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Monkeyflowers 2011
- 1. Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants
Project SOUND – 2011 (our 7th year)
© Project SOUND
- 3. Monkeyflowers have always enchanted
gardeners Introduced to British Isles over 200
years ago – seed brought back from N.
America
As with many other California native
plants, bush monkeyflowers were first
cultivated in British gardens.
Plants of Mimulus aurantiacus were
grown as far back as 1796 from seed
collected in Monterey or San Francisco
by botanist Archibald Menzies.
The May 1838 issue of Curtis Botanical
Magazine includes a glowing description
of Mimulus puniceus, "A very elegant
shrub, flourishing in its native soil
nearly the whole year ... it cannot fail to
http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=25906 prove a great ornament to our gardens.“
© Project SOUND
- 4. Monkeyflowers have always enchanted
the gardener
Mimulus
May come either from the Greek
mimo, "an ape," because of a
resemblance on the markings of the
seeds to the face of a monkey, or
From the Latin mimus, "an actor or
mimic," because the flower is like
the mouthpiece of one of the
grinning masks worn by classical
actors
The Monkeyflowers are at the
center of scientific activity right
now – for several reasons
http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=25906
© Project SOUND
- 5. Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass Asteridae
Order Scrophulariales
Family Scrophulariaceae – Figwort family
Genus Gambelia Nutt. – greenbright
Species Gambelia speciosa Nutt. – showy greenbright
© Project SOUND
- 6. Where do the CA Monkeyflowers fit?
Chinese Houses - Collinsia
Linnaeus first classified
the Monkeyflowers
Showy Penstemon © Project SOUND
- 7. What family do the Monkeyflowers
belong to?
Linnaeus placed the genus
Mimulus in Scrophulariaceae, the
Figwort Family, and there it
remained in botanical literature
until the mid 1990s, when, due to
the findings of genetic research,
the Figwort Family was greatly
dismembered.
Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae - Richard G.
Olmstead, Claude W. dePamphilis, Andrea D. Wolfe, Nelson D.
Young, Wayne J. Elisons and Patrick A. Reeves, American Journal
of Botany. 2001;88:348-361
© Project SOUND
- 8. Modern taxonomists base their grouping
on similarities at the DNA level
http://geneticssuite.net/node/11
DNA – the ‘code of life’
Plants have DNA from 3 sources:
Nucleus
Mitochonria Passed down from mother
Chloroplast only (maternal DNA)
http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/~chris/atlanta.html © Project SOUND
- 9. Molecular taxonomy groups plants
based on similar DNA sequences
DNA is extracted
Then the code is compared
for different taxa [for
example different ‘species’]
Direct sequencing
Other techniques that look
for similarities in key regions
of the DNA
Finally, a taxonomic tree is
developed based on
similarities/ differences
between taxa
© Project SOUND
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n8/box/nrg2386_BX3.html
- 10. The Scropulariacea was a
very un-natural ‘family’
‘…an unnatural assemblage of plants
distributed throughout the
phylogenetic tree of Lamiales (Mint-
like plants).’
Characterized by a suite of
generalized traits, which may be
plesiomorphic or commonly recurring
in the Lamiales.
The lack of distinguishing
characters have precluded division
into well-defined clades that are
traditionally recognized as families.
Additional segregate genera,
including Mimulus, await further
work to assess their taxonomic
status.
© Project SOUND
http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348
- 11. What family do the Monkeyflowers
belong to?
Mimulus was placed in Phrymaceae, the Lopseed Family
Now consists of eleven genera and about 190 species.
‘Mimulus’ is comprised of about 120 species, and about 99 are
endemic to western North America and Mexico. About 10
species occur in temperate South America, and the remainder
occur in eastern North America (2 species), Australia (4
species), the Himalayan region (4 species), Madagascar (2
species) and South Africa (1 species).14
Whatever Happened to the Scrophulariaceae? by Richard G. Olmstead in the journal
Fremontia, vol 30 #2, April 2002 published by the California Native Plant Society
© Project SOUND
- 12. Phrymaceae (Lopseed family)
Mainly defined by the following
three characteristics:
Tubular, toothed calyces (5 lobes).
Stigmas with two lamellas with
sensitive inner surfaces, that close
together on contact with a pollinator.
Capsules that are readily dehiscent in
the length between the partitions of
the locule.
The floral structures can be rather
http://www.flickr.com/photos/seaweedlady/2702128598/
different. Their corollas can be
bilaterally or radially symmetrical,
making description difficult.
© Project SOUND
http://www.wnmu.edu/academic/nspages/gilaflora/mimulus_guttatus.html
- 13. Phrymaceae - much variability among/between
‘species’
Members occur in diverse habitats,
ranging from deserts, river banks
or mountains.
