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Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden




    Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants
                   Project SOUND - 2010
                                               © Project SOUND
Elegant Espaliers:
CA Natives in a Craftsman Style
            Garden


             C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
              CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve


                Madrona Marsh Preserve
                 December 4 & 7, 2010
                                    © Project SOUND
Last May we visited the Victorian Era




 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Henry_Treffry_Dunn_Rossetti_and_Dunton_at_16_Cheyne_Walk.jpg


Increased wealth, manufactured goods and exotic ‘stuff’ characterized the
Industrial Revolution/Victorian Era
                                                                                                                   © Project SOUND
Edwardian Gardens were very much a
    revolt against the Victorian style




http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3002/2930975253_e3036b0a45.jpg?v=0


 Edwardian Style Garden – ‘Back to Nature & Country Gardens’
                                                                    © Project SOUND
But there was an interesting revolutionary movement
      afoot in England in the mid/late 1800’s …




       http://designinspiration.typepad.com/design_inspiration_planet/books/




     ... a direct revolt against many of the ‘bad
     aspects’ of the Industrial Revolution in England                          © Project SOUND
The Arts and Crafts Movement
                                                         Began in England in the 1860s as
                                                          a reform movement.
                                                         John Ruskin (1819-1900)
                                                            Movement’s philosophical leader
                                                            Most influential Victorian writer on
                                                             the arts and architecture
                                                            Member of the Pre-Raphaelite
                                                             Movement/Brotherhood.
                                                            Believed the decorative arts
                                                             affected the men who produced
                                                             them. The machine dehumanized
  http://www.oldukphotos.com/london_famous_people.htm        the worker and led to a loss of
                                                             dignity because it removed him
"all cast from the machine is                                from the artistic process and thus,
bad, as work it is dishonest."
                                                             from nature itself.
                                                                                     © Project SOUND
The Pre-Raphaelite
                                                                                                        Brotherhood
                                                                                                 Founded in 1848; a loose movement of
                                                                                                  English painters, poets, and critics
                                                                                                 In its time it was a revolutionary as
                                                                                                  the Impressionistic Movement
                                                                                                 Mission was to reform art by
                                                                                                  rejecting ‘the mechanistic approach
                                                                                                  adopted by artists after Raphael and
                                                                                                  Michelangelo’.
                                                                                                 Believed that the Classical poses and
                                                                                                  elegant compositions of Raphael had
                                                                                                  been a corrupting influence on the
                                                                                                  teaching of art. Hence the name
                                                                                                  "Pre-Raphaelite".
                                                                                                 Best known painters:
                                                                                                    Edward Burne-Jones
 http://preraphaelitepaintings.blogspot.com/2009/01/edward-burne-jones-le-chant-damour.html         Dante Gabriel Rossetti
                                                                                                    John Everett Millais
Dante Gabriel Rossetti: - La Ghirlandata
                                                                                                    Henry Le Jeune
                                                                                                                         © Project SOUND
The Brotherhood's early doctrines were
           expressed in four declarations:
                                         to have genuine ideas to
                                          express;
                                         to study Nature attentively, so
                                          as to know how to express
                                          them;
                                         to sympathise with what is
                                          direct and serious and
                                          heartfelt in previous art, to the
                                          exclusion of what is
                                          conventional and self-parodying
                                          and learned by rote;
                                         and, most indispensable of all,
          Henry Le Jeune
                                          to produce thoroughly good
A Young Lady Sketching in a Landscape
                                          pictures and statues

                                                              © Project SOUND
The Pre-Raphaelite Movement
                                                            Ruskin's book The Stones
                                                             of Venice (1853) had a
                                                             great impact on the
                                                             intellectuals of Victorian
                                                             England.
                                                            In it, he made a direct
                                                             connection between art,
                                                             nature, and morality - good
                                                             moral art was nature
                                                             expressed through man.
                                                            The English Arts & Crafts
                                                             Movement developed from
                                                             this idea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)
                                                                               © Project SOUND
The Arts and Crafts    William Morris (1834-1896)
Movement                  English textile designer, artist,
                           writer and socialist
                          Associated with both the Pre-
                           Raphaelite Brotherhood and the
                           English Arts and Crafts Movement.
                          Took Ruskin's ideas about nature,
                           art, morality and the degradation of
                           human labor and translated them
                           into a unified theory of design. By
                           doing so, Morris successfully wedded
                           aesthetics and social reform into
                           the Arts and Crafts Movement.
                          Chief contribution to the arts was as
                           a designer of repeating patterns for
                           wallpapers and textiles, many based
                           on a close observation of nature.
William Morris -
La Belle Iseult           He was also a major contributor to
1858                       the resurgence of traditional textile
                           arts and methods of production.
                                                  © Project SOUND
William Morris founded Morris & Co. in 1875
                                                                                            The goal was to create
                                                                                             design that was... " for
                                                                                             the people and by the
                                                                                             people, and a source of
                                                                                             pleasure to the maker and
                                                                                             the user."
                                                                                            Medieval Guilds were the
                                                                                             model for the ideal craft
                                                                                             production system –
                                                                                             provide honorable work
                                                                                             for the craftsman
                                                                                            The forms of Arts and
                                                                                             Crafts style typically
                                                                                             rectilinear/angular, with
                                                                                             stylized decorative motifs
                                                                                             reminiscent of medieval,
                                                                                             Japanese and Islamic
   http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/furniture/25.html                                  design

http://barnyardgazette.blogspot.com/2009/04/william-morris-arts-and-crafts-movement.html                  © Project SOUND
Common themes of The Arts & Crafts Movement
1880-1910.
                                                                                     Rejection of Classical/
                                                                                      Italianate architecture,
                                                                                      and the revival of the
                                                                                      Gothic Style.
                                                                                     Rebellion against
                                                                                      industrialization and mass
                                                                                      production by machines.
                                                                                     Leading figures believed
 http://www.ukmodernfurniture.co.uk/softfurnishi                                      in a socialist or utopian
                                                                                      society, striving for good
 ng/artsandcrafts.html




                                                                                      quality of life for all,
                                                                                      including art for the
                                                                                      people, by the people.
                        http://www.blog.designsquish.com/index.php?/site/2009/03/                     © Project SOUND
Common themes of The Arts & Crafts
    Movement
                                                                 Nostalgia for the medieval
                                                                  age - seen as the golden
                                                                  age of creativity and
                                                                  freedom.

                                                                 Artists and craftsman were
                                                                  viewed as equals - art was
                                                                  no longer a separate or
                                                                  superior activity.

                                                                 Revival of craftsmanship,
                                                                  honesty in construction,
 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.pattern/lesson8art.html




Because of the cost of hand                                       and truth to materials – no
production, the English Arts &                                    fakes or cheap, gaudy
Crafts style was only available to                                mass-produced items
the wealthy                                                                        © Project SOUND
Not surprisingly, the Arts & Crafts
     Movement also influenced garden design

                                                           Large or small, [a garden] should
                                                           look both orderly and rich. It
                                                           should be well fenced from the
                                                           outside world. It should by no
                                                           means imitate either the
                                                           willfulness or the wildness of
                                                           nature, but it should look like a
                                                           thing never to seen except near
                                                           a house. It should, in fact, look
                                                           like part of the house.

                                                                                William Morris
                                                                   Hopes and Fears for Art 1882
http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/2006/03
/book_review_gar.html



                                                                                   © Project SOUND
Gertrude Jekyll: an influential Arts & Crafts
 garden designer
                                               Wrote 14 influential
                                                books, and co-wrote
                                                many more.
                                               Her writing included
                                                practical advice, but
                                                also had an almost
                                                poetic description of
                                                the enjoyment of
                                                gardening – as
                                                spiritual practice, not
                                                just manual labor.
 http://www.gertrudejekyllgarden.co.uk/




The close alignment of work, beauty and meaning was a key principle of
the Arts and Crafts movement, of which Jekyll was a central figure.

                                                           © Project SOUND
The English Arts & Crafts garden
                         Famous architects of the day viewed
                          house and garden as a unified whole.
                          The distinctions between ‘indoors’ and
                          ‘outdoors’ were blurred – gardens were
                          a harmonious extension of the house.
                         Gardens were a venue for reform and
                          innovation, an opportunity to express
                          integrity and beauty, and a chance to
                          move beyond the artificiality of the
                          dominant Victorian paradigm.
                         Rejecting Victorian orderliness and
                          ostentation in favor of naturalism and
                          informality.


