History Handouts by Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Be proud of being a Filipino!
SY2: 2008- 2009

PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY

A. Origin of the Philippines
1. Legends
• The story of the bird, the sky, and the sea
2. Theories
i. Part of a lost continent
• It was believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the pacific which
had sunk during pre- historic times like the fabled Atlantis lost somewhere in the Atlantic
Ocean.
• This lost pacific continent was called “Lemuria” or “Mu”.
• Its remnants aside from Philippines were Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and other
islands of the pacific.
ii. Volcanic Origin
• It was proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis.
• According to this theory, Philippines was born due to the eruptions of sea volcanoes in
remote epochs.
iii. Land Bridge Theory
• This theory suggests that Philippines was once a landmass bridging China and the Asian
Mainland, to Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea, and even Australia. The present China Sea
was an exposed dry land known as the Sunda Shelf which covered an area of 1, 800, 000
square kilometers. During the post glacial age, about 250, 000 years ago, the world’s ice
melted, causing the sea level to rise. Consequently, the lower land regions including the
land bridges linking Asia and the Philippines were submerged, thus, Philippines
archipelago was formed.
• This theory is supplied by the following plausible reasons;
a. Similarity of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippines
b. Similarity of rock structure
c. Existence of the shallow China Sea between the Asia Mainland and
the Philippines
d. The presence of a fore deep at the eastern margin of the Philippines
indicating the archipelago was once the edge of the Asia continental
Platform
B. Archipelago’s Name
1. Filipinas
• The name given to Philippines in 1543 by the ill- starred Spanish explorer, Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos, in honor of Prince Felipe of Austria who later became Philip II, the greatest
king of Spain.
• This name first appeared on a rare map published at Venice in 1554 by Giovanni Battista
Ramusio.
2. Philippine Islands
• The anglicized name of Filipinas during the American colonial regime.
3. Republic of the Philippines
• The name given to Philippines after the decolonization in 1946.
4. Ma-yi/ ma-i

Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
• The name given to Philippines by the early Chinese traders such as Chau Ju Kua and
Wang Ta- Yuan.
• Same names such as Mintolang for Mindanao, Makilu for Manila, and Pishoye for
Visayas were also dubbed to Philippines by the Chinese.
• Ma- i is generally accepted to refer to the island of Mindoro in Luzon because of its gold
and proximity in the Chinese mainland.
5. Rizaline Republic
• The name proposed by the Katipunan General Artemio Ricarte in honor of Dr. Jose
Rizal.
6. Maharlika
• It was proposed by former President Ferdinand Marcos after his dream of making the
Philippines great again.
7. Pearl of the Orient Seas
• The most romantic name of the Philippines.
• It was originally given in 1751 by father Juan J. Delgado as a name of Manila (Pearl of
the Orient) and was also mentioned by Manuel De Azcarraga y Palmero.
• It was also grunted by Dr. Jose P. Rizal in his published article in the Hong Kong
Telegraph.
C. Geography and Resources
1. Location
• The Philippine Archipelago sprawls a little above the equator in Southeast Asia between
latitude 4 degree 23” and 21 degree 25” north and longitude 116 degree and 127 degree
east.
• Philippines has a very strategic location due to the following;
a. It serves as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West.
b. It lies at the crossroad of international air and sea routes.
c. It looms as bastion of democracy in an area where dictators and
communism hold sway over Asian Nations.
d. It is the citadel of Christianity between the largely Christian west and
largely non- Christian east. Hence, its role as “Christian Light of the
World”.
2. Area
• The Philippines is an archipelago of 7, 107 islands of which 2, 773 are named.
• It has a total land area of 115, 707 sq. miles or 299, 681 sq. km.
• Luzon has an area of 40, 814 sq. miles while Mindanao has 36, 906 sq. miles.
• Y’ Ami Isle is the northernmost point of the Philippines.
3. Shape
• Philippines is an inverted Y- shaped archipelago of numerous islands, islets, coral reefs,
abundant rivers, lakes and bays, mountains and valleys, cool plateaus, and scenic
volcanoes.
• Christian Scholars commented that Luzon is like a Helmet, Visayas and Mindanao is the
Arms and Legs, and Palawan is Spirit Sword.
4. Climate
• The Philippine climate is tropical and monsoonal in character.
• The two distinct seasons are dry season and wet season.
• The temperature varies from 21 degree Celsius to 32 degree Celsius.