They can be annuals or perennials,
from < 1 to 15 ft tall.
Even reproduction is brought about
by different breeding systems:
asexual, self-fertilizing,
outcrossing or mixed mating. Some
are pollinated by insects, others by
hummingbirds.
http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-
Flowers/Monkey-Flower-Mimulus-Brevipes-Yellow-Spring-
California.html © Project SOUND
- 14. Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus,
tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma
Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead - 2002
Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS
sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic
relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae
(Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families
in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the
following conclusions.
Mimulus is not monophyletic
In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of
Phrymaceae (~190 species) have undergone two geographically
distinct radiations; one in western North America (~ 130
species) and another in Australia (about 30 species).
© Project SOUND
- 15. Patterns of evolution in
western North American
Mimulus (Phrymaceae)
P M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B.
Whittall and Richard G. Olmstead (2004)
Looked at many
common & rare
species from
Western N. America
Findings suggest
that the
classification (and
nomenclature) may
be complex
© Project SOUND
- 16. A parsimonious
tree
Note: the
shrubby
Monkeyflower
types cluster
together
© Project SOUND
- 17. continued
The herbaceous
types are complex
– and previous
classifications are
not entire
consistent with
the DNA-based
evidence
© Project SOUND
- 18. What does that mean for us as
gardeners? Tons of troubles
Even the experts can’t agree right now
Jepson’s manual now lumps many shrubby Monkeyflowers
under Diplacus aurantiacus
This extreme lumping probably obscures some evolutional
differences – and ones of importance to the gardiner (flower
size; color)
Other manuals (and ITIS/Plants) have kept many of the
old names/classes
The horticultural trade – in despair – has sometimes
used the old names & sometimes made up their own
And then there are those pesky hybrids!
© Project SOUND
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM130W/01-Intro/00-Obstacles/PitfallsOfLearning.htm
- 19. Most CA taxonomists agree to the
following division (at least for now)
Genus Diplacus
Shrubby/bush Monkeyflowers
Really are sub-shrubs – 2-4 ft tall
Flowers usually in reds & oranges
Common in drier areas at mid-
elevations (foothills)
Genus Mimulus
Herbaceous Monkeyflowers
Perennials or annuals - < 2 ft tall
Flowers often yellow – but not
always
From wet places: low to very high
elevations (riparian; seeps; etc.)
© Project SOUND
- 20. Sticky (Bush) Monkey Flower - Diplacus aurantiacus
http://www.flickr.com/photos/36386822@N07/3458022529
© Project SOUND
- 21. You may have seen Sticky
Monkeyflower in Santa Monica Mtns
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/113496/
© Project SOUND
- 22. Sticky Monkeyflower is typical of the shrubby Diplacus
rocky hillsides
cliffs
canyon slopes
disturbed
areas
borders of
coastal sage
scrub,
chaparral,
open forest
Dry, open areas with
http://www.timetotrack.com/jay/monkeyb2.htm
poor soils
http://members.aol.com/skkato1/StickyM.html
© Project SOUND
- 23. Growth habit and other characteristics
Size: 2-4 ft tall and wide
Narrow glossy sticky dark
green leaves
Summer-deciduous in hot
climates/gardens
Attractive mounding to
sprawling shape
Lives to 10 years – slightly
less in gardens, particularly if
given summer water
Young leaves can be eaten (a
bit bitter, tho’) and were
used as an antiseptic for
cuts, rope burns, etc.
© Project SOUND
- 24. Shape: typical of Phrymaceae
Flowers are also Tubular, toothed calyces (five lobes).
representative…. Stigmas with two lamellas. The stigma
lips will close if you poke them with a
twig, but will open again later. If
pollen was deposited however, they
will remain closed.
Capsules that are readily dehiscent in
the length between the partitions
Blooms: Mar.-Aug; long-blooming,
which can be extended by pruning
after first bloom
Flower color: usually buff-orange
or light orange; tube usually white
with 2 yellow-orange bands
Hummingbird pollinated; but also
attracts bees, butterflies (esp.
Checkerspots & Buckeyes)
© Project SOUND
- 25. Light & shrubby
Monkeyflowers
What is the ‘right’ amount
of light?