While certainly not “simple”, the overall effect is an inviting
one of comfort and ease rather than grandeur.
                                                     © Project SOUND
But what happened when the Arts &
     Crafts Movement crossed the ocean?
                                   Younger nation – less
                                    rigid social structure;
                                    ‘land of opportunity’
                                   ‘Melting pot’ of many
                                    cultures – with their
                                    own distinct crafts
                                    traditions
                                   Less industrialized/
                                    urban than England
So, the American Craftsman         Different materials
Movement was influenced by
the English Arts & Crafts           (woods; native plants;
Movement, but later (1900-          etc.)
1920’s) and distinctly American
                                                   © Project SOUND
The Craftsman Movement: Arts & Crafts
American Style
                  Much influenced by Morris – key
                   figures visited him/his colleagues
                  Was both a social & design/stylistic
                   movement – but the components
                   were uniquely American
                  Focus on architecture and home
                   furnishing crafts: furniture, pottery,
                   printing, other decorative arts – not
                   so much textiles
                  ‘The Craftsman’ magazine played a
                   key role in popularizing the
                   Movement
                  Key figures:
                     Elbert Hubbard – Roycroft Studios
                     Gustav Stickley


                                            © Project SOUND
Craftsman Style furnishings are becoming
              popular again…




? People furnishing their period
cottages – or parallels with our   http://www.mydesignsecrets.com/2009/05/15/the-craftsman-style-home/

times
                                                                              © Project SOUND
In America, the Arts & Crafts movement
          inspired some influential architects
                                          American architects like the Greene
                                           brothers in Pasadena, Frank Lloyd
                                           Wright in Chicago and many others
                                           drew inspiration from the Arts &
                                           Crafts/Craftsman Movements
                                          Rediscovered the value in hand
                                           crafting buildings and their contents
http://www.alpinestcraftsman.com/
                                           using natural materials and creating
Greene & Greene - Pasadena                 a more holistic life style for their
                                           occupants – very Arts & Crafts
                                          Designers often designed both the
                                           building/home and its contents – the
                                           two were seen as inseparable
                                          Once again, the Craftsman style –
                                           with all of it’s handwork – was really
                                           a style for the well-to-do
A. Tichenor house, Long Beach, 1904–05
                                                                   © Project SOUND
Gambel House - Pasadena
                                             Green & Green gardens
                                              freely combined
                                              elements from
                                              different sources,
                                              using stones in a
                                              Japanese manner,
                                              laying mission-style
                                              padre tiles in brick-
                                              edged terraces, and
                                              integrating existing
                                              orange groves.


 This synthesis of local and exotic traditions, of the naturalistic
  and the formal, remains a remarkable achievement in the history
  of the California garden

                                                        © Project SOUND
By the early 1900’s, many families wanted to
own their own homes & gardens – and those
     homes needed to be close to work




   http://catalog1.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?fullRecord+5905+968+22179+20+0


                                                                            © Project SOUND
Differences between the American Craftsman
                      & English Arts & Crafts
                    Much more available to the mass
                     market in America – even in the
                     beginning.
                    Machines were used, but craftsmen
                     were still able to assemble and
                     finish the furniture, which lowered
                     the cost and made it affordable to
                     the common man.
                    The grain of the wood was much
                     more emphasized, along with the
                     forms of the pottery.
                    Walls had rich wood tones or earth-
                     tone paints. Very little wallpaper
                     was used, mostly just as borders.


                                            © Project SOUND
Today, we tend to think of ‘Craftsman’ as
          a design/aesthetic style




http://www.horizon-custom-homes.com/catalog/item/1584762/5216880.htm




    The Arts and Crafts/Craftsman movement had
     more to do with the creation of the Art Object
     than with the Art object itself.
                                                                       © Project SOUND
In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft
       for the common man’ became reality
                                                       Stickley’s ‘The Craftsman’ was an
                                                        important vehicle
                                                       In 1909, he stated that his magazine
                                                        "stands firmly for the development in
                                                        the country of a national arts and a
                                                        style of architecture which shall be a
                                                        true expression of the character and
                                                        needs of the American people, for a
                                                        form of industrial education which will
                                                        develop self-reliance and initiative and
                                                        foster creative ability, so that men
                                                        and women alike will be able to earn
                                                        their own living under any and all
                                                        circumstances, and to do the best
                                                        work that is in them-a training which
                                                        inevitably will make for more
                                                        reasonable and healthful standards of
                                                        life and work both for the individual
                                                        and the nation."
http://www.pdfclassicbooks.com/home-garden/home-
design/stickley-39-s-the-craftsman-magazine-all-31-
volumes/prod_24.html
                                                                                   © Project SOUND
‘The Craftsman’ supplied
                                                                                 instructions for the
                                                                                   ‘common man’

                                                                               Designs for simple houses
                                                                                – bungalows -that could be
                                                                                built inexpensively by the
                                                                                homeowner or local builder
                                                                               Home woodworking
                                                                                projects
                                                                               Garden ideas

                                                                               Think ‘Sunset Magazine’
                                                                                with an artistic flair



                                                                                               © Project SOUND
http://clermontstatehistoricsite.blogspot.com/2010/02/what-style-is-it.html
In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft for
     the common man’ became reality –
          the ‘Craftsman Bungalow’




        http://www.oldhouseweb.com/blog/opposite-coast-bungalows/




 The success of the Craftsman bungalow was because
  it provided a solution to the desire of many families
  to own their own modest home.
                                                                    © Project SOUND
The ‘Craftsman Bungalow’ revolution
                                                                              Once “kit” home manufacturers like Aladdin
                                                                               and Sears began to offer bungalows through
                                                                               their catalogs, their success was assured.
                                                                               Prospective homeowners could have an entire
                                                                               home shipped to their town by train.
                                                                              With the help of a couple carpenters, the
                                                                               homeowner could build a practical, simple,
                                                                               attractive little home for a sum that was
                                                                               manageable by huge numbers of Americans.
                                                                              Mass production, however, meant that the
                                                                               fine carpentry and detailing present in the
                                                                               Craftsman homes were modified and distilled
                                                                               into more generic equivalents. Nevertheless,
                                                                               kit homes were generally built of good quality
                                                                               materials that have held up extremely well
                                                                               over the last century.
http://www.antiquehomestyle.com/plans/sears/1923sears/23sears-avalon.htm




The essential difference between the Craftsman "style" and the derivative
bungalow is the level of fine detail and workmanship.
                                                                                                              © Project SOUND
‘Mission’ vs ‘Craftsman Style’ bungalows
                                                                       Craftsman Style: direct
                                                                        descendent of the English Arts &
                                                                        Crafts movement
                                                                       Mission/Spanish style:
                                                                          Architectural styling based on
                                                                           churches built when Spanish
                                                                           Missionaries moved into California
http://anartisticabstraction.blogspot.com/2010/03/whats-difference-        – but incorporate some Craftsman
mission-style-vs-arts.html
                                                                           elements too.
                                                                          Featured thick adobe walls, stucco
                                                                           siding, parapets, and red tile
                                                                           roofs.
                                                                          Ornamentation was detailed in
                                                                           geometric patterns, ornamental
                                                                           drainpipes, arched dormers, and
                                                                           other details reminiscent of these
                                                                           early churches.
                                                                                                © Project SOUND
http://www.thevictorianhouse.com/freeplans/houseplanmonth0803.htm
‘The Craftsman’ and other books and
magazines offered garden designs for the
Craftsman Bungalow

                                                                 Many are again available – as
                                                                  reprints or on-line
                                                                 Useful guidelines for the
                                                                  homeowner who faced some
                                                                  challenges:
                                                                    Lack of knowledge of
                                                                     gardening/plants
                                                                    Limited budget
                                                                    Small lot size/proximity of
                                                                     neighbors
http://www.buildersbooksource.com/cgi-bin/booksite/24032.html
                                                                                       © Project SOUND
Craftsman style homes call for Craftsman
                 style gardens

                                                           Remember: the
                                                           movement saw
                                                           little distinction
                                                           between indoors
                                                           & outdoors – was
                                                           viewed (and used)
                                                           as a unified whole

http://archometrend.blogspot.com/2009_03_01_archive.html




The design garden principles are useful for anyone with a
smaller home & garden
                                                                   © Project SOUND
Guidelines for a Craftsman Style garden
                                                  1.   Keep it simple

                                                  2.   Keep it informal/comfortable –
                                                       a garden to be used

                                                  3.   Keep it in scale – don’t
                                                       overwhelm the house

                                                  4.   Use well-designed hardscape
                                                       features consistent with the
                                                       architectural style

                                                  5.   Use fences & screens for
 http://www.violetcrownrealty.com/listings.html



                                                       privacy
8. Feature the gardener as                        6.   Use plants in a manner that
   craftsman – the importance                          respects their nature
   ‘creating’ the garden
                                                  7.   Make the most of limited space
                                                                          © Project SOUND
Simple, informal &
                                                                             in scale

                                                                         According to Stickley,
                                                                          informal gardens are “less
                                                                          expensive, better adapted
                                                                          to small spaces, and more
http://laplaces.blogspot.com/   http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/cr
                                                                          in harmony with our
                                                                          [America’s] somewhat
                                aftsman-garden/



                                                                          primitive landscape….”
                                                                         “…In fact, a formal
                                                                          garden would be quite out
                                                                          of place with such simple,
                                                                          unpretentious houses as
                                                                          those we design. ”

                                                                                         © Project SOUND
Use well-designed hardscape features
 consistent with the architectural style

                  Craftsman design prized
                   architectural detail and a
                   strong linking between house
                   and site - so hardscaping
                   elements define a Craftsman
                   garden more than its plants.
                  Keep it simple: - Remember,
                   the Arts and Crafts
                   movement – progenitor of the
                   Craftsman Bungalow style –
                   valued simple materials
                   honestly worked
                                      © Project SOUND
Use well-designed hardscape features
 consistent with the architectural style

                    A Craftsman-style wooden
                     arbor or pergola, a
                     distinctively designed slate
                     or brick pathway, or a
                     hand-forged gate ‘make’ a
                     Craftsman garden – and
                     within your budget.
                    You can craft your own –
                     even from original plans –
                     or purchase from available
                     vendors/builders

                                      © Project SOUND
Use period designs, incorporate distinctive
 construction details and use Craftsman
           inspired hardware.
               Wood:
                  Use materials which blend with the
                   surroundings.
                  Use woods stained medium to dark brown to
                   match the wood used inside the home and in
                   other garden structures.
               Construction Techniques: Simple, elegant
                joints to highlight the superior craftsmanship;
                distinctive shapes of the period.
               Metalwork: The style is enhanced with
                simple authentic looking hardware, such as
                iron strapping, copper accents and strong
                simple gate pulls.
               Lighting: Outdoor Craftsman porch and
                patio lights can create an elegant nighttime
                ambiance.