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• The coldest month is January and the Hottest is May.
5. Regions
• • Region 9- Zamboanga Peninsula
Region 1- Ilocos Region
• • Region 10- Northern Mindanao
Region 2- Cagayan Valley
• • Region 11- Davao Region
Region 3- Central Luzon
• • Region 12- SOCCSKSARGEN
Region 4A-
• Region 13- CARAGA
CALABARZON
• Region 4B- MIMAROPA • CAR- Cordillera Administrative Region
• Region 5- Bicol Region • NCR- National Capital Region
• Region 6- Western Visayas • ARMM- Autonomous Region of Muslim
• Region 7- Central Visayas Mindanao
• Region 8- Eastern Visayas
6. Natural Resources
• Soil is the most important natural resources in the Philippines primarily of most people
earn a living from tiling the land. Filipinos are fortunate of having a highly fertile land.
• The country has rich plant life. Agricultural experts believed that 8,120 species of plants
grow in the country, that is, about 1,000 varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, and
3,000 species of trees.
• 850 species of birds are found in the Philippines. Carabao is the most useful animal for it
serves as farmer’s best friend.
• At least 2,000 species of fish are found in the waters of the Philippine archipelago.
• Philippine forest lands have a total area of 16,633,000 hectares which represents 55
percent of the total land area. The Philippines rank third in forest reserves.
• Philippines is one of Asia’s great gold producing regions.
• Energy in the Philippines is used to supply electricity and fuel to run factories, light
homes, and offices.
7. Beauty Spots
• The Banaue Rice Terraces was built more than 2,000 years ago by hardy Ifugaos using
only their bare hands and crude stone tools.
• The Mount Mayon is the Crowning Glory of the Philippine Natural Wonders.
• Manila Bay is one of the Enchanting Wonders of the Country.
• Other beauty spots are being rediscovered.
8. Historical Places
• Luneta Park- It was a beautiful setting built in honor of the Philippines greatest hero,
Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It is used to be called Bagumbayan Field where Rizal was executed by
a Spanish military firing squad at early dawn of December 30, 1896.
• Corregidor- It is a national shrine nicknamed as “The Rock”. This was the vlast bastion
to fall to the invading Japanese in 1942. Such made it the symbol of the determined
resistance of its Filipino and American defenders.
• Paoay Church- It was built in 1694 commissioned by the Augustinian friars led by Fr.
Antonio Estavillo. It was declared as one of the national treasures by former president
Ferdinand Marcos.
• Intramuros (Fort Santiago)- It was the old capital of Manila which was built in 1571. It
was used to be the seat of colonial powers of both Spain and the United States of
America. It was also a dreaded prison under the Spanish regime and the scene of


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countless military police atrocities during the Japanese occupation. Here, too, Dr. Jose
Rizal spent his last hours before his execution at Bagumbayan.
• Aguinaldo Shrine- It was here where Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine
independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was where the Philippine flag first
raised.
• Cavite Shrine- It was in this place where Emilio Aguinaldo was declared the first
president of the Philippine republic. The republic of which the first in Asia.
• Barasoain Church- It was here where the constitution of the republican government was
drafted on September 15, 1898. this constitution was also known as the Malolos
Constitution because the church is located in Malolos, Bulacan.
• Mount Samat- It is situated at Pilar, Bataan. It is in this mountain that the gigantic cross
named as “Dambana ng Kagitingan” (Altar of Valor) was erected on April 1942. the
cross symbolizes the heroic and courageous defense made by fatigue, hungry, and sick
Filipino and American soldiers in regaing our freedom during world war II.

