An update on the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP's Mali Poultry Project and project status report. Presentation given by M. Lacy (University of Georgia) at the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27, 2011.

1. Mali Poultry Project Jack Houston Catherine Keske Mike Lacy

2. Purpose Enhance income of women Improve nutrition of children Reduce impact of climate change Make poultry production efficient

4. Poultry Production in Mali 95% “village” chicken Disease Nutrition, husbandry, genetics 50% mortality 6 months to 1 kg

5. Newcastle Disease Viral disease, resp., intest., neur. Affects poultry worldwide Vaccine problems in West Africa

13. Supply and demand Marketing Infrastructure Potential for improvements Challenges and opportunities

28. Challenges Flock philosophy Bank account Eggs – replication Death inevitable Crop philosophy Grow, sell, grow, sell, … invest Domestic source of chicks

33. Opportunities Chick stock Disease prevention Housing Nutrition Management Marketing – flock versus crop Allied services Capacity building, educational, coops, etc.

50. Egg production andMeat production

54. Nutrition Vitamin A 24% Fe 25% Choline 25% Calcium 13% Phosphorous Vitamin B12 Selenium

55. Nutrition Dancing with Skeletons – K. Dettwyler Protein deficit 22 grams for children 4-8 yrs 56 grams for teenagers 71 grams for pregnant women One egg = 31 grams quality protein

57. Nutrition Dancing with Skeletons – K. Dettwyler Protein deficit 10 grams for infants 22 grams for children 4-8 yrs 56 grams for teenagers 71 grams for pregnant women One egg = 31 grams quality protein

59. Nutrition Dancing with Skeletons – K. Dettwyler Protein deficit 22 grams for children 4-8 yrs 56 grams for teenagers 71 grams for pregnant women One egg = 31 grams quality protein

61. Nutrition Dancing with Skeletons – K. Dettwyler Protein deficit 22 grams for children 4-8 yrs 56 grams for teenagers 71 grams for pregnant women One egg = 31 grams quality protein

62. Nutrition“Automatic for the People”

63. Climate Change Concentration/management of manure Adaptability of poultry to varied climates Diversification of livestock types Stimulation of cereal grain production

65. Climate Change Concentration/management of manure Adaptability of poultry to varied climates Diversification of livestock types Stimulation of cereal grain production

67. Climate Change Concentration/management of manure Adaptability of poultry to varied climates Diversification of livestock types Stimulation of cereal grain production

70. 1800’s The 1st census to count poultry was in 1880. It recorded 102 million chickens in the US. These were small flocks of chickens often used to provide those legendary farm breakfasts. Any additional eggs produced would provide the necessary spending money for the women in the family. It was a deceptively large business due to the high % of farms that kept chickens.

71. 1800’s Tending chickens took practically no time and often it was the women of the house who were the caretakers. Considered all profit the only cash outlay being the cost of the chicks and wire to repair the pens. The chicken business was a sideline.

72. 1900-1940 Fittingly, a woman, Mrs. Wilma Steele is considered a pioneer in the poultry industry. 1923, 500 chickens, $0.62 per pound. 1924, 1000 chickens, $0.57 per pound. 1925, Mr. S. quit his job to work for Mrs. S. By 1934 seven million meat type chickens were being grown on the Delmarva peninsula.

79. History of Poultry European breed, small, aggressive, flighty

97. History of Poultry When we talk about the history and development of the poultry industry we are talking about an American agricultural success story.

98. Jesse Jewell Jesse Jewel’s mother owned a feed mill in Gainesville, Georgia. Struggling because farmers were too poor to buy feed. So Jesse gave chicks and feed to farmers and when they were grown the farmer kept a portion of the flock for his labor. Jesse received the rest as payment for the feed and chicks. Chickens were shipped for processing. Jessie decided to have the hatchery and processors closer to home ->Vertical Integration.

99. Chickens in Georgia Broilers 1.4 billion birds/yr $13 billion /yr Breeders 13 million birds/yr 1.5 billion/yr Layers 3 billion eggs/yr $600 million/yr 100,000 Georgia jobs

100. 1800’s It was not until late in the 19th century that poultry received recognition as an integral part of agriculture. During the 1870’s and 1880’s the increasing market demands for poultry focused attention on utility type fowls. Plymouth Rock American Brahma American Leghorn

101. 1900’s The majority of agricultural leaders in the early 1900’s never thought poultry would develop as an industry. The farm experts reckoned that you could not compete with a system in which labor was free, feed was free, and the farm wife was counting on the chickens for her spending money.

102. Early Poultry Industry Compared to the rest of the nation, Georgia was not a major poultry area before 1920. The boll weevil swept through Georgia’s cotton in 1920. In South Georgia farmers turned to peanuts and tobacco. In the mountains and foothills of North Georgia farmers were literally starving, depleted soil, hilly terrain, small farms.

103. Today’s Industry Jewell’s “vertical integration” spread throughout Georgia and the South. Georgia and Southern states were able to produce and sell for less than other areas. Jesse Jewell set the mold for which today’s poultry industry is based.

104. Chickens in Georgia Broilers 1.4 billion birds/yr $13 billion /yr Breeders 13 million birds/yr 1.5 billion/yr Layers 3 billion eggs/yr $600 million/yr 100,000 Georgia jobs

105. Chickens in Industry Broiler—meat type chicken W. Plymouth Rock and Cornish Layer—egg producer European

112. This presentation was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development Bilateral Mission in Mali and the generous support of the American people through Grant No. 688-A-00-10-00131-00.The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. government.