1. 1.2 PARTS OF SPEECH.
INTERJECTION NOUN
PREPOSITION PRONOUN
PARTS OF
SPEECH
CONJUNCTION VERB
ADVERB ADJECTIVE
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2. 1.2.1 PART OF SPEECH: NOUNS.
PROPER NOUN
A proper noun is the
special name of a
particular person, place,
etc. A proper noun also
begins with a Capital
Letter.
COMMON NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN
A common noun is a NOUNS An abstract noun is the
name given in common to Names of anything and name of something that
every person or thing of everything seen and we can only think of or
the same class or kind. unseen. feel but cannot see.
COLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is the
name of a number of
persons or things taken or
thought of as one.
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3. EXAMPLES OF NOUN.
EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
COMMON NOUN PROPER NOUN
Man Woman Ah Liaw Bukit Tinggi
Town City Ahmad Melaka
Village Sea Hassan National Park
Mountain Restaurant Joel Sabah
River Country Ramesh Lahad Datu
Girl Bank Mani Megala Tebobon
Shop State Daud Malaysia
Lady Ocean Kamal Rex Cinema
University Lake Nur Fadiyanah Restaurant Ali
ABSTRACT NOUN COLLECTIVE NOUN
(in bold letter)
Width Childhood An army of soldiers.
Truth Motherhood A band of musicians.
Bravery Kingship A choir of singers.
Newness Friendship A drove of horses.
Wisdom Loss A litter of cubs
Length Sale A nest of ants.
Death Strength A staff of employees.
Growth Beauty A pride of lions.
Anger Thought An album of photographs.
A book of notes.
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4. THE GENDER OF NOUNS.
o Gender tells whether a person or an animal is a male or a female.
o In the others words, gender also tells the sex of a person, animal, etc.
o Gender also tells about things which have no sex.
o Nouns have four genders.
MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all The masculine gender is used for all
males. females.
Examples: Examples:
Boy, man, father, brother, uncle, etc. Girl, woman, mother, sister, aunt, etc.
THE GENDER
NOUNS
COMMON GENDER NEUTER GENDER
The common gender is used where The neuter gender is used for things
the noun can be both male and which have no life or sex or are not
female. thought of as having life or sex.
Examples: Examples:
Cousin, friend, person, child, student, Tables, chair, pencil, book, house,
etc. bag, etc.
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5. NUMBER OF NOUNS.
NUMBER OF
NOUNS
PLURAL NUMBER
SINGULAR NUMBER
 Shows more than one
 Shows only one person,
person, animal, thing, or
animal, thing, or place.
place.
 Example:
 We do not use „a‟ in the
 A boy
plural number.
 A dog
 Example:
 A paper
 Boys
 Dogs
 Papers
SPECIAL CASE
 Some nouns have no singular number. They are
used only in the plural.
 Example:
 Trousers, shorts, scissors, clothes, peoples, etc.
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6. THE PLURALS OF NOUNS ARE FORMED BY
THE FOLLOWING WAYS
1) By adding „s‟ to the Singular (the 2) By adding „es‟ to nouns ending in a
general rule): hissing sound, that is, ending in –x,
-sh, -s:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Ant Ants Tax Taxes
Cupful Cupfuls Watch Watches
Handful Handfuls Box Boxes
Thing Things Glass Glasses
Boy Boys Virus Viruses
Picture Pictures Flash Flashes
Lay-by Lay-bys Six Sixes
3) By adding „es‟ to nouns ending in -o: 3) There are exception to this rule,
among which are the following:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Buffalo Buffaloes Dynamo Dynamos
Hero Heroes Bamboo Bamboos
Tomato Tomatoes Curio Curios
Veto Vetoes Lasso Lassos
Volcano Volcanoes Piano Pianos
Mango Mangoes Tattoo Tattoos
Potato Potatoes Two Twos
4) By changing -y, after a consonant, 4) If the -y is after a vowel (a, e, I, o, u),
into „ies‟, we follow the ordinary rule and add „s‟.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Army Armies Bay Bays
Baby Babies Day Days
Curry Curries Delay Delays
Lady Ladies Boy Boys
Story Stories Joy Joys
Spy Spies Decoy Decoys
Glory Glories Key Keys
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7. 5) By changing –‘f’ or ‘fe’ into „ves‟. 5) There are exception to this rule:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Calf Calves Belief Beliefs
Life Lives Dwarf Dwarfs
Wife Wives Roof Roofs
Leaf Leaves Turf Turfs
Loaf Loaves Hoof Hoofs
Sheaf Sheaves Bluff Bluffs
Half Halves Serf Serfs
6) By changing the inside vowel: 7) These words take -„en‟ -„ren‟:
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Axis Axes Child Children
Foot Feet Ox Oxen
Fungus Fungi Brother Brothers or Brethren
Cactus Cacti (old use)
Emporium Emporia
Crisis Crises
Tooth Teeth
8) Some nouns have no plural forms: 9) Some nouns are used in the plural
form only.