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

A. Origin of the Filipinos


PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
1. The Religious Sources(Friar- Historians Ideas)
• The ancestors of the Filipinos sprung out of the soil like wild plants.
• Filipinos were created by the sun.
• Filipinos were produced from base metals by the magic act of the ancient alchemist or
termed as herbolarios.
• Filipinos descended from the Adam of Asia; the other Adam being European Adam, for
whom the Spaniards and the Jews came from.
• Filipinos were descendants of Tarshish, one of Noah’s great grandsons, who settled in the
Philippines after the great flood.
2. Legends
• The first Filipino couple sprang out from bamboo nodules. They were named Lalake and
Babae or Malakas and Maganda.
• The second legend claims a racial superiority in the brown complexion of the Filipinos
that is Filipinos were baked by God named Bathala.
3. Theories
• Migration Theory- It was proposed by Professor H. Otley Beyer. Beyer believed that
Filipinos came from to the Philippines in different waves of migration. Such is explained
in the table:
Dawn Man Negritos Indonesians A Indonesians B Malays
Date of 250,000 years 25,000- 30,000 3,000- 4,000 1,500- 500 BC 20 BC
Migration ago years ago BC
 Thickly  Black skin  tall  shorter 
Characteristics medium
 5 ft tall  slender  bulky body
Haired height
 Brawny  dark kinky  light  dark  slim but
hair complexion complexion well built
 round black  thin lips  thick lips  brown skin
 high  large nose 
eyes black hair
 flat noses 
aquiline dark brown
nose eyes
 He lived   They had permanent dwellings. 
Ways of Life Nomadic They
by means  They lived  They wore clothing and introduced
of through personal ornaments. iron metal,
 They knew agriculture, mining,
gathering hunting, smiting,
wild fishing, and and copper tools. pottery
plants, by foraging for making,
fishing, wild plants. cloth

and They wore weaving,
hunting little and jewelry
clothing. making.
 They have
crudest
religion.
 They were
among the
world’s best
archers and
herbalists

• Critiques


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a. Prof. Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution
and migratory diffusion as the basis for his hypotheses, which have now been
proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain such theory.
b. The empirical archaeological data for this theory was based on surface finds
and mere conjecture, which lot of imagination and unproven data included.
c. There are no evidences of the existence of the Dawn Man. So far, the oldest
human fossil in the Philippines is the skull cap of a stone aged Filipino about
22,000 years ago which was excavated by Dr. Robert B. Fox inside Tabon
Cave in Palawan on May 28, 1962.
d. Undue credit is given to the Malays as the original settlers of the lowland
regions and the dominant cultural transmitters.
e. The migration theory does not agree with the real character of Filipinos, who
are adaptive and highly creative people because it suggests that the Filipinos
were only passive receptors of outside culture.
• Core Population Theory- The early inhabitants of the Philippines are treated as a unit,
consisting of a core population to which were added accretions of people who moved in
from the region, but the movements were erratic rather than sequential wave. The people
of Southeast Asia belonged with the same unit. This theory asserted that Filipinos were
not merely passive receptors of outside culture but adaptors and in some way initiators of
creative changes. It puts emphasis on the cultural integrity and adaptability of the
Filipinos which made this theory favored by modern scholars.
• Critiques
a. The core population theory is still evolutionist and assumes too many facts as
given where they are yet many gaps in the theory.
b. It is vague as opposed to the easily understood migration theory.
B. Filipino Traits
1. Strengths of the Filipino Character
• Family Orientation- It refers to a genuine and deep love for the family. For the
Filipinos, the family, as the basic social institution, includes not only the father, the
mother, their brothers and sisters, but also the grandparents, the aunts, the uncles, the
cousins, and even the ceremonial relatives. Concern for the family is eloquently
manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and the elders, in the care given to
children, the generosity extended to a kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one endures
for the welfare of the family.
• Hard Work and Industry- It refers to one’s willingness to risk taking jobs in a foreign
land with a different culture, not to mention the social cost.
• Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity- Filipinos have the capacity to adjust and to
adapt to conditions and circumstances in a given environment, both physical and social.
They have the ability to improvise and make use of whatever is on hand in order to create
and produce new things out of discarded scraps, for survival.
• Pakikipagkapwa- tao- It refers to a deep sense of concern for one’s dignity and respect.
This is manifested in a basic regard for justice and fairness to others. “Pakikiramay”, the
sensitivity to people’s feelings- “pakikiramdam” and “pagtitiwala” are bonds that
promote feelings of closeness to one another and become the foundation of unity.
• Joy and Humor- It refers to propensity to cheer and laugh and have a fun loving
approach to the ups and downs of life. Laughing at themselves and the mess they are in is
an important coping mechanism.

