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Rewilding Landscapes for Environmental Resilience
- 1. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Rewilding Steve Carver Director, Wildland Research Institute
- 2. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Outline: •Nature and society •Reconnecting people and nature •(re)wilding •Landscapes of resilience •Reintroductions
- 3. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT “In wildness is the preservation of the world” Henry Thoreau (1862)
- 4. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT http://blogs.uww.edu/introtolatinamerica/2011/10/03/deforestation-in-latin-america/
- 5. http://www.taos-telecommunity.org/epow/EPOW-Archive/archive_2010/EPOW-100125.htm School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 6. http://www.kristin-reinig.de/blickdichtes/wordpress/en/photo-shoot/opencast-shoot/ School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 7. http://biodilloversity.wordpress.com/2011/11/07/overfishing-101/ School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 8. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 9. Nature and society School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT First Nature Second Nature Third nature "We sow corn, we plant trees, we fertilize the soil by irrigation, we dam the rivers and direct them where we want. In short, by means of our hands we try to create as it were a second nature within the natural world.“ Cicero 45BC …gardens make a “third nature, which I would not know how to name.” Bonfadio (1541) Frontispiece to l'Abbé de Vallemont's Curiositez de la nature et de l'art (1705)
- 10. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT After: Carver (2012) (Re)creating Wilderness: Rewilding and habitat restoration. In Howard, Thompson & Waterton (eds) The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies
- 11. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT “The first rule of intelligent tinkering is to keep all the parts.” Aldo Leopold (1949)
- 12. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Tier 1 (strongest protection for wildlife): Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas, Ramsar sites, national and local nature reserves, etc Tier 2: local wildlife sites and ancient woodland Tier 3 (weakest protection for wildlife): national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty
- 13. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 14. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT http://www.esri.com/mapmuseum/mapbook_gallery/volume26/conservation/conservation-2.html
- 15. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Re-wilding • Emerging wild land policy in the UK • background of historical, environmental, social, political and economic drivers • Benchmark projects • The Carrifran Wildwood Project • Wild Ennerdale • Wicken Fen • Multiple benefits and environmental http://www.wildland- resilience network.org/projects/wn_rewild_ database.htm
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- 19. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 20. Copyright: SteveMG School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 21. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Ash Angelica Strawberry Baneberry Ash Blackthorn Sycamore Baneberry Valerian Dog’s mercury Bilberry Violet Figwort Water avens Fragrant orchid Birch Gooseberry Bird cherry Welsh poppy Hawthorn Birds eye primrose Hazel Willows x 3 Birds foot trefoil Heart’s tongue fern Bitter vetch Wood anemone Ivy Limestone oak fern Blackthorn Wood cranesbill Raspberry Bloody cranesbill Wood sage Rigid buckler fern Bluebell Rowan Wood sorrel Sycamore Bracken Yarrow Thalictrum Brittle bladder fern Yew Violet Bugle Welsh poppy Butterwort Wood anemone Cinquefoil Wood sage Cowberry Wood sorrel Creeping corydalis Daffodil Devil’s bit scabious Dog rose Biodiversity: Dog’s mercury Early pruple orchid Elder Field scabious Southerscales Figwort Globe flower Greater burnet Green spleenwort versus Guelder rose Scar Close Hard head Hawthorn Hazel Heart’s tongue fern Heather Honeysuckle Ivy Juniper Lesser meadow rue Lily of the valley Limestone oak fern Meadow sweet Melancholy thistle Milkwort Orpine Primrose Raspberry Red currant Rigid buckler fern Rock rose Rowan Solomon’s seal St John’s wort Stone bramble
- 22. The culprit….? School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 23. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 24. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 25. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Work by Claire MacAlister-Hall, BSc 2011-12
- 26. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT • Multiple viewpoints as to what is ‘wild’ or ‘natural’ • History of attrition of wild spaces • from prehistory to present • recent revival in interest in ‘wild nature’ • Emerging policy • Scotland (SNH, NTS, JMT) • England (Natural England, Wildlife Trusts) • Wales (Coed Eryri, CCW) • Opportunities for (re)wilding • economic climate • policy climate • public interest
- 27. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Two basic approaches: • "letting go“ • if a landscape is left unmanaged for a long enough period, nature will take over and produce its own entirely natural landscape • may not necessarily be the same landscape that existed before human settlement, but it will be natural • "wild by design“ • we may need to actively 'design' wild landscapes by assisting the regeneration of native species to recreate a more natural looking landscape • limited economic activity in the form of low intensity grazing and recreation is still possible and indeed desirable After Council for National Parks (1998) Wild by Design
- 28. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT • Developing new wild lands where opportunities arise • Edwards Review (1991) • CNP “Wild By Design” (1998) • Natural England’s “Vital Uplands” (2009) • Lawton Report (2010) and DEFRA White Paper (2011) • Aspects of re-wilding • promotion of wilderness qualities • enhancing and recreating semi-natural habitats • promotion of ecological process in near-natural areas • securing ecosystem services
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- 31. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 32. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Edwards Review (1991) “a number of experimental schemes on a limited scale should be set up in National Parks where farming is withdrawn entirely and the natural succession of vegetation is allowed to take its course” (Recommendation 6.3, Edwards, 1991)
- 33. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT After Council for National Parks (1998) Wild by Design
- 34. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Environmental resilience • How does (re)wilding fit with this approach/view? • Drivers for change • social, environmental, economic, political • Factors influencing environmental degradation and landscape response • robust nature vs delicate balance • landscape and public perceptions
- 35. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Environmental drivers • Climate change and ecological response • shifting patterns of migration and range • N-S movements and altitudinal shifts • different responses by different species • Changing geographies of nature • Humanistic barriers to adaptability • lack of space/continuity between wild areas • pollution (critical loads) and environmental stress
- 36. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Policy drivers • CAP reform and changes in agricultural subsidies • over-production/over-grazing • environmental stewardship • agri-environment schemes (fitting in) • EU Directives • Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 • Water Framework Directive • Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) • Management for “Favourable status”
- 37. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Economic drivers • CAP reform and the single farm payment • agricultural ‘disasters’ • FMD • BSE • falling prices and the power of the big supermarkets • increasing proportion of rural economy based on tourism
- 38. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Social drivers • rise in outdoor recreation and leisure time • greater mobility and disposable income • rural migration: • in migration of retirees and commuters • out migration of farm workers, etc.
- 39. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Re-introductions of native species • Nature management in UK? • maintaining habitats and species • remnants of former farming/forestry systems • management using past practice • i.e. “nature gardening” • Alternative systems? • holistic and ecosystems-based approaches • less human intervention... i.e. “letting go” • emphasis on role of large herbivores and predators?
- 40. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
- 41. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Herbivores we have lost… Three Extinct! Back! Back! One herd
- 42. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT • Management with introduced grazers?
- 43. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Eurasian lynx European brown bear Grey wolf What about the carnivores? The BIG three
- 44. School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT The next steps? • “Wild by Design” highlights the challenge… “the commitment to leave minimal intervention areas on a much larger scale (landscapes of thousands of hectares) and over much longer periods (hundreds of years)” (CNP, 1998) • integrating re-wilding with farming... “Wilderness and Plenty” Fraser Darling • packaging and marketing • selling idea to the public and politicians… and more importantly (perhaps) local land owners and farmers • developing a workable and realistic strategy • Education!