Singular Plural
Clothes Goods
Advice Advice
Contents Statistics
Deer Deer
Shorts Pants
Knowledge Knowledge
Trousers Spectacles
Series Series
Thanks Scissors
News News
Pyjamas Compasses
Music Music
People Gymnastics
Sheep Sheep
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8. 10) Some nouns are plural in form but 11) Compound Nouns (i.e. words formed
are used in the singular. by joining other words) add „s‟.
Athletics Singular Plural
Economics Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Looker-on Lookers-on
Ethics
Commander Commanders
Mathematics Lord Justice Lords Justice
News Father-in-law Fathers-in-law
-in-chief -in-chief
Politics
Passer-by Passers-by
12) The following are foreign words:
Singular Plural
Abacus Abaci
Antithesis Antitheses
Bacillus Bacilli
Formula Formulae
Genus Genera
Larva Larvae
Oasis Oases
Radius Radii
Dictum Data
Lacuna Lacunae (Lacunas)
Maximum Maxima
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9. 1.2.2 PART OF SPEECH : PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS
Word used for or instead of a noun.
It shows the person or thing without
giving the name.
A pronoun stands alone. It is not used
with a Noun. An Adjective is used with
a Noun.
Objective Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
 Pronoun used AFTER
 Pronoun used
a verb.
BEFORE a verb.
 Example:
 Example:
 Me, you, him, her, it,
 I, you, he, she, it,
us, them.
we, they.
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10. KIND OF PRONOUNS.
KIND OF PRONOUNS
Personal Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun
Example: Example:
I, we, you, he, she, it, they. Who? Which? What? Whose?
Reflexive and Emphasizing Indefinite Pronoun
Pronoun
Example:
Example:
One, any, each, some, all, none,
Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, nothing, anyone, something,
herself, itself, themselves. somebody, etc.
Demonstrative Pronoun Distributive Pronoun
Example: Example:
This, that, these, those, such, Each, either, neither, etc.
same, etc.
Possessive Pronoun Relative Pronoun
Example: Example:
Mine, ours, yours, his, her, its, Who, which, that, what, whom, as,
theirs. whoever, whichever, whatever, etc.
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11. Personal Pronouns Stand For Three Persons
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
The person or persons speaking. The person or persons spoken to.
Example: Example:
I, we. You.
THIRD PERSON
The person or persons or thing spoken
about.
Example:
He, She, They, It.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns Used as Subject of Personal Pronouns Used as Objects of
Verbs Verbs.
(Who? What?) (Who? What?)
(The Nominative Case) (The Nominative Case)
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
First Person: I We First Person: Me Us
Second Person: You You Second Person: You You
Third Person: He They Third Person: Him Them
She They Her Them
It They It Them
a. I made a cake. a. Give me some money.
b. We saw a dog. b. You told us some lies.
c. You ran fast. c. She gave you the book.
Example: Example:
d. He went out. d. I told him the story.
e. She read a book. e. Give her the pen.
f. It made a noise. f. Give it some food.
g. They sang songs. g. We told them everything.
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12. THE GENDER OF PRONOUNS.
MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all The masculine gender is used for all
males. females.
Examples: Examples:
He, him, himself. She, her, herself.
THE GENDER
PRONOUNS
COMMON GENDER NEUTER GENDER
The common gender is used where The neuter gender is used for things
the noun can be both male and which have no life or sex or are not
female. thought of as having life or sex.
Examples: Examples:
I, me, myself, you, yourself, it (a child It ( a thing), itself, they, (things), them,
creature, etc.) itself. We, us, themselves.
ourselves, yourselves, they, (children,
creatures, etc.) them, themselves.
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13. NUMBER OF PRONOUNS.
NUMBER OF
PRONOUNS
SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
o I o We
o You o You
o He o They
o She o They
o It o They
o Me o Us
o Him o Them
o Her o Them
o Mine o Ours
o Yours o Yours
o His o Theirs
o Hers o Theirs
o Myself o Ourselves
o Yourself o Yourselves
o Himself o Themselves
o Herself o Themselves
o Itself o Themselves
o This o These
o That o Those
o One o Ones
o Who o Who
o Whose o Whose
o Whom o Whom
o Which o Which
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14. 1.2.3 PART OF SPEECH : VERB.
VERB
A verb is a saying-word.
The verb tells us what a person or
thing does.
ONE WORD MORE THAN ONE WORD
 Example:  Example:
 Maria eats every day.  Tom is playing football.
 Joe reads every day.  He was beaten by his
 Daniel studies every day. father.
 Sasha plays every  She will go tomorrow.
evening.  The money has been lost.