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• Faith and Religiosity- Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Their innate religiosity
enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God’s will and
plan. Filipinos live very intimately with religion and prayers have been important part of
their lives.
2. Weaknesses of Filipino Character
• Extreme Personalism- It refers to the extent to which one is able to relate personally to
things and people determines the recognition of their existence and the value attached to
them. This extreme personalism often leads to graft and corruption and other
malpractices in our government institutions.
• Extreme Family Centeredness- The extreme excessiveness of family centeredness
becomes detrimental to the welfare of a larger community. The use of one’s office and
power to promote the interest of one’s family results in the utter lack of concern for the
common good.
• Lack of Discipline- This results in the use of shortcuts or the “palusot” syndrome,
“nakaisa”, “nakalamang”, and “nakadaya”, in the Filipino vocabulary, words loaded with
implied values. In several instances, Filipinos are guilty of the “ningas- cogon” tendency.
They start their projects with full enthusiasm and interest, which abruptly die down,
leaving things unfinished. What a waste!
• Lack of National Consciousness- A proper understanding of one’s history is a very
important factor in the development of national consciousness because it will serve to
demonstrate how the present is influence by the past.
• Colonial Mentality- These conditions are attributed to two dimensions- lack of
patriotism and national integration and the strong preference for imported goods, foreign
ideas and ways.
• Passivity and Lack of Initiative- While it is true that Filipinos can adjust to
circumstances in a given environment and posses some creative talents; they are
generally passive and lacking in initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. They
can tolerate inefficiency, poor service, and even violation of human rights. In many ways,
it can be said that Filipinos are too patient for long suffering (“matiisin”), easily resigned
to one’s fate, even if they are oppressed or exploited.
• Kanya- kanya Syndrome- It refers to a selfish and self- serving attitude that generates a
feeling of envy towards others, particularly when one’s peer has gained honor or prestige
because of hard work. They demonstrate some hostile attitudes and feelings by
recoursing to unfounded and malicious criticism “tsismis” and “intriga” to bring others
down. This crab mentality that characterizes many Filipinos is counter productive. One
evident manifestation of kanya- kanya syndrome is one’s personal ambition and the drive
for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common good. It often results in
the non cooperation of members of the community.
• Lack of Exhaustive Study and Self-analysis- The Filipinos have a tendency to be
superficial and sometimes even somewhat flighty. Confronted with serious problems,
both personal and social, there seems to be no deliberate and intelligent alternative plan
to solve the problem. In most cases, they joke and laugh about serious problem affecting
them. Anyway, these problems are not mine alone. If there are strategies to solve these
problems, they are only panacea. They easily accept and are even satisfied with the
superficial explanations and hasty solutions to the problems. Another factor related to this
issue is that Filipinos give too much emphasis on form, “maporma” rather than on the


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substance. In most cases, they have a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and substitute
this for reality.

ASIAN HERITAGE

A. INDIANIZATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
• Indianization refers to the propagation of the Indian Civilization.
• This propagation was a two-way process, that is, the propagation of the Indian Civilization was
effected not only by the Indian Colonists and colonizers, but also by the Southeast Asians
themselves. These Southeast Asians, particularly the Malays, were bold navigators. Hence, visiting
the parts of India let them acquire Indian culture and brought them to their native countries.