                                                   © Project SOUND
Original design sources
                                                                 are readily available




                                                                 http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/craftsman-garden/




                                                                                                          © Project SOUND
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/DLDecArts/DLDecArts-
idx?type=div&did=DLDECARTS.HDV22N06.I0024&isize=M
The right design elements can transform
            a Craftsman Bungalow’s front garden




http://www.sunset.com/garden/backyard-projects/outdoor-landscape-makeovers-00400000054442/page22.html



                                                                                                        © Project SOUND
But lets turn to a common predicament in
       bungalow (and other small) gardens

                                                                  Narrow areas present
                                                                   unique challenges for the
                                                                   home gardener.

                                                                  Fortunately, we can use
                                                                   some ideas from the
                                                                   Craftsman Bungalow garden
                                                                   to transform these difficult
                                                                   areas




http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm
                                                                                  © Project SOUND
Craftsman bungalow gardens have fences

                                                         Fences (an almost ubiquitous
                                                          facet of Craftsman gardens)
                                                          should be selected to
                                                          complement the house
                                                         This usually means some
                                                          type of wooden fence –
                                                          stained or painted
                                                          medium/dark.
http://craftsmanremodel.com/photofinish_exterior.html




                                                         Styles consisting of simple,
                                                          handmade pickets, or ones
                                                          with wide boards featuring
                                                          cut-out designs or lattice
                                                          were especially popular.


                                                                            © Project SOUND
 http://www.penick.net/digging/?cat=9&paged=46
Several other guidelines relate to design
                                      for small spaces

                                                                6. Use plants in a manner that
                                                                   respects their nature
                                                                7. Make the most of limited
                                                                   space
                                                                8. Feature the gardener as
                                                                   craftsman – the importance
                                                                   of ‘creating’ the garden in a
                                                                   manner that enhances the
 http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm      gardeners creativity

And that’s where the ideal of espalier/narrow screens comes in
                                                                                      © Project SOUND
Vines & Climbers provided beauty and
    practicality in small Craftsman gardens




                             http://www.ironaccents.com/49-gar262.html




Vines and climbers were often grown over arbors…but not
always                                                                   © Project SOUND
They were also grown
                                                                                                vertically for shade or
                                                                                                 to hide a bare wall

                                                                                                 Espalier:
                                                                                                    ‘The art of growing woody
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g148_f09/lecture_notes/craftsman_arch/sd_bungalow1.jpg
                                                                                                     shrubs/trees in 2 dimensions’

                                                                                                    Plants are pruned & trained
                                                                                                     to grow in a very narrow
                                                                                                     space

                                                                                                 Narrow screen:
                                                                                                    Plants are hedge-pruned to
                                                                                                     form a very narrow (and
                                                                                                     often tall) hedge

 http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1&                       © Project SOUND
 DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp
Espalier can be
                                                                                                 formal or informal
                                                                                                Choice depends on the
                                                                                                 style of garden/house
                                                                                                Both require regular
                                                                                                 pruning and training
http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1&


                                                                                                Both require choosing
DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp



                                                                                                 the correct plant
                                                                                                 species – not all woody
                                                                                                 shrubs/trees can be
                                                                                                 espaliered
                                                                                                Most of the CA natives
                                                                                                 that can be espaliered
                                                                                                 work best as informal
                                                                                                 espaliers
 http://www.gardendesignonline.com/gardendesignonline/design/                                                   © Project SOUND
Why not just use
 native vines?




                                                                                        http://freshdirt.sunset.com/places/




                                                                           Espalier provides:
                                                                              More variety of plant material
                                                                              Larger size
http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html


                                                                                                                        © Project SOUND
What to do with that chain link fence?




         ‘Roger’s Red’ – Vitis californicus x ? Wine grape
                                                        © Project SOUND
* Vine Maple – Acer circinatum




© Clayton J. Antieau.




                                                         © Project SOUND
* Vine Maple – Acer circinatum
                                                                      SW AK & southwest British Columbia to
                                                                       northern California
                                                                      In CA, in the Cascade and N. Sierra
                                                                       Ranges
                                                                      common component of coniferous
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?256,257,258     forest understory and along moist
                                                                       stream banks




                                          http://www.pennine.d
                                          emon.co.uk/Arboretu
                                          m/Acci.htm

                                                                                 http://www.ippswr.org/home/ippsna/Denver/PPT-PDF/Buzzo.pdf

                                                                                                                         © Project SOUND
Vine Maple is almost a vine in shady
forests
                                                                  Size:
                                                                                10-30+ ft tall
                                                                                15-35 ft wide

                                                                  Growth form:
                                                                           Multi-trunk large shrub/tree
                                                                            or more vine-like – depends
                                                                            mostly on available light
                                                                           Form of old plants often quite
                                                                            unique & beautiful
                                                                           Moderate growth rate; long-
                                                                            lived

                                                                  Foliage:
                                                                           Typical Maple leaves – palmate
                                                                           Winter deciduous

© 2003, G. D. Carr
                                                                  Roots: can crown-sprout
                                                                 http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Arboretum/Acci.htm
                                                                                                                     © Project SOUND
                     J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Flowers: pretty, small
                                                                 Blooms: spring (Mar-May)

                                                                 Flowers:
                                                                    Typical for Maples
                                                                    Bright red & cream-colored
                                                                    Quite small – it may
                                                                     bloom without your
                                                                     noticing

                                                                 Seeds:
                                                                    Typical samara of Maples
                                                                    Bright orange-red color in
                                                                     summer-fall – really showy

                                                                 Vegetative reproduction:
                                                                    Natural layering (rooting of
                                                                     older branches that touch
                                                                     the ground)
                                                                                    © Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_circinatum_03684.JPG
Vine Maple grows                                Soils:
    in moist forests                                   Texture: any well-drained
                                                       pH: slightly acidic (5.5 to 7.5)

                                                   Light:
                                                       Afternoon shade or even more
                                                        shady
                                                       Great plant for under tall trees –
                                                        pines, firs

                                                   Water:
 http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm        Winter: need good water
                                                       Summer: best watered weekly in
                                                        warm weather – Zone 2-3

                                                   Fertilizer: likes a rich soil with
                                                     plenty of organics; fine to fertilize
                                                     (2/3 strength/dose)

                                                   Other: organic mulch a must
                                                                              © Project SOUND
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm
Vine Maples
                                                                   brighten dark places
                                                                     As an attractive accent
                                                                      plant – green foliage, red
                                                                      samaras & fall foliage
                                                                      color (maybe)
                                                                     Along stream banks – for
                                                                      a woodsy look
                                                                     In large pots – can even
                                                                      bonsai
                                                                     As a tall informal or
                                                                      semi-formal screen
                                                                     As a narrow tree in shady
                                                                      areas (like side-yards)
                                                                     Espaliered along a wall,
                                                                      fence or large trellis

Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database                                         © Project SOUND
                                              © 2003, G. D. Carr
‘Monroe’
                                                                  Very deeply
                                                                   dissected leaves
                                                                  Looks like Japanese
                                                                   Maples – good for
                                                                   Asian-themed
                                                                   garden




                                                                            © Project SOUND

http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/forums/showthread.php?t=7254
‘Pacific Fire’




                                              Very red bark
                                              Yellow-orange foliage in
                                               fall – may be some red
                                               leaves in cold climates.
                                              Widely available from
http://www.portlandnursery.com/plants/nati
                                               commercial nurseries
vePicks/natives_acer_circinatum.shtml
                                                            © Project SOUND
Espalier with Vine
                                                                     Maple
                                                              Note plant characteristics
                                                                 Grows in shade – typical of
                                                                  shrubs/vines that can be
                                                                  espaliered
                                                                 Open – almost vine-like –
                                                                  growth habit
                                                              Pruning:
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm



                                                                 Start right away – good shape
                                                                  begins early
                                                                 Selectively prune out branches
                                                                  that are ‘wrong’ for the design
                                                                 Viney plants look best as
                                                                  informal espaliers
                                                                 Vine-like shrubs may be woody
                                                                  enough to need little/no
                                                                  support
                                                                                    © Project SOUND
http://humanhabitatrestoration.com/drive-byforestpark2.htm
Western Redbud - Cercis occidentalis




                                                                                                             http://www.flickr.com/photos/82479320@N00/2366664105/




                                                                                                Species with open and dramatic
                                                                                                growth patterns can be trained
                                                                                                into unique, informal espaliers

                                                                                                                                                              © Project SOUND
http://www.californianativeflora.com/plants/western-redbud/introducing-cercis-occidentalis-western-redbud/
* Vine Hill Manzanita – Arctostaphylos densiflora




© 2006 Steve Matson


                                           © Project SOUND
An adaptable Manzanita    Soils:
                              Texture: quite adaptable –
                               more so than other Manzanitas
                               – takes clay soils
                              pH: any local; slightly acidic is
                               best

                          Light:
                             Full sun to part-shade

                          Water:
                              Winter: tolerates seasonal
                               flooding
                              Summer: likes to be fairly dry
                               – Zone 1-2 to 2 once
                               established

                          Fertilizer: likes poor soils; fine
                            with organic mulch

                                                 © Project SOUND
‘Sentinel’ cultivar
                                                                                                      8-10 ft tall & ft wide; upright
                                                                                                       habit
                                                                                                      Very ‘garden-tolerant’
                                                                                                      One of the easiest Manzanitas
                                                                                                       to grow


http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-densiflora-sentinel-manzanita