Dappled shade is probably
optimal
High bright shade (under tall
trees w/ high canopy
Morning sun (east side of
structures; shrubs)
Even northern exposures, as
long as they aren’t in dense
shade
© Project SOUND
- 26. Consequences of light regimens
Full sun
Difficult to maintain in our area
Plants will be summer dormant
Plants shorter
Light/part shade
Long bloom season
http://www.phoenixinfinite.com/index.php?p=
1_13_Spring-Garden-Show-Plant-List May be evergreen depending on
Water Zone
Good foliage & flower color
Even shadier
Decreased flowering
Almost vine-like habit; like a
true groundcover
© Project SOUND
- 28. * Large-flowered Monkeyflower – Diplacus grandiflora
W. base of Sierras from Plumas &
Butte to Placer Co
Rocky places below 5000 ft.
Rocky cliffs, hillsides, canyon
slopes, disturbed areas
Borders of chaparral, oak
woodland & even conifer forest
Normally grows on granitic soils
AKA: Azalea-flower Monkeyflower
In the trade:
Mimulus bifidus
Diplacus aurantiacus grandiflora
http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5491
© Project SOUND
- 29. Large-flowered Monkeyflower: smaller shrub
Size:
1-3 ft tall
3-4 ft wide
Growth form:
Semi-deciduous sub-shrub
Upright (sunnier) to more
sprawling habit; more refined
looking than others
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DIGR5 Lives 10-20+ years
Foliage:
Leaves linear to lance-shaped
Medium to dark green; sticky on
hot days
Reminiscent of azaleas
Larval food – Buckeye butterflies
J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences
Roots: fibrous – good soil-binding
© Project SOUND
© 2000 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org
- 30. Showiest of the Bush
Monkeyflowers
Blooms:
In spring – usually Apr-Jul
in western L.A. county
Flowers:
Large size – up to 2” across
Color: varies, but often mid-
to light orange with darker
throat markings
Look very azalea-like
Numerous blooms – probably
the most showy
http://www.flickr.com/photos/33818785@N00/2393843850/
Seeds: numerous tiny seeds
(look like fine grind pepper) in
dry papery capsule
http://home-and-garden.webshots.com/photo/2332819910044943617iHxqyG
© Project SOUND
- 31. J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DIGR5
- 32. Soils:
One tough customer.. Texture: well-drained (sandy
or rocky)
pH: any local (to pH of 5)
Light:
Part-shade is best; dappled
shade or high shade from
trees is ideal
Needs afternoon shade
Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Water:
Winter: adequate
Summer: best with occasional
water – Zone 2 or even 2-3 in
sandy soils
Will lose leaves – but survive –
Zone 1-2
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
© Project SOUND
http://www.windmillnurseryinc.com/m12/116--mimulus-bifidus-apricot-monkeyflower.html
- 33. Large-flowered Monkeyflower:
a show-stopper
In shady areas under trees –
even near lawns with excellent
drainage
Fine under oaks and other
Jo-Ann Ordano © California Academy of Sciences summer-dry trees
Good choice for slopes – nice
groundcover
Adds beauty and habitat value
to the butterfly & hummingbird
garden
As an attractive pot plant
http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Mimulus-bifidus/
© Project SOUND
- 34. Watering the shrubby Monkeyflowers
Many do best with very good drainage –
sandy or rocky soils are optimal
Most actually have a wide summer water
tolerance in well-drained soils
More water (Zone 2 to 2-3)
Evergreen & lush
Possibly longer bloom season & more
blooms
Likely shortens life
Less water (Zone 1-2 to 2)
Less prone to deer damage
© 2000 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org
Better for plant health – longer life (15-
20 years possible)
Will lose it’s leaves and look like dead
sticks (or very sickly) © Project SOUND
- 36. * Southern Bush Monkeyflower – Diplacus longiflorus
http://www.laspili
tas.com/nature-
of-
california/plants/
diplacus-
longiflorus
Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
- 37. * Southern Bush Monkeyflower – Diplacus longiflorus
Southern CA: southwestern
(ocean-influenced) & interior
San Gabriels; Verdugo Mtns, Chino
Hills, foothills of OR Co.
Dry, coast and intermountain
slopes to 5000 ft. – often on
outcroppings, in intermittant
streams or under oaks
http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-
In trade:
calrecnum=5530
Diplacus auranticaus longiflorus
Mimulus longiflorus
© Project SOUND
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
- 38. Flowers: light orange
or yellow (usually)
Blooms: in spring, usually Mar-
July in our area
Flowers:
Typical Monkeyflower shape,
but large size
Corollas are noticeably
longer than other species
(hence its name)
Flower color ranges from
light toffee-orange, yellow
to almost white; variable
even within a single garden
Seeds: many tiny seeds in
papery capsule typical of genus
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's
College © Project SOUND
- 39. Managing bush Monkeyflowers: follow
Mother Nature’s cues
To keep your plant dense, pinch
back new growth in spring/early
summer
Cut back watering after flowering
Plants will need yearly reshaping -
old growth becomes leggy, brittle.