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15. AUXILIARY VERBS
The words that helping a verbs.
VERB: TO BE VERB: TO HAVE
Present Tense (Time): now, every day, Present Tense (Time): now, every
always, often, usually, etc. day, always, often, usually, etc.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
(one) (more than one) (one) (more than one)
I am We are I have We have
You are You are You have You have
He is They are He has They have
She is They are She has They have
It is They are It has They have
Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last night, Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last
last month, last year, etc. night, last month, last year, etc.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
(one) (more than one) (one) (more than one)
I was I had We had
We were
You were You had You had
You were
he was He had They had
They were
she was She had They had
They were
it was It had They had
They were
Future Tense (Time): tomorrow, next Future Tense (Time): tomorrow, next
year, next month, next week, etc. year, next month, next week, etc.
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
(one) (more than one) (one) (more than one)
I shall be We shall be I shall have We shall have
You will be You will be You will have You will have
He will be They will be He will have They will have
She will be They will be She will have They will have
It will be They will be It will have They will have
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16. VERB
TRANSITIVE VERBS
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
o The transitive verb is the verb
which needs an object to make o An Intransitive Verb does not need an
object to complete its meaning or
its meaning clear or complete.
sense.
o The object is a noun or pronoun. o Example:
So, we ask the question “what?” 1. He comes every day. (no object)
or “whom?” after the verb to 2. She sings well. (no object)
find its object. 3. You talk loudly. (no object)
o Example: 4. He runs fast. (no object)
1. Tom played football.
o NOTE: The words, every day, well,
Verb: played
loudly and fast do not answer the
Question: Played what? question, “what?” or “whom?” after
Answer: football the verb. They answer the question,
football = object “when?" or “how?” They are
played = Transitive verb therefore not nouns or objects. They
are verbs.
2. I helped him.
Verb: helped
Question: helped who?
Answer: him
him = object
helped = Transitive verb
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17. VERB
FINITE VERBS
INFINITIVE VERBS
o The finite verb is the Verb that changes
o The Infinitive verb is a verb that does
with the person and number of the
not change with the person and the
subject.
number of the subject.
o Every sentence must have a finite verb.
1.2.4 PART OF SPEECH : ADJECTIVES. o It also likes a noun because it names,
o Example:
that is, it names an action. But the
1. We go to school. (go = finite verb) infinitive can take an object. So, the
He goes to school. infinitive can take an object.
o Example:
2. They come here every day.
(come = finite verb)
She comes here every day. 1. He wants to eat rice.
(to eat = infinitive)
3. We do not tell lies. (do = finite verb)
He does not tell lies. (to eat what? rice)
(rice = object)
2. He likes to play football.
(to play = infinitive)
(to play what? football)
(football = object)
3. They like to hear music.
(to hear = infinitive)
(to hear what? music)
(music = object)
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18. ADJECTIVE
A word which tells something more about
a noun, that is, about a thing or a person.
It also a describing-word. It is a word
added to a noun to tell us something more
about that noun.
Example:
Beautiful, good, poor, etc.
Adjective of Quality Adjective of Quality Possessive Adjective
Tells about the color, Tells about how An adjective which
size, shape or many or how much shows that something
condition of a noun is called. belongs to a person of
is called an Adjective Its shows the quantity thing.
of Quality. or amount. Its shows ownership or
It answers the Example: possession. It answers
question, “what kind Five, many, some, the question, “whose?”
of?”. much, little, etc. Example:
Example: My, your, her, our, his,
Black, round, small, their, etc.
hot, etc.
Interrogative Adjective Demonstrative Adjective
An adjective which asks Which point out a person
a question. or thing.
Usually comes before a It answers the question
noun. It tells something “which?”
more about a noun. Example:
Example: This, these, that, those,
Which, what, whose, etc.
etc.
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19. 1.2.5 PART OF SPEECH : ADVERB.
Adverb of Place
This shows where an
Adverb of Time action or something is Adverb of Manner
done or happens.
This shows when an This shows how an
Example:
action or something is action or something is
 He is standing outside.
done or happens. done or happens.
 She came in.
Example: Example:
 They walked out.
 He comes always.  He speaks softly.
 She is eating now.  She walks quickly.
 He told me then.  He failed badly.
Adverb of Degree Relative Adverb
(when,where,how,why)
This answers the
questions, “to what TYPE OF ADVERB The words are not
degree?” or “how questions.
much?” Example:
Example:  He read much.
 He read much.  She shouts too now.
 She shouts too now.  I am very sorry.
 I am very sorry.
Affirmative Adverb Interrogative Adverb
(Yes) and Adverb of (question)
Negation (No) Example:
 When?
Example:
 Where?
 Yes, surely, certainly,
 How?
indeed, by all means.
 Why?
 No, not at all, by no
 How much?
means.
 How often?