                                                                                                                         © Project SOUND
‘Howard McMinn’ cultivar
                                                                          5-8+ ft tall & wide
                                                                          Readily available
                                                                          Very tolerant or garden
                                                                           conditions; long-lived (50+ years)
                                                                          Often trained as a small tree
http://www.elnativogrowers.com/images/Photos/arcdenhm_lsp_shrub.JPG
                                                                          ‘White Lanterns’ is more dense




                                                                           http://www.nativeson.com/images/plants/arctohoward.jpg
http://www.wildscaping.com/plants/plantprofiles/Arcto_HowardMcMinn.htm                                                     © Project SOUND
‘Howard McMinn’ as
                                                                                             an informal espalier

                                                                                             Species/cultivar should
                                                                                              have a naturally open
                                                                                              growth pattern
                                                                                             Choose your plant
http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/dws/r/Ericaceae_Arctostaphylos_densiflora_18888.html




                                                                                              carefully – the basic
                                                                                              structure is already be
                                                                                              established by the time
                                                                                              you purchase it
                                                                                             Time taken in the
                                                                                              choosing will be amply
                                                                                              rewarded
                                                                                                            © Project SOUND
 http://www.seasidegardencenter.com/natives.html
Selective pruning – removing all branches
        that don’t grow where you want them
                                                                      Need to start the
                                                                       first year – literally
                                                                       once it’s safely in
                                                                       the ground

                                                                      Remove entire
                                                                       unwanted branches
                                                                       above the collar
                                                                          Poorly spaced
                                                                           branches
http://camissonia.blogspot.com/2010/02/more-
manzanitas-in-bloom.html



                                                                          Branches growing
                                                                           out or in wrong
                                                                           direction
                 http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2010/0
                 6/emily-green-dry-garden-bark-trees-shedding.html



                                                                                © Project SOUND
Fremontodendrons make lovely espaliers

                                                            Often espaliered along dry
                                                             walls in England and Pacific
                                                             NW – the only way they can
                                                             be successfully grown
                                                            Fremontodendron x
                                                             ‘California Glory’ makes an
                                                             excellent espalier.
                                                            Prune after flowering.
                                                            May want to provide support
http://www.seattlepi.com/nwgardens/75100_wingate20.shtml




                                                                                 © Project SOUND
Espalier requires
                                                                                          support – at least
                                                                                              early on

                                                                                         Branches may be too
                                                                                          thin to provide support
http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2010/04/theodore-payne-foundation-annual-garden.html

                                                                                         Support structures
                                                                                          can permit training the
                                                                                          plant to a desired
                                                                                          pattern – you attach
                                                                                          the branch to the
                                                                                          support so it grows in
                                                                                          the desired direction


      http://www.answers.com/topic/espalier                                                           © Project SOUND
Many choices for
                                                                              support system
                                                                        Should be sturdy & durable
                                                                        Should be appropriate for
                                                                         the garden design
                                                                        Should allow for future
   http://greenwalks.wordpress.com/2008/10/20/sidewalk-fig-espalier/     growth




                                                                         http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/victorygarden/grow/primers_projects/espalier/
                                                                                                                            © Project SOUND
http://blog.doleaf.com/2008/11/28/anise-espalier/
* Coast Silktassel – Garrya elliptica




http://groups.ucanr.org/mbmg/Al's_Corner/Garrya_elliptica_'James_Roof'.htm
                                                                             © Project SOUND
* Bearbrush/Fremont’s Silktassel – Garrya fremontii




                                            © Project SOUND
* Bearbrush/Fremont’s Silktassel – Garrya fremontii
                                                                           In the Cascade Range & Sierra
                                                                            Nevada from OR to Madera &
                                                                            Monterrey Co.
                                                                           A disjunct population occurs in
                                                                            the Transverse/Peninsular
                                                                            ranges in Riverside, Orange, and
                                                                            San Diego counties, California
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Garrya+fremontii

                                                                           On rocky slopes, rolling hills, or
                                                                            steep canyons from 2,500 to
                                                                            7,000 feet in chaparral, foothill
                                                                            woodland, montane forest




 © 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson
                                                                                                © Project SOUND
Flowers are glorious
                       Blooms: early spring -
                         usually Jan-Mar in western
                         L.A. Co.

                       Flowers:
                           Dioecious (sep.
                            male/female plants)
                           Flowers small & buff
                            colored
                           On long, silky tassels –
                            hence the common name
                           Nothing really looks like
                            the Silktassels – super
                            showy

                       Fruit: a small purple berry
© 2008 Keir Morse
                         with 1-4 seeds ; eaten by
                         songbirds & small animals
                                        © Project SOUND
Bearbrush is primarily                 Soils:
  a chaparral plant                        Texture: well-drained – sandy
                                            or rocky best
                                           pH: better with slightly
                                            acidic (5.5-6.5)

                                       Light: full sun to light shade

                                       Water:
                                           Winter: needs adequate
                                           Summer: fairly drought
© 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson               tolerant once established –
                                            Zone 1-2, with some water in
                                            mid-summer

This is the best choice for a          Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Silktassel in hotter inland gardens
                                       Other: re-sprouts from the
                                         crown or root after severe
                                         pruning/burning
                                                             © Project SOUND
Why are Garryas so
                                                         good for espalier?

                                                         Evergreen
                                                         Good size – not too
                                                          large
                                                         Interesting foliage
                                                          and bark
                                                         Open growth pattern –
                                                          natural growth is
                                                          rangy
                                                         Will take the pruning
                                                          and training required
                                                          for espalier

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4374971109/
                                                                        © Project SOUND
Garryas can be
                                                                                         formal or informal
                                                                                             espaliers
                                                                                        Note the regular growth
                                                                                         pattern
                                                                                        The choice is up to you




                                                                                                                            © Project SOUND
http://eleanorathens.blogspot.com/2009/01/facade-greening-foundation-shrubs-and.html        http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus2/facts
                                                                                            heet.cfm?ID=836
Classical forms of
                                                                        formal espalier
                                                                     Very formal, named patterns
                                                                     History dates back to
                                                                      Islamic & medieval gardens
http://www.livingwallart.com/living-walls/pleaching-and-espalier/
                                                                     Most often used for fruit
                                                                      trees with regular growth
                                                                      patterns – apples, pears,
                                                                      pomegranates, etc.
                                                                     Not difficult, but require
                                                                      regular maintenance and
                                                                      choice of proper species
                                                                     Many good books and on-line
                                                                      resources
      http://www.edenwines.co.uk/Glossary_e.html                                        © Project SOUND
Supporting a formal espalier




  http://www.espalierservices.com/parts.html




                                               © Project SOUND
Many Ceanothus look better as informal espaliers or
 screens               Many have growth pattern not suited
                                                                     to formal pruning
                                                                    Good choices for informal espalier/
                                                                     narrow screen:
                                                                       Ceanothus thyrsiflorus – species &
                                                                        cultivars
                                                                       Ceanothus ‘Concha’
                                                                       Ceanothus 'Dark Star‘
                                                                       Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps‘
                                                                       Ceanothus ‘Skylark’




http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_whatsnew/whatsnewmar07.html

                                                                                              © Project SOUND
Those with more open habits can be
                    trained more formally
                                                                                 Ceanothus
                                                                                  ‘Ray Hartman’




http://www.julieorrdesign.com/saratoga-landscape-design-makeover/kleckner-033




                                                                                      © Project SOUND
Lakeside/San Diego Ceanothus – Ceanothus cyaneus




   http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_cyaneus


                                                         © Project SOUND
Lakeside/San Diego Ceanothus – Ceanothus cyaneus
                              Endemic to south Peninsular Range (San
                               Diego Co.), RARE
                              Dry shrubby slopes, chaparral to 1200'
                              Typically, in a dense, almost impenetrable
                               chaparral with a mix of Chamise and other
                               shrubs such as manzanita.




Kate Sessions first brought it to
the gardener’s attention




                                      © 2009 Anna Bennett


                                                             © Project SOUND
Characteristics of San Diego Ceanothus
                                                                                  Size:
                                                                                       6-15 ft tall
                                                                                       6-10 ft wide

                                                                                  Growth form:
                                                                                     Mounded large shrub to small,
                                                                                      multi-trunk tree
                                                                                     More ‘open’ than some
                                                                                      Ceanothus
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-                     Fast-growing; short-lived (to
cyaneus?selected_image_name=Ceanothus_cyaneus-2
                                                                                      15 years in gardens)

                                                                                  Foliage:
                                                                                     Simple, opposite leaves – shiny
                                                                                      green above & pale beneath
                                                                                     Evergreen; pleasant looking
                                                                                      year-round
                     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg

                                                                                                       © Project SOUND
Flowers are
                                                               particularly showy
                                                              Blooms:
                                                                 Usually Apr-June in wild
                                                                 Off & on from Apr-Nov in
                                                                  garden, with main bloom in
                                                                  Spring

                                                              Flowers:
                                                                 Medium blue (start out
                                                                  darker)
                                                                 Typical shape of Ceanothus
                                                                 More showy than many
                                                                  Ceanothus:
                                                                     Many, many flowers
                                                                     Flowering stalks held
                                                                      above the foliage
http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html
                                                                 Cultivars take advantage of
                                                                  nice flower characteristics
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C                                             © Project SOUND
 eanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg
San Diego Ceanothus:               Soils:
a plant of the S. Chaparral              Texture: well-drained – rocky
                                          or sandy is best. Will take
                                          some clays
                                         pH: any local except pH > 8.0;
                                          fine with mildly acidic (5.5-
                                          6.0)

