Sandra Knapp's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato

Taxonomic and nomenclatural
challenges…….

Solanaceae – much more than
just potatoes and tomatoes
•  91 genera
•  ca. 3000-4000 species
•  Solanum ca. 1500 spp.
•  Cestrum, Lycianthes ca. 200 spp.
•  Nolana, Jaltomata ca. 80 spp.
•  Physalis, Lycium ca. 75 spp.
•  Nicotiana ca. 70 spp.
•  Brunfelsia ca. 45 spp.

IDENTIFICATION

PHYLOGENY DESCRIPTION

Schwenkia clade

Schizanthus

Duckeodendron

Goetzea clade

Petunia clade

Salpiglossis clade

Browallia clade

Cestrum clade

Anthocercis clade

Nicotiana

Hyoscyamus clade

Jaborosa

Lycium clade

Nolana

Nicandra clade

Datura clade

Solanum clade

Solandra clade

Mandragora

Capsicum clade

Salpichroa clade

Withania clade

Phylogeny of the Solanaceae Iochroma clade

– after Olmstead et al., 2008 Physalis clade

N. exigua Alatae N. sylvestris
N. cavicola N. tabacum 100

Repandae
N. benthamiana N. stocktonii
N. amplexicaulis N. repanda 69

Suaveolentes
N. rotundifolia Nudicaules N. nudicaulis 99
53
N. debneyi N. linearis

Acuminatae
N. simulans N. attenuata 63
82 65 N. megalosiphon N. miersii
N. umbratica
N. bonariensis
N. fragrans N. langsdorffii
82 N. longiflora
N. alata

Alatae

Alatae
100 N. plumbaginifolia N. longiflora

ITS 80
71
N. bonariensis
N. alata
N. plumbaginifolia
N. forgetiana 62
N. langsdorffii
N. exigua
N. forgetiana
N. amplexicaulis 86 matK

Repandae
N. stocktonii N. megalosiphon
100 N. repanda N. cavicola

Suaveolentes
N. nudicaulis Nudicaules N. umbratica 61
N. sylvestris Alatae N. rotundifolia

Acuminatae
N. quadrivalvis N. simulans
70 N. miersii N. benthamiana 81
90 N. attenuata N. debneyi
N. acaulis N. fragrans

Noctiflorae
N. glauca N. acaulis 78

Noctiflorae
72 N. noctiflora N. petunioides
56 100 N. petunioides N. noctiflora 69
N. linearis 64
71 N. glauca
N. glutinosa Tomentosae Tomentosae N. glutinosa
80 N. undulata Undulatae Undulatae N. undulata 81
N. benavidesii N. benavidesii
53
Paniculatae

N. knightiana N. knightiana
Paniculatae
75
76 62 N. rustica N. paniculata 60
64
62 N. paniculata 100
N. rustica 56
92
N. solanifolia N. solanifolia
N. obtusifolia Trigonophyllae N. quadrivalis
N .tabacum Trigonophyllae N. obtusifolia
Tomentosae

100
Tomentosae

N. otophora N. otophora
95
N. tomentosa N. tomentosa 61

Spooner et al. (2007) PNAS 104: 19398.

Solanum melongena, Solanum
aethiopicum, Solanum quitoense,
Solanum sessiflorum, Solanum
lasiocarpum

Solanum betaceum

Solanum scabrum

Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum
tuberosum, Solanum muricatum

Solanum aviculare

•  If you do
not know the
names of
things, the
knowledge
of them is
lost too.

Carl Linnaeus
Philosophia Botanica (1751)

A species is a
hypothesis
about the
distribution of
variation in
nature

Solanum peruvianum s.l.
•  Solanum peruvianum s.s. - coastal
•  Solanum corneliomulleri - mountains
•  Solanum huaylasense - Santa valley
•  Solanum arcanum - Marañon valley

?

Solanum incanum Solanum melongena
= ancestral ecotypes Africa = cultivated ecotypes Asia

Daunay, Lester & Ano 2001

AD 1069 (North Song Dynasty) AD 1590 (Ming Dynasty)

The problem…….
•  Ploidy levels
•  Morphological variability
•  Names as classification
•  Botanical names for indigenous
cultivars

Vavilov s law of homologous series

•  Linnaean species as “a definite,
discrete dynamic system
differentiated into geographical and
ecological types and comprising
sometimes an enormous number of
varieties”

Solanum andigenum

Subspecies – defined
geographically or type

Varieties/convarieties
–geographically or
type ( cultivar )

Forms – morphological
or type ( cultivar

Names as classification
•  Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov
subsp. ayapapa Bukasov & Lechn. var.
bolivianum Bukasov & Lechn. forma
magnicorollatum Bukasov & Lechn.
•  Solanum andigenum Juz. & Bukasov
subsp. colombianum (Bukasov) Lechn.
var. caiceda (Bukasov) Lechn. forma
viridulum Lechn.

Botanical names for cultivars
•  Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov var.
janckophureja Ochoa
•  Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov
forma chiarckati Ochoa
•  Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov
forma azureockati Ochoa
•  Solanum tuberosum L. forma
janckochockella Ochoa

Names for cultivated potatoes
•  602 basionyms
•  Slightly more than half of these not validly
published
•  Many homonyms
•  Many lack type specimens

The cultivated potatoes
•  Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov
–  2x hybrid between S. tuberosum 2x and S. boliviense

•  Solanum curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov
–  5x hybrid between S. juzepzcukii and S. tuberosum 4x

•  Solanum juzepzcukii Bukasov
–  3x hybrid between S. acaule and S. tuberosum 2x

•  Solanum tuberosum L.
–  Many ploidy levels – 2x, 3x, 4x
–  Andigenum Group – Andean cultivars
–  Tuberosum Group – Chilean cultivars

Sandra Knapp's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato

Sandra Knapp's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato

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Sandra Knapp's presentation in the framework of the expert consultation on the use of crop wild relatives for pre-breeding in potato