Once the wood has hardened,
prune off at least one-third to
one-half of each stem, leaving a
few inches of the current year's
wood.
© Project SOUND
- 40. Forcing flowering with native
Monkeyflowers – the choice is yours
If you treat them like a
regular garden plant
(deadhead, water &
fertilizer) they'll flower
for months and months
But they'll live for only a
few years if you continually
push the flowers.
http://www.calown.com/nativegarden_plants.html
They basically flower
themselves to death.
© Project SOUND
- 41. Diplacus linearis : similar to Sticky Monkeyflower
but with narrower leaves
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=dilo6
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/diplacus-
aurantiacus-australis-ramona
© Project SOUND
- 42. Diplacus puniceus – one choice for reds
‘Pumpkin’ form
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/Monkey_flower/Cali
Brother Alfred Brousseau @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database fornia_monkey_flower.html
Grows in Orange &
San Diego counties,
Catalina
© Project SOUND
http://www.westernhort.org/plant_notes200904.html
- 44. Island Bush Monkeyflower – Diplacus parviflorus
An ‘Island endemic’ - N. Channel
Islands & San Clemente Island
Canyons & bluffs; often in part-
shade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Californian_Channel_Islands_map_en.png
© Project SOUND
- 45. Island Bush Monkeyflower: typical Diplacus
Size:
2-3 ft tall
2-3 ft wide
Growth form:
Semi-deciduous sub-shrub
Perhaps a bit more woody
than other species
Foliage:
Medium to dark green
Leave lance-shaped; glossy &
sticky
Attractive
© 2003 Loretta Metz © Project SOUND
- 46. Flowers contrast
beautifully with the foliage
Blooms:
In spring – usually Mar-June
or July
Fairly long bloom season
Flowers:
Medium size for Bush
Monkeyflowers (~ 1 inch
across)
Usually bright crimson red –
but may be slightly orange;
remind one of Catalina
Snapdragon or CA Fuschia
Extremely showy – one of best
flower colors
Robert Potts © California Academy of Sciences
© Project SOUND
- 47. Collecting Monkeyflower seeds - easy
Let the capsules dry on the plant
Collect the capsules; place in a
paper bag in a cool, dry place for
several weeks
Either:
Break open capsules by hand
Rub over a mesh screen; separate
seeds from chaff by pouring
through a finer mesh
Store in a labeled envelope in a
cool, dry place
http://flowers-macrophotography.blogspot.com/2010/06/pests-on-mimulus-flower-help-gardeners.html
© Project SOUND
- 48. Growing shrubby monkeyflowers from
seed
Start in spring (or indoors)
Most locally grown seed need no
treatment; mountain & N. CA seed may
need cold-moist treatment
(stratification)
Mix seed with fine, dry sand (to aid in
spreading)
http://hazmac.biz/090916/090916MimulusFlemingii.html
Prepare pots – regular potting mix fine –
water well & place in bright place
Sprinkle sand/seed mixture over potting
soil
Water seeds in; keep soil moist
© Project SOUND
- 49. Island Monkeyflower Soils:
is undemanding Texture: well-drained best,
but clays OK
pH: any local
Light:
Morning sun or dappled/light
shade for best color &
growth
Water:
Winter: adequate
Summer: best with occasional
water – Zone 2
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
© Project SOUND
- 50. Use Island Monkeyflower
for a touch of red
As an attractive pot
plant
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4142947199/
© Project SOUND
© 2004 Heath McAllister
- 51. * Santa Susanna Bush Monkeyflower – Diplacus rutilus
© Project SOUND
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
- 52. Diplacus rutilus - Santa Susana Monkey
Flower
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/diplacus-rutilus
http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=27584
© Project SOUND
- 53. Most CA native Monkeyflowers have
warm-colored flowers/foliage
http://www.wildflower
.org/plants/result.php
?id_plant=DIGR5
http://jimschrempp.com/friends/20070428CNPSGarden
Show.htm
Like CA Poppies, they
add a ‘spot of sunlight’
to the garden
© Project SOUND
http://www.uwgb.edu/heuerc/2D/ColorTerms.html
- 55. Why so much variability in the
Monkeyflowers?
Two ‘forms’ of
Diplacus puniceus
© Project SOUND
- 56. How do species arise/develop? How
does this relate to the Monkeyflowers?
Speciation: The evolutionary
formation of new biological
species, usually by the division of a
single species into two or more
genetically distinct ones.