                                     Light: full sun to partial shade

                                     Water:
                                         Winter: supplement in low-
                                          rainfall years
                                         Summer: occasional water
 © 2009 Anna Bennett


                                          once established – Zone 1-2 –
                                          give some water in Aug
Other: tolerates heat better than         (you’re the summer monsoon)
most Ceanothus
                                     Fertilizer: likes organic mulch

                                                           © Project SOUND
San Diego
                                                                  Ceanothus

                                                               As a foundation plant
                                                               In back-bed area – as an
                                                                evergreen background
                                                               As a quick-growing (but
 http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html




                                                                short-lived) informal
                                                                screen or hedge
                                                               To espalier along a wall
                                                                or fence – has good
                                                                characteristics

http://ohric.ucdavis.edu/photos/ornament2.htm                                  © Project SOUND
Cultivar ‘Sierra Blue’
                                                                                                         Ceanothus cyaneus X C. ?
                                                                                                         Fast growing to 15 ft. tall &
                                                                                                          wide
                                                                                                         Fine in sandy or clay soils
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-cyaneus-x-sierra-blue-ceanothus

                                                                                                         Longer lived in garden than
                                                                                                          straight species
                                                                                                         Pretty much looks like C.
                                                                                                          cyaneus in terms of
                                                                                                          growth characteristics,
                                                                                                          flowers
                                                                                                         Good choice for espalier
                                                                     http://www.yerbabuenanursery.
                                                                     com/viewplant.php?pid=0641




                                                                                                                        © Project SOUND
Cultivar ‘Cal-Poly’

                                                                                                                  Hybrid w/ C. cyaneus
                                                                                                                   parent
                                                                                                                  Many of the best
                                                                                                                   attributes of C.
                                                                                                                         cyaneus
                                                                                                                  Fast growth
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothuscalpoly.jpg                                                       Needs pruning/training
                                                                                                                   – good choice for
                                                                                                                   espalier

                                                                                                                                   © Project SOUND
                       http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ceanothus_cyaneus_'Cal_Poly'&redirect=no
English & French gardeners must grow
                   Ceanothus against warm, dry walls
                                                                        So Ceanothus can be
                                                                         shaped – informally or
                                                                         formally – into a hedge,
                                                                         screen or espalier




http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/plantfinder/cea
nothus-california-lilac_1.asp




           http://bonsaitreesforsaleonline.com/grow-
           bonsai-ceanothusblue-frost-for-shohin-
           bonsai-tree-unique


                                                       ‘Blue Frost’ Ceanothus
                                                                                http://www.qualitycottages.co.uk/sup915.php   © Project SOUND
Espalier with                                                   Choose species or cultivars with more
                                                                    open growth habit – except for informal
    Ceanothus                                                       espalier, which can be dense
                                                                   Choose species that can take shaping
                                                                   For a formal espalier, choose a plant
                                                                    with even branches
                                                                   Start shaping right away – 1st year




http://www.gardenersworld.com/plant-detail/PL00001245/158/california-lilac



                                                                             http://casaconiglio.blogspot.com/2010/04/ruth.html


                                                                                                                                  © Project SOUND
Training Ceanothus to narrow
                                              screen or formal espalier




http://www.keith-allen.co.uk/garden/c.htm       http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html

                                                   Ceanothus "Ray Hartmann" and
                                                   Cercis Occidentalis
                                                                                                         © Project SOUND
Lemonadeberry – Rhus integrifolia




                  http://www.sanelijo.org/about/images/lemonadeberry.jpg

                                                                 © Project SOUND
The Lemonadeberry hedge




            Hedges or narrow
             screens require regular
             hedge pruning -

                            © Project SOUND
Cuts that increase the number of new
    outer branches: Tip-pruning and shearing
                                                                          Tip-pruning (pinching) involves
                                                                           removal of the growing tip;
                                                                           stimulating the growth of lateral
                                                                           branches
                                                                          Shearing (hedging)
                                                                             A form of heading that makes no
                                                                              attempt to cut back to a bud.
                                                                             Because plants chosen for
                                                                              shearing typically have many
                                                                              lateral buds close together, you'll
                                                                              usually end up cutting near a bud.
                                                                             Shearing stimulates many buds to
                                                                              produce new growth - so you'll be
                                                                              repeating the job regularly after
                                                                              you start.
http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p=LawnGarden/PruningPlants
                                                                                                  © Project SOUND
Both Lemonadeberry & Toyon
can also be espaliered




                                     http://tmousecmouse.b
                                     logspot.com/2009/12/n
                                     ative-plant-of-month-
                                     toyon.html




                             © Project SOUND
One last situation that could use an
                       espalier – the ugly wall

                                                      We need a better
                                                       backdrop
                                                      And an espalier
                                                       plant that:
                                                        Is not too big (or
                                                         can be kept small)
                                                        Evergreen
                                                        Good flowers
                                                         and/or fruits
                                                        Can be trained to a
http://www.mymodremod.com/?tag=landscaping&paged=2
                                                         formal espalier

                                                                © Project SOUND
Rhamnus species are appropriate for
                smaller formal espaliers




http://www.flickr.com/photos/59782114@N00/247282539



                                                      http://www.ecnca.org/plants/Rhamnus_ilicifolia.htm



             Rhamnus crocea                                 Rhamnus ilicifolia
                                                                                      © Project SOUND
Coffeeberry - Frangula california

                                                                                   Formal or
                                                                                    informal? why?
                                                                                   Screen or
                                                                                    espalier? Why?




http://www.eol.org/pages/483223




                                  http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica


                                                                                                              © Project SOUND
Currants (Ribes spp.) can be trained and
              espaliered




                                  © Project SOUND
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers
Elegant espaliers