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1. The Sri Vijaya and Majapahit Empire
Sri Vijaya Majapahit
Other names Sin-fo-tsi(Chinese)
Zabagin(Arabian)
Nationality Malayan
Culture Indianized
Capital Palembang Majapahit
Capital Mahayana Buddhist Brahmanistic Hindu

The Philippines was never ruled by the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit Empire due to ff:
 There are plenty of historical materials on Sri Vijaya as a maritime power and its
relation with China in the annals of Tang, Yuan, Sung, and Ming Dynasty. Of those
materials, there is no mentioned about Philippines being a vassal state of the Sri
Vijaya Empire.
 Chau-ju-kua in his chronicles, listed fifteen vassal states of the Sri Vijaya and the
Philippines is not one of them.
 Contemporary authorities on the history of Southeast Asia never claimed that
Philippines was a vassal state of the Sri Vijaya Empire.
 The claim of Prapanca in his eulogistic poem, Negarakertagama, that ninety- four
vassal states of Majapahit Empire includes Solot which he referred as Sulu of the
Philippines is not real. Most likely, Solots are the tiny island in the lesser Sundas
which still bears the name Solot and the northeastern part of Borneo.

2. Relations with the Orang Dampuans
• The Orang Dampuans or Men of Champa are group of immigrants who came in the
Philippines from Southern Annam (Modern Vietnam) between 900- 1200 A.D.
• They established a trading post in Sulu that resulted in a flourishing trade between Sulu
and Southern Annam.
• Their main interest is to have trade with Buranuns People of Sulu).
• Their increasing prosperity aroused jealousy of the Buranuns who in fit of anger,
massacred some Orang Dampuans.
• Having superior weapons, they took their bloody revenge on the Buranuns and having
leveled the enemy’s village to the ground, sailed to their homeland.

3. Relations with Bandjarmasin
• The Orang Bandjar (Men of Bandjarmasin) were immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo
settled in Sulu and engaged actively in the rich pearl trade.
• They introduced the Indian influences in Sulu in which made Buranuns possessing Hindu
customs and worshipping vedic gods.

Evidences:
 An evidence of the Philippine intercourse with the Indianized countries of southeast
Asian nations is found in the manuscript entitled, Suma Oriental, which was written
by Tome Pires. According to this Pire Codex, the Lucoes (People of Luzon) annually

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sent trading vessels to Borneo and Malacca and the Bornean traders used to sail to
Luzon to buy gold or food stuffs.

Relics Place Year Specifics

Gold Image of Wawa River near 1917 Tara (Beyer)
Agusan Esperanza, Agusan
Province
Bronze Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Hindu God Siva (Beyer)
Mactan Lokesvara (Francisco)

Copper Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Elephant God of Hindus
Ganesha
Clay Medallion Calatagan, Batangas 1958 Buddho- Siamese Art
of Calatagan (Francisco)
Gd Garuda Brooke’s Point, 1961 Mythical bird which served as
Pendant of Palawan a vehicle of Hindu god Vishnu
Palawan
Ceramics from Rizal province,
Cambodia, Batangas, Laguna,
Annam, and Siam Mindoro, Sorsogon
and palawan

4. Indian Influences in the Philippines
• Religious Beliefs
 Bathala- Chief God of the Tagalogs who was derived from Bhattara- great lord.

Creator of the Universe
Protector of Men
Destroyer of Men


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 Also of Hindu origin was the belief of the ancient Filipinos that the universe is
alive with devas and hantus, good spirits and evil spirits or demons, through
whom all good and evil are done in this world.
• Mythology and Folk Literature
 Bantugan, the mythological hero of the Maranaos and Lumawig, the legendary
savior of the Bontoc are identified with Indra of Hindu mythology.
 The Darangan of Lanao, the Lam-ang of Ilokandia, and the Ibalon of Bicolandia
and the Ilim and the Hudhud of the Muontain Province were inspired by the
Mahabharata and other Hindu epics.
• Fables
 The Tagalog story of the monkey and the turtle, the tale of the race between the
deer and the snail, and the Visayan anecdote of the hawk and the hen.
 The hilarious adventures of Juan Tamad reveal traces of Hindu influences.
• Customs and Traditions
 Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck of the visitor upon his arrival or
departure, symbolic of hospitality and friendship.
 Before marriage, a groom gives dowry to bride’s parents and renders personal
services in the house of his future parents- in- law.
 After the wedding ceremony, the guests throw rice upon the bride and the groom.
 The offering of a buyo (a mixture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and lime) to a guest as
an expression of hospitality.
 A childless couple goes on pilgrimage to a holy shrine, whose deity is believed to
have the power to grant the virtue of fertility to those not blessed with children.
• Superstitious Beliefs
 A maiden who sings merrily before a stove while cooking will marry an old
widower.
 A comet is a bad omen, for it is a harbinger of famine, war, or some other
calamity.
 A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas will give birth twins.
 When a cat wipes off its face with paws, a visitor is coming to the house.
 If a sleeping person dreams that one of his teeth falls out, somebody close to him
will die.
• Mode of Dressing
 Of Indian origin were putong (turban) of the men and sarong (lower garment) of
the women in pre-Spanish Philippines.
 The Muslim men in Mindanao and Sulu wear tight- fitting trousers which
resemble the Indian putees and their women use embroidered shawls which are
suggestive of the Indian sari.
• Industries
 Quicklime mining in Masbate
 Boat building
 Weaving of cotton clothes
 Metal works
• Musical Instruments
 Kudyapi (Guitar)