Allopatric Speciation -- speciation
occurs in geographic isolation –
many mountain (& even foothill)
species/populations have been
separated for 1000’s of years
Founder Effect Speciation -- a
special kind of allopatric speciation
in a small isolated population on
the edge of a species range –
‘Island Endemics’
© Project SOUND
- 57. Artificial (and natural) garden hybridization
has occurred in annual Mimulus for years
In Britain, CA native
Mimulus guttatus & M.
moschatus have hybridized
naturally with Chilean M.
luteus and M. cupreus
http://theseedsite.co.uk/profile203.html Artificial crosses were made
with Australian & Indian
varieties and with CA native
M. bigelowii from S. CA
deserts to obtain spotted &
pink forms
© 2004 James M. Andre These have now naturalized
in many parts of the British
Isles
http://www.easybloom.com/plantlibrary/plant/monkey-flower
© Project SOUND
- 58. Recently, the hybridizing trend has spread
to the shrubby Monkeyflowers
Plant breeders have had a field day with the perennial
monkeyflowers.
Major breeders: Richard Persoff, David Verity
(UCLA), Phil Van Soelen (Cal Flora Nursery) Donald
Sexton at UC Davis Arboretum, and Lee Lenz at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden.
Native plant nurseries such as Yerba Buena Nursery,
Tree of Life Nursery, Theodore Payne Foundation,
and Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, and others
have gotten into the business.
Every year there seem to be more/new/better
cultivars every year!!!!.
© Project SOUND
http://www.legaljuice.com/2007/06/transgender_minister_reappoint.html
- 59. David Verity
20-year breeding program with bush
monkeyflowers at the UCLA Botanic Garden
[Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden].
Goal: true breeding strains with large flowers
Developed many hybrids, some with colors not
seen in nature, such as violet-red and pink.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dballentine/4861732390/
‘Valentine’ Program curtailed when the university needed
his growing grounds for other purposes.
Cuttings/seeds to interested nurseries and
botanic gardens before plants were destroyed.
Some still available: the vivid red 'Valentine',
the white-throated 'Ruby Silver', the durable
orange cultivar fittingly just called 'Hybrid
Orange' and the eponymous 'Verity White'.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/94965373@N00/
‘Ruby Silver’ © Project SOUND
- 60. Richard Persoff
Started collecting seeds and
cuttings of interesting natural
varieties of CA species 40 years ago
Goal: plants that are vigorous and
pest-resistant; has also selected for
non-sticky cultivars.
Has produced some promising
material that is being sold under the
name, ‘Persoff’s Hybrids’. The
following all belong to this group:
‘Becky’: Apricot-colored blossoms.
‘Grady’: Golden-yellow flowers.
‘Jack’: Burgundy-red flowers.
‘Maddie’: Palest cream-colored
blossoms.
‘Miranda’: Light orange flowers.
‘Sam’: Pale, butter-yellow flowers.
‘Trish’: Dusky rose-pink blossoms.
http://nativeson.com/annotated_catalog/mcatalog.htm
© Project SOUND
- 61. Scott Trees – Ornamental Plant Breeder
Ph.D. Plant Genetics - Senior Plant Breeder
New Crops at Ball Horticultural Company ;
Senior Plant Breeder New Crops at
PanAmerican Seed Company
Ball Ornamental Plants ‘Curious Monkeyflower
Series’ - wild-collected monkeyflowers
crossed with ‘commercial material’
Goal: profuse displays of large, frilly flowers
borne on compact plants
First released in 2010
'Peek-a-Boo White', others in this series
include 'Georgie Yellow' (AKA 'Georgie Boy
Yellow'), Georgie Red (AKA 'Kissable Red) and
'Georgie Tangerine' (AKA 'Tempting
Tangerine').
http://www.smgrowers.com/info/images.asp?strLetter=M&page=3
‘Georgie Red’ / ‘Kissable Red’
© Project SOUND
- 62. Mimulus hybrids – yellows
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdispla
y.asp?plant_id=3547
'Georgie White'
‘Sam’ ‘Georgie Yellow’
‘Jellybean Gold’
‘Payne’s Yellow’ © Project SOUND
- 63. Mimulus hybrids - oranges
http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisp
lay.asp?plant_id=3548
http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_plants/pages_m/mimpeahyb.html
‘Dos Equis’
‘Peach’ 'Georgie Tangerine'
http://www.packtrials.org/packtrials02.cfm?id=462
http://www.bewaterwise.com/Gardensoft/plant_descriptio
n.aspx?PlantID=22997
‘Verity Hybrid Orange’ ‘Jelly Bean Light Orange’
‘Pumpkin’ © Project SOUND
- 64. Mimulus hybrids - reds
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plan
tdisplay.asp?plant_id=2702
‘Jack’ hybrid
‘Ruby Silver’ ‘Valentine’
http://www.smgrowers.com/info/images.asp?strLetter=M&page=3
‘Jellybean Dark Pink’ http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/category
_list.asp?cat_id=9&page=19
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/collections/72157600017435472/
‘Georgie Red’ ‘Trish’ © Project SOUND
- 65. Many good things about the hybrids…
Glorious color palette: any warm
color is possible – pastel to bright
Flowers large & showy – like
azaleas or some tropical plant
Some of them have other desirable
http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news_features/home_and_gard
en_design/2004/aug2004/plants.php
traits:
Compact
Less sticky
May be more ‘garden hardy’ – take
a little more water, etc.