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Elegant espaliers

  • 1. Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants Project SOUND - 2010 © Project SOUND
  • 2. Elegant Espaliers: CA Natives in a Craftsman Style Garden C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve Madrona Marsh Preserve December 4 & 7, 2010 © Project SOUND
  • 3. Last May we visited the Victorian Era http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Henry_Treffry_Dunn_Rossetti_and_Dunton_at_16_Cheyne_Walk.jpg Increased wealth, manufactured goods and exotic ‘stuff’ characterized the Industrial Revolution/Victorian Era © Project SOUND
  • 4. Edwardian Gardens were very much a revolt against the Victorian style http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3002/2930975253_e3036b0a45.jpg?v=0 Edwardian Style Garden – ‘Back to Nature & Country Gardens’ © Project SOUND
  • 5. But there was an interesting revolutionary movement afoot in England in the mid/late 1800’s … http://designinspiration.typepad.com/design_inspiration_planet/books/ ... a direct revolt against many of the ‘bad aspects’ of the Industrial Revolution in England © Project SOUND
  • 6. The Arts and Crafts Movement  Began in England in the 1860s as a reform movement.  John Ruskin (1819-1900)  Movement’s philosophical leader  Most influential Victorian writer on the arts and architecture  Member of the Pre-Raphaelite Movement/Brotherhood.  Believed the decorative arts affected the men who produced them. The machine dehumanized http://www.oldukphotos.com/london_famous_people.htm the worker and led to a loss of dignity because it removed him "all cast from the machine is from the artistic process and thus, bad, as work it is dishonest." from nature itself. © Project SOUND
  • 7. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood  Founded in 1848; a loose movement of English painters, poets, and critics  In its time it was a revolutionary as the Impressionistic Movement  Mission was to reform art by rejecting ‘the mechanistic approach adopted by artists after Raphael and Michelangelo’.  Believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael had been a corrupting influence on the teaching of art. Hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite".  Best known painters:  Edward Burne-Jones http://preraphaelitepaintings.blogspot.com/2009/01/edward-burne-jones-le-chant-damour.html  Dante Gabriel Rossetti  John Everett Millais Dante Gabriel Rossetti: - La Ghirlandata  Henry Le Jeune © Project SOUND
  • 8. The Brotherhood's early doctrines were expressed in four declarations:  to have genuine ideas to express;  to study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them;  to sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parodying and learned by rote;  and, most indispensable of all, Henry Le Jeune to produce thoroughly good A Young Lady Sketching in a Landscape pictures and statues © Project SOUND
  • 9. The Pre-Raphaelite Movement  Ruskin's book The Stones of Venice (1853) had a great impact on the intellectuals of Victorian England.  In it, he made a direct connection between art, nature, and morality - good moral art was nature expressed through man.  The English Arts & Crafts Movement developed from this idea http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book) © Project SOUND
  • 10. The Arts and Crafts  William Morris (1834-1896) Movement  English textile designer, artist, writer and socialist  Associated with both the Pre- Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement.  Took Ruskin's ideas about nature, art, morality and the degradation of human labor and translated them into a unified theory of design. By doing so, Morris successfully wedded aesthetics and social reform into the Arts and Crafts Movement.  Chief contribution to the arts was as a designer of repeating patterns for wallpapers and textiles, many based on a close observation of nature. William Morris - La Belle Iseult  He was also a major contributor to 1858 the resurgence of traditional textile arts and methods of production. © Project SOUND
  • 11. William Morris founded Morris & Co. in 1875  The goal was to create design that was... " for the people and by the people, and a source of pleasure to the maker and the user."  Medieval Guilds were the model for the ideal craft production system – provide honorable work for the craftsman  The forms of Arts and Crafts style typically rectilinear/angular, with stylized decorative motifs reminiscent of medieval, Japanese and Islamic http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/furniture/25.html design http://barnyardgazette.blogspot.com/2009/04/william-morris-arts-and-crafts-movement.html © Project SOUND
  • 12. Common themes of The Arts & Crafts Movement 1880-1910.  Rejection of Classical/ Italianate architecture, and the revival of the Gothic Style.  Rebellion against industrialization and mass production by machines.  Leading figures believed http://www.ukmodernfurniture.co.uk/softfurnishi in a socialist or utopian society, striving for good ng/artsandcrafts.html quality of life for all, including art for the people, by the people. http://www.blog.designsquish.com/index.php?/site/2009/03/ © Project SOUND
  • 13. Common themes of The Arts & Crafts Movement  Nostalgia for the medieval age - seen as the golden age of creativity and freedom.  Artists and craftsman were viewed as equals - art was no longer a separate or superior activity.  Revival of craftsmanship, honesty in construction, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.pattern/lesson8art.html Because of the cost of hand and truth to materials – no production, the English Arts & fakes or cheap, gaudy Crafts style was only available to mass-produced items the wealthy © Project SOUND
  • 14. Not surprisingly, the Arts & Crafts Movement also influenced garden design Large or small, [a garden] should look both orderly and rich. It should be well fenced from the outside world. It should by no means imitate either the willfulness or the wildness of nature, but it should look like a thing never to seen except near a house. It should, in fact, look like part of the house. William Morris Hopes and Fears for Art 1882 http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/2006/03 /book_review_gar.html © Project SOUND
  • 15. Gertrude Jekyll: an influential Arts & Crafts garden designer  Wrote 14 influential books, and co-wrote many more.  Her writing included practical advice, but also had an almost poetic description of the enjoyment of gardening – as spiritual practice, not just manual labor. http://www.gertrudejekyllgarden.co.uk/ The close alignment of work, beauty and meaning was a key principle of the Arts and Crafts movement, of which Jekyll was a central figure. © Project SOUND
  • 16. The English Arts & Crafts garden  Famous architects of the day viewed house and garden as a unified whole. The distinctions between ‘indoors’ and ‘outdoors’ were blurred – gardens were a harmonious extension of the house.  Gardens were a venue for reform and innovation, an opportunity to express integrity and beauty, and a chance to move beyond the artificiality of the dominant Victorian paradigm.  Rejecting Victorian orderliness and ostentation in favor of naturalism and informality. While certainly not “simple”, the overall effect is an inviting one of comfort and ease rather than grandeur. © Project SOUND
  • 17. But what happened when the Arts & Crafts Movement crossed the ocean?  Younger nation – less rigid social structure; ‘land of opportunity’  ‘Melting pot’ of many cultures – with their own distinct crafts traditions  Less industrialized/ urban than England So, the American Craftsman  Different materials Movement was influenced by the English Arts & Crafts (woods; native plants; Movement, but later (1900- etc.) 1920’s) and distinctly American © Project SOUND
  • 18. The Craftsman Movement: Arts & Crafts American Style  Much influenced by Morris – key figures visited him/his colleagues  Was both a social & design/stylistic movement – but the components were uniquely American  Focus on architecture and home furnishing crafts: furniture, pottery, printing, other decorative arts – not so much textiles  ‘The Craftsman’ magazine played a key role in popularizing the Movement  Key figures:  Elbert Hubbard – Roycroft Studios  Gustav Stickley © Project SOUND
  • 19. Craftsman Style furnishings are becoming popular again… ? People furnishing their period cottages – or parallels with our http://www.mydesignsecrets.com/2009/05/15/the-craftsman-style-home/ times © Project SOUND
  • 20. In America, the Arts & Crafts movement inspired some influential architects  American architects like the Greene brothers in Pasadena, Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago and many others drew inspiration from the Arts & Crafts/Craftsman Movements  Rediscovered the value in hand crafting buildings and their contents http://www.alpinestcraftsman.com/ using natural materials and creating Greene & Greene - Pasadena a more holistic life style for their occupants – very Arts & Crafts  Designers often designed both the building/home and its contents – the two were seen as inseparable  Once again, the Craftsman style – with all of it’s handwork – was really a style for the well-to-do A. Tichenor house, Long Beach, 1904–05 © Project SOUND
  • 21. Gambel House - Pasadena  Green & Green gardens freely combined elements from different sources, using stones in a Japanese manner, laying mission-style padre tiles in brick- edged terraces, and integrating existing orange groves.  This synthesis of local and exotic traditions, of the naturalistic and the formal, remains a remarkable achievement in the history of the California garden © Project SOUND
  • 22. By the early 1900’s, many families wanted to own their own homes & gardens – and those homes needed to be close to work http://catalog1.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?fullRecord+5905+968+22179+20+0 © Project SOUND
  • 23. Differences between the American Craftsman & English Arts & Crafts  Much more available to the mass market in America – even in the beginning.  Machines were used, but craftsmen were still able to assemble and finish the furniture, which lowered the cost and made it affordable to the common man.  The grain of the wood was much more emphasized, along with the forms of the pottery.  Walls had rich wood tones or earth- tone paints. Very little wallpaper was used, mostly just as borders. © Project SOUND
  • 24. Today, we tend to think of ‘Craftsman’ as a design/aesthetic style http://www.horizon-custom-homes.com/catalog/item/1584762/5216880.htm  The Arts and Crafts/Craftsman movement had more to do with the creation of the Art Object than with the Art object itself. © Project SOUND
  • 25. In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft for the common man’ became reality  Stickley’s ‘The Craftsman’ was an important vehicle  In 1909, he stated that his magazine "stands firmly for the development in the country of a national arts and a style of architecture which shall be a true expression of the character and needs of the American people, for a form of industrial education which will develop self-reliance and initiative and foster creative ability, so that men and women alike will be able to earn their own living under any and all circumstances, and to do the best work that is in them-a training which inevitably will make for more reasonable and healthful standards of life and work both for the individual and the nation." http://www.pdfclassicbooks.com/home-garden/home- design/stickley-39-s-the-craftsman-magazine-all-31- volumes/prod_24.html © Project SOUND
  • 26. ‘The Craftsman’ supplied instructions for the ‘common man’  Designs for simple houses – bungalows -that could be built inexpensively by the homeowner or local builder  Home woodworking projects  Garden ideas  Think ‘Sunset Magazine’ with an artistic flair © Project SOUND http://clermontstatehistoricsite.blogspot.com/2010/02/what-style-is-it.html
  • 27. In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft for the common man’ became reality – the ‘Craftsman Bungalow’ http://www.oldhouseweb.com/blog/opposite-coast-bungalows/  The success of the Craftsman bungalow was because it provided a solution to the desire of many families to own their own modest home. © Project SOUND