• Language

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Filipino Sanskrit English
Ama Ama Father
Asawa Atawa Spouse
Raha Raha King
Saksi Saksi Witness
Maharlika Mahardlika Noble

B. EARLY CONTACT WITH CHINA
• Sino- Philippine intercourse begun in 10th century A.D. during the Sung Dynasty.
• The earliest known authentic data of the Sino- Philippine in 982 A. D. was recorded by a Chinese
chronicler, Ma- Tuan- Lin in his monumental work entitled, Wen Shiann Tung Kao (General
Investigation on the Chinese Cultural Sources)
• The following are the Chinese influences in the Philippines:
• Manufacturing/ occupations/ games
 Gunpowder
 The method of placer gold mining
 The art of metallurgy
 The use of porcelain, gold, silver, tin and other metals
 Blacksmithing
 Goldsmithing
 Kite flying
 Gambling- jueteng, kuwaho, pangginggi
• Manner of Dressing
 The sleeved jackets (kangan) of the pre-Spanish Filipino males, the loose trousers
of the Muslim and the dresses of women of Sulu and Minadanao.
 The use of slippers, bakya(wooden Shoes), fans and umbrellas.
 Of Chinese introduction was the yellow garb of native nobility, the blue dress of
the commoners, and the wearing of white clothes for mourning.
• Culinary Art and Diet
 Roasting of pigs for a delicious meat
 Brewing of tea for drinking
 Cooking of such dishes as lumpiya, pansit, mami, tsapsoy, and ukoy
 Appetizers such as tahuri, heko, toyo
 Edible vegetables including bataw, petsay, and upo
• Social Customs
 Fixed marriage
 Hiring of go-between in marital negotiations
 Employment of professional mourners during the funeral and the veneration of
departed ancestor.
 The filial respect accorded by children to their older brothers and sisters, parents
and elders.
 The explosion of firecrackers on the advent of new year and other festivals
 The collection of tong (percentage fee) by the owner of a gambling joint.
 The haggling between the merchant and customer to arrive at the final fix price of
commodity


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 The beating of gongs to celebrate a feast among pagan Filipinos of northern
Luzon, the Muslim Filipinos of Sulu and Mindanao.
• Language

Filipino Chinese English
Bakya Bak- kiah Wooden Shoes
Bantay Bang- tai Sentinel
Gunting Kan- ting Pair of scissors
Pinto Pin- to Door
Susi So- si Key

C. EARLY RELATIONS WITH JAPAN
• The regions settled by the Japanese during the pre- Spanish times were the delta of Cagayan River,
the Lingayen Gulf Region, and Manila.
• The town of Agoo in Lingayen Gulf was busy center of trade with Japan which was later called by
the Spaniards as Puerto de Japon.
• The following are the Japanese influences:
• Industries
 Manufacture of arms and tools
 The tanning of deer skins
 Artificial breeding of ducks and fishes which is Japan’s greatest legacy to our
ancestors.

EARLY FILIPINO ANCESTORS

A. THE BARANGAYS
• Well organized independent villages.
• It originated from balangay, a Malayan word meaning “sailboat”.
• It is a self- sustaining community ruled by a datu.
• It consisted of from 30- 100 families while some having a population of more than 2,000.