All of these features increase
interest in CA native plants
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/page180/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/82479320@N00/2444544430/
‘Trish’ © Project SOUND
- 66. My misgivings about the hybrids…
Parentage (particularly as the breeding gets more
into the hands of traditional plant breeders rather
than CA native plant enthusiasts)
Integrity of local native species & varieties –
particularly in a family known for both hybridization
and naturalization
Unintended consequences of breeding:
Loss of habitat value
Loss of vigor
Loss of drought-tolerance
Many have not been in gardens very long – so we
don’t really know how well they’ll do
© Project SOUND
- 67. Producing new hybrids at home
Select two parent species
with desirable
characteristics
Hand pollinate (making
sure that your pollen is the
only pollen that is allowed
to pollinate)
Collect the seeds
Really no different from
breeding orchids or other Grow up the plants to see
types of plants – just requires what you get – will likely be
time & patience a real mixture of traits
© Project SOUND
- 69. Growing Scarlet Monkeyflower is ease itself!
Quite easy
Light: partial shade is
best; tolerates full sun to
full shade
Soils: any texture: pH
from acid to alkali – very
versatile
Water: one of the “water-
loving” monkeyflowers
© Project SOUND
- 70. Uses in the garden
On slopes, as a ground cover
Bordering paths and roads
In planters (probably also
large pots)
In informal garden beds
In hummingbird gardens
Wet spots in the garden (low
spots; under birdbath; where
it receives sprinkler spray)
Beside ponds and streams
It can grow in a pond setting
as well, as long as the
crown is above the waterline
http://www.sunset.com/sunset/Premium/Garden/2002/11- © Project SOUND
Nov/WildlifeGardens1102/WildlifeGarden11021.html
- 71. ** Mimulus cardinalis
natural cultivars
http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_plants/pages_m/mimcarsanisl.html
http://students.washington.edu/kjbyers/
‘Yellow’ – natural cultivar from
WA state
'Santa Cruz Island Gold'
© Project SOUND
- 72. Why the interesting coloration?
Surely not to attract us – or is it….?
It turns out the
Monkeyflowers can
tell us a great deal
about the co-
evolution of
flowers & their
pollinators
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mimulus_nectar_guide_UV_VIS.jpg
daylight UV light
© Project SOUND
- 73. Kelsey J.R.P. Byers (grad student, U of WA) is using
M. cardinalis hybrids to study plant-pollinator
interactions
Mimulus cardinalis
hummingbird
Studies are providing answers to:
Genetics of flower color and scent
Artificial hybrids production
The cues pollinators use to find
Mimulus lewisii appropriate flowers
bumblebee
http://students.washington.edu/kjbyers/ © Project SOUND
- 74. But maybe you were thinking of
something more petite…..
© Project SOUND
- 76. * Primrose Monkeyflower – Mimulus primuloides
Primarily NW CA -
Cascade Range, Sierra
Nevada
var. (ssp) primuloides -
locally in San Bernardino
Mountains, San Jacinto
Mountains, Mt. Pinos
var (ssp) linearis – very
short – N. CA
Moist meadows, seeps &
stream sides to 11000'
© Project SOUND
© 2001 Steve Schoenig
- 77. Primrose Monkeyflower is small & dainty
Size:
6-12 in tall; ssp. linearis is < 6 in
to 12 in wide; slowly increases
Growth form:
Evergreen herbaceous perennial
Low, even mat-like habit
Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences
Foliage:
Leaves opposite; variable in
shape,
Variable in color from green to
purple-green, shaggy-hairy to
hairless
http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=214297 © Project SOUND
© 2001 Steve Schoenig
- 78. Flowers: suspended like
violets above the foliage
Blooms:
Summer-bloomer in wild
Usually Spring to early summer
(May-July) in local gardens
Flowers:
© 2003 Steve Matson Mid-size ( ½ - 1 inch across)
Bright yellow; often with red
splotches
Relatively ‘open’ but with long
throat – ‘hummingbird plant’
Held above the foliage – really
nice presentation!