  • 28. The ‘Craftsman Bungalow’ revolution  Once “kit” home manufacturers like Aladdin and Sears began to offer bungalows through their catalogs, their success was assured. Prospective homeowners could have an entire home shipped to their town by train.  With the help of a couple carpenters, the homeowner could build a practical, simple, attractive little home for a sum that was manageable by huge numbers of Americans.  Mass production, however, meant that the fine carpentry and detailing present in the Craftsman homes were modified and distilled into more generic equivalents. Nevertheless, kit homes were generally built of good quality materials that have held up extremely well over the last century. http://www.antiquehomestyle.com/plans/sears/1923sears/23sears-avalon.htm The essential difference between the Craftsman "style" and the derivative bungalow is the level of fine detail and workmanship. © Project SOUND
  • 29. ‘Mission’ vs ‘Craftsman Style’ bungalows  Craftsman Style: direct descendent of the English Arts & Crafts movement  Mission/Spanish style:  Architectural styling based on churches built when Spanish Missionaries moved into California http://anartisticabstraction.blogspot.com/2010/03/whats-difference- – but incorporate some Craftsman mission-style-vs-arts.html elements too.  Featured thick adobe walls, stucco siding, parapets, and red tile roofs.  Ornamentation was detailed in geometric patterns, ornamental drainpipes, arched dormers, and other details reminiscent of these early churches. © Project SOUND http://www.thevictorianhouse.com/freeplans/houseplanmonth0803.htm
  • 30. ‘The Craftsman’ and other books and magazines offered garden designs for the Craftsman Bungalow  Many are again available – as reprints or on-line  Useful guidelines for the homeowner who faced some challenges:  Lack of knowledge of gardening/plants  Limited budget  Small lot size/proximity of neighbors http://www.buildersbooksource.com/cgi-bin/booksite/24032.html © Project SOUND
  • 31. Craftsman style homes call for Craftsman style gardens Remember: the movement saw little distinction between indoors & outdoors – was viewed (and used) as a unified whole http://archometrend.blogspot.com/2009_03_01_archive.html The design garden principles are useful for anyone with a smaller home & garden © Project SOUND
  • 32. Guidelines for a Craftsman Style garden 1. Keep it simple 2. Keep it informal/comfortable – a garden to be used 3. Keep it in scale – don’t overwhelm the house 4. Use well-designed hardscape features consistent with the architectural style 5. Use fences & screens for http://www.violetcrownrealty.com/listings.html privacy 8. Feature the gardener as 6. Use plants in a manner that craftsman – the importance respects their nature ‘creating’ the garden 7. Make the most of limited space © Project SOUND
  • 33. Simple, informal & in scale  According to Stickley, informal gardens are “less expensive, better adapted to small spaces, and more http://laplaces.blogspot.com/ http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/cr in harmony with our [America’s] somewhat aftsman-garden/ primitive landscape….”  “…In fact, a formal garden would be quite out of place with such simple, unpretentious houses as those we design. ” © Project SOUND
  • 34. Use well-designed hardscape features consistent with the architectural style  Craftsman design prized architectural detail and a strong linking between house and site - so hardscaping elements define a Craftsman garden more than its plants.  Keep it simple: - Remember, the Arts and Crafts movement – progenitor of the Craftsman Bungalow style – valued simple materials honestly worked © Project SOUND
  • 35. Use well-designed hardscape features consistent with the architectural style  A Craftsman-style wooden arbor or pergola, a distinctively designed slate or brick pathway, or a hand-forged gate ‘make’ a Craftsman garden – and within your budget.  You can craft your own – even from original plans – or purchase from available vendors/builders © Project SOUND
  • 36. Use period designs, incorporate distinctive construction details and use Craftsman inspired hardware.  Wood:  Use materials which blend with the surroundings.  Use woods stained medium to dark brown to match the wood used inside the home and in other garden structures.  Construction Techniques: Simple, elegant joints to highlight the superior craftsmanship; distinctive shapes of the period.  Metalwork: The style is enhanced with simple authentic looking hardware, such as iron strapping, copper accents and strong simple gate pulls.  Lighting: Outdoor Craftsman porch and patio lights can create an elegant nighttime ambiance. © Project SOUND
  • 37. Original design sources are readily available http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/craftsman-garden/ © Project SOUND http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/DLDecArts/DLDecArts- idx?type=div&did=DLDECARTS.HDV22N06.I0024&isize=M
  • 38. The right design elements can transform a Craftsman Bungalow’s front garden http://www.sunset.com/garden/backyard-projects/outdoor-landscape-makeovers-00400000054442/page22.html © Project SOUND
  • 39. But lets turn to a common predicament in bungalow (and other small) gardens  Narrow areas present unique challenges for the home gardener.  Fortunately, we can use some ideas from the Craftsman Bungalow garden to transform these difficult areas http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm © Project SOUND
  • 40. Craftsman bungalow gardens have fences  Fences (an almost ubiquitous facet of Craftsman gardens) should be selected to complement the house  This usually means some type of wooden fence – stained or painted medium/dark. http://craftsmanremodel.com/photofinish_exterior.html  Styles consisting of simple, handmade pickets, or ones with wide boards featuring cut-out designs or lattice were especially popular. © Project SOUND http://www.penick.net/digging/?cat=9&paged=46
  • 41. Several other guidelines relate to design for small spaces 6. Use plants in a manner that respects their nature 7. Make the most of limited space 8. Feature the gardener as craftsman – the importance of ‘creating’ the garden in a manner that enhances the http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm gardeners creativity And that’s where the ideal of espalier/narrow screens comes in © Project SOUND
  • 42. Vines & Climbers provided beauty and practicality in small Craftsman gardens http://www.ironaccents.com/49-gar262.html Vines and climbers were often grown over arbors…but not always © Project SOUND
  • 43. They were also grown vertically for shade or to hide a bare wall  Espalier:  ‘The art of growing woody http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g148_f09/lecture_notes/craftsman_arch/sd_bungalow1.jpg shrubs/trees in 2 dimensions’  Plants are pruned & trained to grow in a very narrow space  Narrow screen:  Plants are hedge-pruned to form a very narrow (and often tall) hedge http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1& © Project SOUND DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp
  • 44. Espalier can be formal or informal  Choice depends on the style of garden/house  Both require regular pruning and training http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1&  Both require choosing DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp the correct plant species – not all woody shrubs/trees can be espaliered  Most of the CA natives that can be espaliered work best as informal espaliers http://www.gardendesignonline.com/gardendesignonline/design/ © Project SOUND
  • 45. Why not just use native vines? http://freshdirt.sunset.com/places/  Espalier provides:  More variety of plant material  Larger size http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html © Project SOUND
  • 46. What to do with that chain link fence? ‘Roger’s Red’ – Vitis californicus x ? Wine grape © Project SOUND
  • 47. * Vine Maple – Acer circinatum © Clayton J. Antieau. © Project SOUND
  • 48. * Vine Maple – Acer circinatum  SW AK & southwest British Columbia to northern California  In CA, in the Cascade and N. Sierra Ranges  common component of coniferous http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?256,257,258 forest understory and along moist stream banks http://www.pennine.d emon.co.uk/Arboretu m/Acci.htm http://www.ippswr.org/home/ippsna/Denver/PPT-PDF/Buzzo.pdf © Project SOUND
  • 49. Vine Maple is almost a vine in shady forests  Size:  10-30+ ft tall  15-35 ft wide  Growth form:  Multi-trunk large shrub/tree or more vine-like – depends mostly on available light  Form of old plants often quite unique & beautiful  Moderate growth rate; long- lived  Foliage:  Typical Maple leaves – palmate  Winter deciduous © 2003, G. D. Carr  Roots: can crown-sprout http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Arboretum/Acci.htm © Project SOUND J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
  • 50. Flowers: pretty, small  Blooms: spring (Mar-May)  Flowers:  Typical for Maples  Bright red & cream-colored  Quite small – it may bloom without your noticing  Seeds:  Typical samara of Maples  Bright orange-red color in summer-fall – really showy  Vegetative reproduction:  Natural layering (rooting of older branches that touch the ground) © Project SOUND http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_circinatum_03684.JPG
  • 51. Vine Maple grows  Soils: in moist forests  Texture: any well-drained  pH: slightly acidic (5.5 to 7.5)  Light:  Afternoon shade or even more shady  Great plant for under tall trees – pines, firs  Water: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm  Winter: need good water  Summer: best watered weekly in warm weather – Zone 2-3  Fertilizer: likes a rich soil with plenty of organics; fine to fertilize (2/3 strength/dose)  Other: organic mulch a must © Project SOUND http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm
  • 52. Vine Maples brighten dark places  As an attractive accent plant – green foliage, red samaras & fall foliage color (maybe)  Along stream banks – for a woodsy look  In large pots – can even bonsai  As a tall informal or semi-formal screen  As a narrow tree in shady areas (like side-yards)  Espaliered along a wall, fence or large trellis Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND © 2003, G. D. Carr
  • 53. ‘Monroe’  Very deeply dissected leaves  Looks like Japanese Maples – good for Asian-themed garden © Project SOUND http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/forums/showthread.php?t=7254
  • 54. ‘Pacific Fire’  Very red bark  Yellow-orange foliage in fall – may be some red leaves in cold climates.  Widely available from http://www.portlandnursery.com/plants/nati commercial nurseries vePicks/natives_acer_circinatum.shtml © Project SOUND
  • 55. Espalier with Vine Maple  Note plant characteristics  Grows in shade – typical of shrubs/vines that can be espaliered  Open – almost vine-like – growth habit  Pruning: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm  Start right away – good shape begins early  Selectively prune out branches that are ‘wrong’ for the design  Viney plants look best as informal espaliers  Vine-like shrubs may be woody enough to need little/no support © Project SOUND http://humanhabitatrestoration.com/drive-byforestpark2.htm
  • 56. Western Redbud - Cercis occidentalis http://www.flickr.com/photos/82479320@N00/2366664105/ Species with open and dramatic growth patterns can be trained into unique, informal espaliers © Project SOUND http://www.californianativeflora.com/plants/western-redbud/introducing-cercis-occidentalis-western-redbud/
  • 57. * Vine Hill Manzanita – Arctostaphylos densiflora © 2006 Steve Matson © Project SOUND
  • 58. An adaptable Manzanita  Soils:  Texture: quite adaptable – more so than other Manzanitas – takes clay soils  pH: any local; slightly acidic is best  Light:  Full sun to part-shade  Water:  Winter: tolerates seasonal flooding  Summer: likes to be fairly dry – Zone 1-2 to 2 once established  Fertilizer: likes poor soils; fine with organic mulch © Project SOUND
