Freud proposed that the psyche is composed of three parts: 1. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of instincts like hunger and sex. 2. The ego develops to mediate between the id and reality. It operates based on the reality principle of delaying gratification. 3. The superego incorporates societal values and ideals, forming one's conscience which the ego must balance against the id.

1. Personality Theory &
Psychoanalysis
LEVELS OF AWARENESS
THE SELF
DEFENSE MECHANISMS

2. A Brief Resume Before Beginning

3. What are the common metaphors for
brain/mind?

4. A mind stretched to a new idea never goes back to
its original dimensions.
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, an American physician and poet 1858

5. Introducing your unconscious mind.

6. Sigmund Freud
A famous doctor from
Vienna, born 1856 who
was the 1st to propose
the theory of the
unconscious mind.
First and most controversial
personality theory.

7.  Psychoanalysis refers
to a therapy (couch,
years of analysis,
exploring childhood
Memories, Woody Allen)
And to a personality
Theory that says, “you
Are the sum total of your
unconscious processes,
mostly aggressive and
sexual instincts”.
Wildly revolutionary for
Its time.

8. Key Concepts
1. Sexual instincts play a central role in forming the
personality.
2. Infants have sexual instincts (infantile sexuality
was an outrageous idea 100 yrs ago)
3. The unconscious mind (and its unresolved conflict
and desires) is the dominant force shaping a
personality.

10. Structures of the Psyche (Mind)
Conscious mind: perceptions of the moment,
thoughts, fantasies, feelings, memories, etc. Shift
your attention and you will change your state of
consciousness, or the ‘object’ of your attention.
Preconscious: available memory or anything that
can be made conscious with some effort or recall.
These two ‘structures’ of the psyche are its smallest
part.

11. The Unconscious
 The largest part by far is
the unconscious. It
includes all the things that
are not easily available to
awareness, including many
things that have their
origins there, such as our
drives or instincts, and
things that are put there  Freud predates brain
because we can't bear to
research that we take as
look at them, such as the
common knowledge.
memories and emotions
associated with trauma.

12. Psychic Determinism
 It is the source of our
motivations, whether they
be simple desires for food
or sex, neurotic
compulsions, or the
motives of an artist or
scientist.
 We are often driven to deny
or resist becoming
conscious of these motives,
and they are often available
to us only in disguised
form, for example, in
dreams.

13. The Id & the Pleasure Principle
 The body has needs that it
translates into wishes
(hunger, thirst, avoidance
of pain and sex). These
wishes (or instincts-drives)
form the Id. The pleasure
principle (avoid pain and
seek pleasure) is what rules
the id. The infant is a
perfect example of the id.
It doesn’t reflect on its
needs; it simply wants and
screams to have these
filled.

14. In the Beginning
The id is the only part of
the personality present at
birth. It is inherited,
primitive, inaccessible
and completely
unconscious.
It is the source of the
libido, the psychic
energy that fuels the
personality. The Id can’t
act on its own. It wishes,
fantasizes and demands.

15. Ego Formation
During the first years of life, some of the id
becomes conscious of itself, or becomes the ego.
The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the
reality principle, which says "take care of a need
as soon as an appropriate object is found." It
represents reality and, to a considerable extent,
reason. The ego must negotiate between the world
of the id and the world of other people, or social
reality.

16. Superego
As the ego struggles to maintain this balance, it
learns that some of its attempts to satisfy the id are
rewarded and others punished, (especially by
parents). It begins to form the superego which is
present by 5 yrs of age. This can be compared to the
internalization of societal norms and values. It holds
our conscience and ‘the ego ideal’. These
communicate with the ego via pride, guilt and
shame.
Moral component

17. The ego -- the "I" -- sits at the center of some pretty
powerful forces: reality; society, as represented by
the superego; biology, as represented by the id.
When these make conflicting demands upon the
poor ego, it is understandable if it -- if you -- feel
threatened, feel overwhelmed, feel as if it were about
to collapse under the weight of it all.