Vegetative reproduction: adds
new plants on outside of clump
© Project SOUND
Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences
- 79. Dividing the clumping perennial
Monkeyflowers is easy
Wait until late
winter/early spring –
when you start to see
new growth
Simply divide, making
sure you include
adequate roots
Repot – then treat
gently (shade; no
fertilizer) for ~ 4-6
weeks until rooting is
complete
http://westerncascades.com/2010/08/28/pikas-and-a-coyote-and-monkeyflowers-oh-my/
© Project SOUND
- 80. Primrose Monkeyflower Soils:
likes a drink Texture: any well-drained
pH: any local but best if slightly
acidic (5.0-7.0)
Light:
Full sun (with abundant water)
to part-shade
Water:
Winter: fine with winter
flooding
Summer: moist ground or right
at water’s edge (Zone 3)
Fertilizer: fine (slightly
decreased strength) or supply leaf
mulch
Other: ‘difficult to grow’ only
because of water requirements
© Project SOUND
© 2007 Neal Kramer
- 81. Grow Primrose Monkeyflower
in damp places
Perfect for the bog or rain garden
In a well-watered pot
Around water features: streams,
J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences waterfalls, fountains
Even tucked into corners of the
veggie garden
http://www.laporteavenuenursery.com/html/mimulus_primuloides.html
http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/VegFruit/sitetips.htm
http://www.lvye88.com/garden-fountain/
© Project SOUND
- 82. Human uses of Mimulus species
Mimulus species tend to concentrate
sodium chloride and other salts
absorbed from the soils in which they
grow in their leaves and stem tissues.
Native Americans & early travelers in
the American West used this plant as
a salt substitute to flavor wild game.
The entire plant is edible, but
reported to be very salty and bitter
http://blog.diggerslist.com/2010/04/09/weekend-project-how-to-
build-a-garden-fountain/
unless well cooked.
The juice squeezed from the plant's
foliage was used as a soothing
poultice for minor burns and skin
irritations.[
Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences
© Project SOUND
- 84. Seep (Common Yellow) Monkeyflower
Mimulus guttatus
http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db50/FOTO_-_Archiv/Mimulus%20guttatus%20BotKA%20S1.jpg © Project SOUND
- 85. Seep (Common Yellow) Monkeyflower
Mimulus guttatus
Found: Western N. America
from Canada to N. Mexico
Former names: many (but
not used in horticultural
world)
Common habitats:
Moist to wet soils of
springs, seeps, marshes,
meadows, and stream banks
Generally terrestrial but
sometimes found emergent
or floating in mats
© Project SOUND
- 86. Mimulus species are helping push back
the frontiers of science
Several taxa, namely the yellow monkey-flowers (M.
guttatus and relatives) and the section Erythranthe
(including e.g. M. lewisii, M. cardinalis and M. parishii)
are model organisms for research in ecology, genetics
and genomics.
Why good model organisms?
Relatively small genome
High genetic diversity
Live in variety of environments – even within a species
Short generation time
Easy to make hybrid crosses
Natural hybridization barriers – wide range
The genome sequence of Mimulus guttatus was
released in late spring, 2007.
http://openwetware.org/wiki/Mimulus_Species © Project SOUND
- 87. Mimulus guttatis sheds light on ecology:
Microscale local adaptation on a thermal gradient
In Yellowstone Park, Mimulus guttatus is one of the few
plant species growing in hot soils near thermal pools/vents.
Plants in thermal soils flower months earlier and senesce
earlier due to rapid drying of the thermal soils.
Common garden experiments suggest that phenological
(early bolting), morphological (short internodes, smaller
flowers), and mating system (high self-fertility)
differences between thermal and nonthermal Mimulus
guttatus have a substantial genetic component.
This adaptive differentiation limits thermal-nonthermal
http://dbs.umt.edu/research_labs/fishmanl
gene flow at one high elevation site, but differentiation is
ab/FISHmanlab_Research_Adapt.html maintained in the face of substantial gene flow at the
lower elevations.