  • 59. ‘Sentinel’ cultivar  8-10 ft tall & ft wide; upright habit  Very ‘garden-tolerant’  One of the easiest Manzanitas to grow http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-densiflora-sentinel-manzanita © Project SOUND
  • 60. ‘Howard McMinn’ cultivar  5-8+ ft tall & wide  Readily available  Very tolerant or garden conditions; long-lived (50+ years)  Often trained as a small tree http://www.elnativogrowers.com/images/Photos/arcdenhm_lsp_shrub.JPG  ‘White Lanterns’ is more dense http://www.nativeson.com/images/plants/arctohoward.jpg http://www.wildscaping.com/plants/plantprofiles/Arcto_HowardMcMinn.htm © Project SOUND
  • 61. ‘Howard McMinn’ as an informal espalier  Species/cultivar should have a naturally open growth pattern  Choose your plant http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/dws/r/Ericaceae_Arctostaphylos_densiflora_18888.html carefully – the basic structure is already be established by the time you purchase it  Time taken in the choosing will be amply rewarded © Project SOUND http://www.seasidegardencenter.com/natives.html
  • 62. Selective pruning – removing all branches that don’t grow where you want them  Need to start the first year – literally once it’s safely in the ground  Remove entire unwanted branches above the collar  Poorly spaced branches http://camissonia.blogspot.com/2010/02/more- manzanitas-in-bloom.html  Branches growing out or in wrong direction http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2010/0 6/emily-green-dry-garden-bark-trees-shedding.html © Project SOUND
  • 63. Fremontodendrons make lovely espaliers  Often espaliered along dry walls in England and Pacific NW – the only way they can be successfully grown  Fremontodendron x ‘California Glory’ makes an excellent espalier.  Prune after flowering.  May want to provide support http://www.seattlepi.com/nwgardens/75100_wingate20.shtml © Project SOUND
  • 64. Espalier requires support – at least early on  Branches may be too thin to provide support http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2010/04/theodore-payne-foundation-annual-garden.html  Support structures can permit training the plant to a desired pattern – you attach the branch to the support so it grows in the desired direction http://www.answers.com/topic/espalier © Project SOUND
  • 65. Many choices for support system  Should be sturdy & durable  Should be appropriate for the garden design  Should allow for future http://greenwalks.wordpress.com/2008/10/20/sidewalk-fig-espalier/ growth http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/victorygarden/grow/primers_projects/espalier/ © Project SOUND http://blog.doleaf.com/2008/11/28/anise-espalier/
  • 66. * Coast Silktassel – Garrya elliptica http://groups.ucanr.org/mbmg/Al's_Corner/Garrya_elliptica_'James_Roof'.htm © Project SOUND
  • 67. * Bearbrush/Fremont’s Silktassel – Garrya fremontii © Project SOUND
  • 68. * Bearbrush/Fremont’s Silktassel – Garrya fremontii  In the Cascade Range & Sierra Nevada from OR to Madera & Monterrey Co.  A disjunct population occurs in the Transverse/Peninsular ranges in Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties, California http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Garrya+fremontii  On rocky slopes, rolling hills, or steep canyons from 2,500 to 7,000 feet in chaparral, foothill woodland, montane forest © 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson © Project SOUND
  • 69. Flowers are glorious  Blooms: early spring - usually Jan-Mar in western L.A. Co.  Flowers:  Dioecious (sep. male/female plants)  Flowers small & buff colored  On long, silky tassels – hence the common name  Nothing really looks like the Silktassels – super showy  Fruit: a small purple berry © 2008 Keir Morse with 1-4 seeds ; eaten by songbirds & small animals © Project SOUND
  • 70. Bearbrush is primarily  Soils: a chaparral plant  Texture: well-drained – sandy or rocky best  pH: better with slightly acidic (5.5-6.5)  Light: full sun to light shade  Water:  Winter: needs adequate  Summer: fairly drought © 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson tolerant once established – Zone 1-2, with some water in mid-summer This is the best choice for a  Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Silktassel in hotter inland gardens  Other: re-sprouts from the crown or root after severe pruning/burning © Project SOUND
  • 71. Why are Garryas so good for espalier?  Evergreen  Good size – not too large  Interesting foliage and bark  Open growth pattern – natural growth is rangy  Will take the pruning and training required for espalier http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4374971109/ © Project SOUND
  • 72. Garryas can be formal or informal espaliers  Note the regular growth pattern  The choice is up to you © Project SOUND http://eleanorathens.blogspot.com/2009/01/facade-greening-foundation-shrubs-and.html http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus2/facts heet.cfm?ID=836
  • 73. Classical forms of formal espalier  Very formal, named patterns  History dates back to Islamic & medieval gardens http://www.livingwallart.com/living-walls/pleaching-and-espalier/  Most often used for fruit trees with regular growth patterns – apples, pears, pomegranates, etc.  Not difficult, but require regular maintenance and choice of proper species  Many good books and on-line resources http://www.edenwines.co.uk/Glossary_e.html © Project SOUND
  • 74. Supporting a formal espalier http://www.espalierservices.com/parts.html © Project SOUND
  • 75. Many Ceanothus look better as informal espaliers or screens  Many have growth pattern not suited to formal pruning  Good choices for informal espalier/ narrow screen:  Ceanothus thyrsiflorus – species & cultivars  Ceanothus ‘Concha’  Ceanothus 'Dark Star‘  Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps‘  Ceanothus ‘Skylark’ http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_whatsnew/whatsnewmar07.html © Project SOUND
  • 76. Those with more open habits can be trained more formally  Ceanothus ‘Ray Hartman’ http://www.julieorrdesign.com/saratoga-landscape-design-makeover/kleckner-033 © Project SOUND
  • 77. Lakeside/San Diego Ceanothus – Ceanothus cyaneus http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_cyaneus © Project SOUND
  • 78. Lakeside/San Diego Ceanothus – Ceanothus cyaneus  Endemic to south Peninsular Range (San Diego Co.), RARE  Dry shrubby slopes, chaparral to 1200'  Typically, in a dense, almost impenetrable chaparral with a mix of Chamise and other shrubs such as manzanita. Kate Sessions first brought it to the gardener’s attention © 2009 Anna Bennett © Project SOUND
  • 79. Characteristics of San Diego Ceanothus  Size:  6-15 ft tall  6-10 ft wide  Growth form:  Mounded large shrub to small, multi-trunk tree  More ‘open’ than some Ceanothus http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-  Fast-growing; short-lived (to cyaneus?selected_image_name=Ceanothus_cyaneus-2 15 years in gardens)  Foliage:  Simple, opposite leaves – shiny green above & pale beneath  Evergreen; pleasant looking year-round http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg © Project SOUND
  • 80. Flowers are particularly showy  Blooms:  Usually Apr-June in wild  Off & on from Apr-Nov in garden, with main bloom in Spring  Flowers:  Medium blue (start out darker)  Typical shape of Ceanothus  More showy than many Ceanothus:  Many, many flowers  Flowering stalks held above the foliage http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html  Cultivars take advantage of nice flower characteristics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C © Project SOUND eanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg
  • 81. San Diego Ceanothus:  Soils: a plant of the S. Chaparral  Texture: well-drained – rocky or sandy is best. Will take some clays  pH: any local except pH > 8.0; fine with mildly acidic (5.5- 6.0)  Light: full sun to partial shade  Water:  Winter: supplement in low- rainfall years  Summer: occasional water © 2009 Anna Bennett once established – Zone 1-2 – give some water in Aug Other: tolerates heat better than (you’re the summer monsoon) most Ceanothus  Fertilizer: likes organic mulch © Project SOUND
  • 82. San Diego Ceanothus  As a foundation plant  In back-bed area – as an evergreen background  As a quick-growing (but http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html short-lived) informal screen or hedge  To espalier along a wall or fence – has good characteristics http://ohric.ucdavis.edu/photos/ornament2.htm © Project SOUND
  • 83. Cultivar ‘Sierra Blue’  Ceanothus cyaneus X C. ?  Fast growing to 15 ft. tall & wide  Fine in sandy or clay soils http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-cyaneus-x-sierra-blue-ceanothus  Longer lived in garden than straight species  Pretty much looks like C. cyaneus in terms of growth characteristics, flowers  Good choice for espalier http://www.yerbabuenanursery. com/viewplant.php?pid=0641 © Project SOUND
  • 84. Cultivar ‘Cal-Poly’  Hybrid w/ C. cyaneus parent  Many of the best attributes of C. cyaneus  Fast growth http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothuscalpoly.jpg  Needs pruning/training – good choice for espalier © Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ceanothus_cyaneus_'Cal_Poly'&redirect=no
  • 85. English & French gardeners must grow Ceanothus against warm, dry walls  So Ceanothus can be shaped – informally or formally – into a hedge, screen or espalier http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/plantfinder/cea nothus-california-lilac_1.asp http://bonsaitreesforsaleonline.com/grow- bonsai-ceanothusblue-frost-for-shohin- bonsai-tree-unique ‘Blue Frost’ Ceanothus http://www.qualitycottages.co.uk/sup915.php © Project SOUND
  • 86. Espalier with  Choose species or cultivars with more open growth habit – except for informal Ceanothus espalier, which can be dense  Choose species that can take shaping  For a formal espalier, choose a plant with even branches  Start shaping right away – 1st year http://www.gardenersworld.com/plant-detail/PL00001245/158/california-lilac http://casaconiglio.blogspot.com/2010/04/ruth.html © Project SOUND
  • 87. Training Ceanothus to narrow screen or formal espalier http://www.keith-allen.co.uk/garden/c.htm http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html Ceanothus "Ray Hartmann" and Cercis Occidentalis © Project SOUND
  • 88. Lemonadeberry – Rhus integrifolia http://www.sanelijo.org/about/images/lemonadeberry.jpg © Project SOUND
  • 89. The Lemonadeberry hedge  Hedges or narrow screens require regular hedge pruning - © Project SOUND
  • 90. Cuts that increase the number of new outer branches: Tip-pruning and shearing  Tip-pruning (pinching) involves removal of the growing tip; stimulating the growth of lateral branches  Shearing (hedging)  A form of heading that makes no attempt to cut back to a bud.  Because plants chosen for shearing typically have many lateral buds close together, you'll usually end up cutting near a bud.  Shearing stimulates many buds to produce new growth - so you'll be repeating the job regularly after you start. http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p=LawnGarden/PruningPlants © Project SOUND
  • 91. Both Lemonadeberry & Toyon can also be espaliered http://tmousecmouse.b logspot.com/2009/12/n ative-plant-of-month- toyon.html © Project SOUND
  • 92. One last situation that could use an espalier – the ugly wall  We need a better backdrop  And an espalier plant that:  Is not too big (or can be kept small)  Evergreen  Good flowers and/or fruits  Can be trained to a http://www.mymodremod.com/?tag=landscaping&paged=2 formal espalier © Project SOUND
  • 93. Rhamnus species are appropriate for smaller formal espaliers http://www.flickr.com/photos/59782114@N00/247282539 http://www.ecnca.org/plants/Rhamnus_ilicifolia.htm Rhamnus crocea Rhamnus ilicifolia © Project SOUND
  • 94. Coffeeberry - Frangula california  Formal or informal? why?  Screen or espalier? Why? http://www.eol.org/pages/483223 http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica © Project SOUND
  • 95. Currants (Ribes spp.) can be trained and espaliered © Project SOUND