18. Freud saw all human behavior as motivated by the
drives or instincts, which in turn are the
neurological representations of physical needs. At
first, he referred to them as the life instincts.
These instincts perpetuate (a) the life of the
individual, by motivating him or her to seek food
and water, and (b) the life of the species, by
motivating him or her to have sex. The
motivational energy of these life instincts, the
"oomph" that powers our psyches, he called
libido, from the Latin word for "I desire."

19. The Sex Drive or Urge to Life
Freud's clinical experience led him to view sex as
much more important in the dynamics of the psyche
than other needs. We are, after all, social creatures,
and sex is the most social of needs. Plus, we have to
remember that Freud included much more than
intercourse in the term sex! Anyway, libido has come
to mean, not any old drive, but the sex drive.

20. The Death Wish-or Urge to Die
Later in his life, Freud began to believe that the life
instincts didn't tell the whole story. Libido is a
lively thing; the pleasure principle keeps us in
perpetual motion. And yet the goal of all this
motion is to be still, to be satisfied, to be at peace,
to have no more needs. The goal of life, you might
say, is death! Freud began to believe that "under"
and "beside" the life instincts there was a death
instinct. He began to believe that every person
has an unconscious wish to die.

21. This seems like a strange idea at first, and it was
rejected by many of his students, but it has some
basis in experience: life can be a painful and
exhausting process. There is easily, for the great
majority of people in the world, more pain than
pleasure in life -- something we are extremely
reluctant to admit! Death promises release from the
struggle.

22.  Freud referred to a nirvana principle. Nirvana is a
Buddhist idea, often translated as heaven, but actually
meaning "blowing out," as in the blowing out of a candle.
It refers to non-existence, nothingness, the void, which is
the goal of all life in Buddhist philosophy.
 The day-to-day evidence of the death instinct and its
nirvana principle is in our desire for peace, for escape
from stimulation, our attraction to alcohol and narcotics,
our penchant for escapist activity, such as losing
ourselves in books or movies, our craving for rest and
sleep. Sometimes it presents itself openly as suicide and
suicidal wishes. And, Freud theorized, sometimes we
direct it out away from ourselves, in the form of
aggression, cruelty, murder, and destructiveness.

23. Anxiety
In the center of these conflicting needs, instincts and
desires, the ego, or “I” often feels threatened or
overwhelmed. It experiences anxiety. Freud talked
about three kinds: realistic (like fear), moral (fear of
shame and punishment) and neurotic (Latin word
for nervous) like when we fear we’re going to ‘lose it’.
Fear of being overwhelmed by anger for example (or
other impulses from the id).

24. Defense Mechanisms
Instead of being overwhelmed by anxiety, the ego
creates defense mechanisms. It does so by
unconsciously blocking the impulses or distorting
them into a more acceptable, less threatening form.
They are: denial, displacement, reaction formation,
rationalization, regression and repression.

25. Incompatible Aims
The id’s demands for sensual pleasure often conflict
with the superego’s desire for moral perfection. The
ego must defend itself against the anxiety created by
these two warring factions..excessive demands of the
id and harsh judgments of the superego.
The ego prefers to resolve problems rationally but
when it can’t, it resorts to irrational means that
Freud called defense mechanisms (or a way to
maintain self-esteem and avoid anxiety). This often
involves self deception and distortion of reality.

29. Turning against the self is a very special form
of displacement, where the person becomes their
own substitute target. It is normally used in
reference to hatred, anger, and aggression, rather
than more positive impulses, and it is the Freudian
explanation for many of our feelings of inferiority,
guilt, and depression. The idea that depression is
often the result of the anger we refuse to
acknowledge is accepted by many people,
Freudians and non-Freudians alike.

30. Denial has many forms

31. Summary
 Defense mechanisms are automatic mental
processes belonging to the ego but outside its direct
control. Their purpose is to protect the individual
from anxiety, discomfort and other psychological
pain by creating temporary solution of conflicts
where a permanent solution is on it’s way but
because of different reasons impossible for the
moment.
More information about defense mechanism:
http://www.self-help-for-humans.com/defensemechanis

32. The Psyche: Id, Ego & Superego

33. Love him or
not, Freud’s
theories have
had an enormous
impact on us, our
culture and our
understanding of
the human
condition.

34. The Big Three