1. SCOTTINGWOOD MANOR By: Maria Sugar, Sophia Callanan, and Kelly Privet

2. Weapons

3. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSswords long, edged piece of forged metal used in many civilizations throughout the world cutting or thrusting weapon & (occasionally for clubbing)

4. BLUNT HAND WEAPONS daggars Double-edged blade stabbing or thrusting Daggers often fulfill the role of a secondary defense weapon in close combat tang extends into the handle along the centerline of the blade

5. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSmaces heavy head on the end of a handle to deliver powerful blows.

6. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSmorning star a spiked club long spike extending straight from the top and many smaller spikes around the particle of the head.

7. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSholy water sprinkler steel head with six flanges forming three spikes each short thick spike of square cross section extending from the top. The wooden shaft is reinforced with four langets length of the weapon is 74.5 inches

8. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSflails The military flail or simply flail is a weapon commonly attributed to the Middle-Ages but for which only a limited amount of historical evidence currently exists for most of this era.

9. BLUNT HAND WEAPONSwar hammers intended for close combat action the design of which resembles the hammer.

10. POLE ARMSspears a close combat weapon Main fighting part at the end of a long shaft, typically of wood. extend reach or to increase angular momentum—and thus striking power—when the weapon is swung.

11. POLE ARMSpikes a pole weapon a very long thrusting weapon used extensively by infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as a counter-measure against cavalry assaults not intended to be thrown

12. POLE ARMS corseques A three-bladed head on a 6-8ft. (1.8m-2.5m.) evolved from the winged spear or spetum

13. POLE ARMSdanish axes A heavy crescent-shaped head mounted on a haft 4ft. to 6ft. (1.2-1.8 m.) in length.

14. RANGLED WEAPONSjavelin light spear designed primarily for casting as a ranged weapon almost always thrown by hand

15. RANGLED WEAPONSbows projects arrows powered by its elasticity a form of spring As the bow is drawn, energy is stored as potential energy in the limbs of the bow and transformed into kinetic energy as the string is released, the string transferring this energy to the arrow

16. RANGLED WEAPONSarquebuses an early muzzle-loaded firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries

17. RANGLED WEAPONSartillery Pierriers were employed either to smash masonry walls or to throw projectiles over them made from wood. With the introduction of gunpowder, the perrier ceded its place as the siege engine of choice to the cannon

18. RANGLED WEAPONScounterweight trebuches It could fling three hundred pound (140 kg) projectiles at high speeds, at times including corpses infected with various diseases including the black plague, in an attempt to infect the people under siege, as a medieval variant of biological warfare. Trebuchets were far more accurate than other forms of medieval catapults.

19. RANGLED WEAPONSbombards used during sieges to hurl various forms of missile into enemy fortifications. (Projectiles such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are documented)

20. SUPPLIES

21. Gunpowder Used to make bombs to put into the cannons to have a deadly impact on the other soldiers

22. Armor Mail, or chainmail, small additional plates or discs of iron. Hardened leather and splinted construction were used for arm and leg pieces A coat of plates was developed armor made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat.

23. Horses "chargers" (war horses) "palfreys" (riding horses) cart horses or packhorses. * Reference is also given to their place of origin, such as "Spanish horses”

24. Stirrups Used by knights to help mount the horses

25. knights Used to fight in battle

26. Weapons used by knights in battle to kill the other army

27. LOGISTICS

28. Living off the Land food- raw materials, and equipment. (try to travel in "campaign season” - when there would be both food on the ground and relatively good weather. This season was usually from spring to autumn)

29. Baggage train carry supplies- large battles (the supplies had to be carried with the army and/or transported to it while under guard. alternative supply method that was not dependent on access to a water-way. To refill its supply train, an army would forage extensively as well as re-supply itself in cities or supply points - border castles were frequently stocked with supplies for this purpose.)

30. Boats carry supplies down rivers or across seas

31. Fighting Strategies &Fighters

32. Medieval fighters artfully ducked, dodged, parried and trapped. They used graceful footwork combined with equally graceful techniques. Fighting styles differed because of the weapons and nature of combat.

33. Fechtbuchs Fechtbuchs illustrate a host of weapons and tricks. Among them are several manuals of unarmed combat, as well. Medieval fighters strive for powerful attacks. The Fechtbuchs show techniques that deflect the weapon and inflict damage to the other person in the same motion.

35. Use of Weapons The shield could be used to jam, block, trap and strike. A man might throw his sword, and then wrestle his opponent to the ground. He may use his weapon to trap, pin or hold his opponent.

36. Knights There were three types of knights during the middle ages: Knights, Foot Soldiers, and Archers.

37. Death’s In most medieval battles, more soldiers were killed during the retreat than in battle, this is because mounted knights could quickly and easily take out the archers and infantry who were no longer protected by a line of pikes as they had been during the previous fighting.

38. Formation Generals formed their troops by dividing them in the vanguard, the center and the rearguard. The vanguard consisted of archers and long-range attackers The center consisted mainly of heavy horses and heavy infantry (such as pike men and sword men). In the rearguard, faster horses were employed since they would be mainly used either for killing retreating units or for giving additional backup.

39. Formation cont. The vanguard was normally formed to the right while the center and the rearguard to the left. They constituted the main striking force that was supposed to either form a triangle and kill pike men or make a long line to kill other forms of infantry (such as sword men). If all of this failed, normally the remaining horses would be sent.

40. Retreating On a calm retreat, very few people died. More people died when retreating than on the actual battle. When an army retreated, the opposite army's horses could easily kill the archers, pike men and infantry.

41. Castle fortifications

42. Castle Fortifications Moat- a deep trench usually filled with water that surrounded a castle Drawbridge- the only means of getting over a moat and into the castle Arrow slits/murder holes- thin slits/holes in the walls gave archers protection Round walls- round walls were harder to penetrate than flat walls

43. Castle Fortifications Cont. Gatehouses- held soldiers that were always ready for an attack Towers- high towers gave good views of the surrounding land and possible attackers Portcullis- heavy gate used to block entry to the castle

44. armor

45. Nasal Helm

46. Great Helm

47. Bascinet

48. Barbute

49. Close Helmet

50. Defense Tools are expensive to make in large quantities Knights take years to train Horses must me trained and armored The supplies takes a while to acquire and is expensive Boats are expensive and have to be made well – labor and time

51. Defense cont. Armor is expensive Takes a while for the knights to learn the formations and patterns Castle walls can be torn down Living off the land can prove futile and knights could be in need of food and other supplies