What we learn from the Monkeyflowers may play an important role in
how we face the challenges of global climate change
© Project SOUND
- 89. Consider using annual
Monkeyflowers
Edges of ponds (or in them)
Regularly watered flower beds
Under the bird bath; near
fountains
Naturally damp areas of the
garden; use with sedges (Carex)
and rushes (Juncus)
In the wildflower garden/
prairie
In the vegetable garden –
leaves & flowers are edible
http://www.s-
weeds.net/familjer/tubiflorae/scrophulariaceae/pix/mimulus02.jpg © Project SOUND
- 91. * Parish’s Monkeyflower – Mimulus parishii
Plant of the desert foothills:
s Sierra Nevada, Southwestern
California (and adjacent w Desert –
desert side of San Gabriel mtns)
Desert Mountains (Granite, New
York, Panamint mtns)
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7386,7431 Uncommon in wet, sandy stream
sides, primarily in pinyon-juniper
woodlands
© Project SOUND
- 92. The Parish Brothers were important
early plant collectors in S. CA
Samuel Bonsall Parish (1838-1928) and William Fletcher Parish
(1840-1918) - botanical collectors who lived on a ranch in San
Bernardino, California
They made extensive exploring trips through the mountains and
deserts of the inland empire.
Samuel was the more devoted of the two and corresponded with and
was on very familiar terms with many of the leading botanists of the
day
"William served in the Civil War. Later he live in Long Beach. By
1906 he was living at Redondo, and later in Hermosa Beach.“
Many plant names honor these important collectors: Allium parishii,
Atriplex parishii, Chaenactis parishii, Chamaesyce parishii,
Cheilanthes parishii and many others endemic to Riverside and San
Bernardino counties
© Project SOUND
- 93. Parish’s Monkeyflower – quite a different look
Size:
< 1 ½ ft tall
1 ft wide
Growth form:
Annual wildflower
Erect habit; stout with
substantial side-branching
Foliage:
Leaves simple, somewhat
succulent; entire plant is
hairy
Color: attractive light
green
© Project SOUND
- 94. Flowers: so sweet…
Blooms:
Summer in local mtns
Probably spring (Apr-June)
in local gardens
Flowers: just exquisite
Small (< ½ inch)
Pale shell pink/purple
with yellow markings
Lovely, old-fashioned look
Seeds:
Many little seeds
Experiment with cold
treatment; follow seller’s
instructions or ask
© Project SOUND
© 2009 James M. Andre
- 95. Annual Monkeyflowers: are annual wildflowers
at heart
Soils:
Texture: any; well-drained
best
pH: any local
Light: full sun or light shade
Water:
Winter: needs moist soils
Summer: let plants dry out
after flowering ceases
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: gravel/crushed rock mulch
© Project SOUND
- 97. *Calico Monkeyflower – Mimulus pictus
Southernmost Sierra Nevada
and adjacent Tehachapi
Mountains in Tulare and Kern
Counties
Bare, sunny areas around
shrubs, rock outcrops on
granitic soils - elevation 300 –
4200 ft.
Forest and woodland habitat
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Mimulus+pictus
© Project SOUND
- 98. Calico Monkeyflower – a tiny delight!
Size:
usually 6-12 inches tall
~ ½ - 1 ft wide
Growth form:
Annual wildflower
Upright with little branching
Foliage:
Medium green; stems and leaves
may be red- or purple tinged
Leaves ovalish to lance-shaped;
entire plant hairy
© Project SOUND
Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
- 99. Flowers are tiny….
Blooms: in spring (Mar-May)
Flowers:
Small (< ½ inch across)
Petals very simple – flower
looks flat and not much like
a Monkeyflower
Color: white with maroon
markings – very unique and
showy (looks like calico
print, hence the common
name)
Capsules: small (~ ¼ inch) ,
papery with many little seeds
© 2006 Aaron Schusteff © Project SOUND
- 100. Annual Monkeyflowers:
easy from seed
Will re-seed nicely if
happy; deadhead if you
don’t want seedlings
http://back40feet.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html
© Project SOUND
- 101. Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: likes well-drained
sandy or rocky – any will do
pH: any local – pH down to 5.5
Light:
Morning sun to light shade.
Fine under taller trees
Water:
Winter: soil needs to be
moist - supplement if needed
Summer: taper off after
flowering is completed
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: gravel/crushed rock
mulch facilitates re-seeding
© 2006 Aaron Schusteff
© Project SOUND
- 102. Garden uses for Calico
Monkeyflower
An unusual addition to any
hanging basket.
Trailing over moist walls -
Mimulus pictus is gorgeous
Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
trailing down, its bloom is
an ivory white with
beautiful, intricate
markings.
Lovely amongst Goldenrods,
Miner’s lettuce, etc.
Growing between stepping
stones
© Project SOUND
- 103. We’ve learned many things about our
fascinating (and unique) CA native
Monkeyflowers
© Project SOUND
- 104. Look around your garden – there’s surely
room for at least 1 Monkeyflower
Visit Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
& Nurseries soon for inspirationSOUND
© Project