktonic forms – abundant – Distinctive & easily recognized forms
  • 8. Nature of Biostratigraphic Units • A biostratigraphic unit is a body of rock that is defined or  characterized by its fossil content. • Most fossils are contemporaneous with the body of rock  that contains them, including those derived from different  but coeval sedimentary environments. • Fossils not contemporaneous with the enclosing body of  rock should not be used to define, characterize, or  identify a biostratigraphic unit. • Biostratigraphic units are based on criteria that differ  fundamentally from those used for lithostratigraphic units • The boundaries of most biostratigraphic units, are both  characteristically and conceptually diachronous.
  • 9. Fundamental Unit • The biozone is the fundamental unit of biostratigraphic classification. • Biozone is a condensed expression for ‘‘biostratigraphic zone.’’
  • 10. Kinds of Biostratigraphic Units • The biozone is the fundamental biostratigraphic unit.  Five specific kinds of biozones are recognized herein:    -  range biozone,  – interval biozone,  – lineage biozone,  – assemblage biozone, and  – abundance biozone • These five kinds of biozones are not hierarchically  interrelated. • The most common choice of biozone is one in which  both the lower boundary and the upper boundary are  based on the lowest occurrences of individual taxa; the  two taxa may or may not have a direct phylogenetic link.
  • 12. Range biozone • A range biozone is a body of rock representing the  known stratigraphic and geographic range of occurrence  of any selected element or elements of the chosen fossil  taxon, or taxa, present in the rock record • Three types of range biozones – Taxon range biozone – Concurrent range biozone – Partial-range biozone
  • 13. Taxon range biozone • A taxon-range biozone is a body of rock representing the  known stratigraphic and geographic range of a chosen  taxon • The lower boundary is marked by first appearance  datum (FAD) and the upper boundary is marked by last  appearance datum (LAD) of the same species. LAD FAD
  • 14. • For example • Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone
  • 15. Concurrent-range biozone • A concurrent-range biozone is a body of rock including  the concurrent, coincident, or overlapping part of the  ranges of two specified taxa. • Lower boundary is marked by first occurrence of a taxon  and the top is marked by last occurrence of ather taxon
  • 16. Partial range biozone • Partial range biozone is a body of rock located between  the last appearance of a taxon and the first appearance  of another taxon. • The lower boundary is marked by last appearance and  the upper boundary is marked by first appearance. 
  • 17. Interval biozone • An interval biozone is a body of rock between two specified biostratigraphic biohorizons (surfaces) • Two types of interval biozones – The boundaries are based on  first appearance – The boudaries based on last  appearance
  • 18. Interval biozones • Based on last appearances • eg.  • Globorotalia velascoensis • Based on first appearances • eg.  • Globorotalia psuedobulloides
  • 19. Lineage biozone • A lineage biozone is a body of rock  containing species representing a specific  segment of an evolutionary lineage.
  • 20. Assemblage biozone • An assemblage biozone is a body of rock characterized  by a unique association of three or more taxa, the  association of which distinguishes it in biostratigraphic  character from adjacent strata.  • An assemblage biozone may be based on a single  taxonomic group, for example, trilobites, or on    more than one group, such as acritarchs and  chitinozoans
  • 21. Abundance (acme) biozone • An abundance biozone is a body of rock in which the abundance of a particular taxon or specified group of taxa is significantly greater than in adjacent parts of the section. • Abundance zones may be of limited, local utility because  abundances of taxa in the geologic record are largely  controlled by paleoecology, taphonomy, and diagenesis Lower boundary is marked by the  increase of population of taxa The upper boundary is marked by the  decrease of population of taxa. e.g. Emiliania huxleyi biozone
  • 22. Name • The name of a biozone consists of the name of one or  more distinctive taxa or parataxa (for trace fossils) found  in the biozone, followed by the word ‘‘Biozone.’’ (e.g.,  Turborotalia cerrozaulensis Biozone or Cyrtograptus lundgreni-Testograptus testis Biozone).  • The name of the species whose lowest occurrence  defines the base of the zone is the most common choice  for the biozone name.