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20. 1.2.6 PART OF SPEECH : CONJUCTIONS.
A Conjunction Can Join Words
Example:
I saw a man and a dog. (joining two Nouns)
She spoke and I laughed. (joining two Verbs)
He was hungry and thirsty. (joining two Adjectives)
He speaks gently and softly. (joining two Adverbs)
CONJUNCTIONS
Words that joining words.
Example:
 And, but, because, since, if, so, although,
before, until, unless, therefore, or, yet, for,
etc.
A Conjunction Can Phrases A Conjunction Can Sentences
Example: Example:
They started on the journey, full of hope and James is 1.8 metres tall and weighs 80
happy together. kilograms.
(Phrases: full of hope; happy together) (Sentences: James 1.8 metres tall; james
weighs 80 kilograms)
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21. 1. If both Subject are Singular, the verb 2. If both Subject are Plural, then the
which follows “either … or”, “neither … Conjunctions “either … or”, “neither …
nor” must be in the Singular. nor” must be in the Plural Verb.
Example: Example:
a. Either his father or his mother is ill. a. Either my friends or your friends have done
(mother = Singular Subject, is = Singular it.
Verb) (friends = Plural Subject, have = Plural verb)
b. Neither boy nor girl speaks English. b. Neither his brothers nor his sisters are good .
(girl = Singular Subject, speaks = Singular (sisters = Plural Subject, are = Plural verb)
Verb)
Rules to Remember when
Using Conjunctions
The Verb must agree
with the subject.
3. If one Subject is Singular and the 3. If one Subject is Plural and the other
other Plural, the Verb is in the Plural. Singular, the verb is in the Singular.
Example: Example:
a. Either he or they have it. a. Either they or he has it.
(they = Plural, have = Plural) (he = Singular, has = Singular)
b. Neither she nor we are angry. b. Neither we nor she is angry.
(we = Plural, are = Plural) (she = Singular, is = Singular)
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22. 1.2.7 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.
PREPOSITIONS
Word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to
some other word in the sentence.
The same word may used as a Preposition, an adverb or a Conjunction.
It also always governs the Noun or Pronoun; the Adverb modifies the
Verb.
EXAMPLE
o His hat is on his head. (on = Preposition)
(head = Noun)
o He walked past the door. (past = Preposition)
(door = Noun)
o They were in the room. (in = Preposition)
(room = Noun)
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23. PREPOSITIONS INDICATE
Direction Position
 Joel went to town.  Rahimah sat on the chair.
 Jerad walked towards me.  We live under one roof.
 Jamie came into our room.  The ticket is in my shirt pocket.
Time By someone
 You can meet me at tomorrow night.  The story was by Susila.
 Sugi always comes home on time.  This photo was taken by Lee.
 I walk around the lake in morning.  This candy was bought by Sudin.
By Something With Something
 Segran sent the letter by Pos Laju.  Salmah cooked the Maggi with a
 Sheila went to Penang by bus. bowl.
 Philip contacted me by telephone.  Santha cut mango with a knife.
With Someone Quantity Of Something
 Subri went to England with her sister.  I gave my wife a bouquet of roses on
 Jacob went to market with Jamal and Valentine’s Day.
Jaibon.  I drink one glass of water.
Of Something Like Someone
 He lives in a house of stone.  She sings like Ziana Zain.
 We are short of money.  Ramesh Mutu behaves like a
 This is a table of wood. gangster.
Like Something
 The wrestler walks like a gorilla.
 Sharizam runs like cheetah.
 Debora cry like the sound of the cat.
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24. SIMPLE PREPOSITION COMPOUND PREPOSITION
-Word of only one syllable -Word of two or more syllable and is usually
made up of two or more word or is formed
-at, down, by, from, for, in, like, of, off, on, by prefixing and suffixing.
per, to, up, with, plus, save, etc.
-about, above, across, after, against,
among, despite, along, etc.
TYPES OF PREPOSITION
There are four types of preposition: simple,
compound, participle, phrase.
PARTICIPLE PREPOSITION PHRASE PREPOSITION
-A participle form used with the force of -A group of two words or more word
preposition rather than with the force of an
adjective, gerund or a verbal noun -Because of according to, as to, by means
of, in accordance with, together with, etc.
-concerning, considering, providing,
regarding, etc.
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25. 1.2.8 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.
Hush! Oh!
-Used to warn people to -Used to express surprise,
listen and not to make wonder, anger, fear,
noise.
INTERJECTION
-Used to express some sudden feeling
-Usually written with Exclamation mark (!)
-It is a sound or noise that people made when they are
excited
-Also used to express some strong feeling
Alas! Hurray!
-used to express sorrow or -Used to express joy or
regret. victory.
Another Interjection that
usually used are: Hello!,
Bah! Fie!, bravo!, Ha!,
Pooh!.
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