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B. HOUSES AND DWELLINGS
• Bahay kubo (nipa hut)- houses which were made of wood and bamboo, roofed by nipa palm
leaves. It had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out. It had a
gallery called batalan where big water jars were kept for bathing and washing purposes. Under the
house were kept the rice, firewood, and animals.
• Some lived in tree houses which were built on the top of trees for better protection against the
enemy.
• The badjaos (sea gypsies) of Sulu Sea still live in boat houses.

C. FOOD AND DRINKS
• Rice- staple food
• Earthen Jars/ bamboo tubes (Ilocano/Itawes- Banga) - where food are being placed for cooking.
• Banana Leaves (don bahat- Itawes)- serves as plates
• Coconut Shells (tahuk- Itawes)- used as drinking cups
• Makkammat(Itawes)/ Agkammet(Ilocano)- eating with the use of fingers
• Fire was used to cook food. Such were produced by rubbing two pieces of dry woods (hulu-
Itawes, bulu- Ilocano, Boho- Tagalog) which, when heated, produced a tiny flame.
• Angang (Itawes)/ Burnay (Ilocano)/ huge bamboo tubes- used to store drinking waters
• Wines were also drank by early Filipinos such are the following:
 Tuba- wine taken from coconut sports
 Basi- an Ilocano wine brewed from sugarcane
 Pangasi- Visayan wine made from rice
 Lambanog- Tagalog wine taken from coconut palm
 Tapuy- Igorot wine taken from rice

D. MODE OF DRESSING

Men Women
Upper Garment Kangan Baro
Lower Garment Bahag Patadyong
Head Dress Putong Ipit (Itawes), punggos (Ilocano)
Accessories Kolombigas (gold armlets) Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes (gold
Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes between teeth), aritut- Itawes
(gold between teeth) (earrings), dusaru- Itawes (necklace),
purselas- Itawes (bracelet)
Footwear Barefooted

E. TATTOES
• It serve two purposes
a. To enhance their bodily beauty
b. To show their war record
• Men were more tattooed than women. Children were not tattooed at all.
• The Visayans are the most tattooed Filipinos. They were called pintados or painted people.

F. NATURAL COURTESY AND POLITENESS


PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
• When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong as a sign of courtesy.
• When a person addressed his superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a
towel, and bowed low. He addressed his superior with the word “po”, which is equivalent to “sir”.
• When a man and a woman walked together, the man was always behind the woman. It was
considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his woman companion. Whenever the entire family
went out, the mothers and daughters walk ahead, while fathers and sons walk behind.

G. CLEANLINESS AND NEATNESS
• They bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when they had finished
their daily toil.
• They washed their hair regularly with gugo and water. They anointed it with coconut oil (denu-
Itawes, Lana- Ilocano) and other lotions.
• They washed their mouths (makkulumummug- Itawes) and cleaned their teeth (ginat- Itawes: sand-
English was used to clean their teeth) upon waking up in the morning. They filed their teeth to
make it even. They chewed buyo which made their teeth colored but strong.
• They kept a vessel full of water at the door of every house, and every person, whether belonging to
the house or not, upon entering, take water from this vessel and wash his feet, especially during
rainy season.

H. FAMILY LIFE
• It is the basis of the society, hence, family ties, as they are today, was close and strong.
• The children were given considerable attention, affection and discipline by their parents. They
were trained to be loyal to the ancestral god, to respect the elders, to love their parents and to obey
the datu and barangay rules.
• The father was the head of the family, thus, his words were law to children.
• The mother was the housekeeper. She enjoyed the sole privilege of naming the children.

I. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CLASSES
• The pre- Spanish society was divided into three social classes:
a. Maharlikas- nobles- they constituted the barangay aristocracy, the highest social class. This
class was composed of the affluent slave- owning families, including the datu, his family and
relatives and the rich people.
b. Timawas- freemen- they constituted the middle class in the barangays. They were free- born
persons and emancipated slaves. They formed the majority among the inhabitants of every
barangay.
c. Alipin- slaves- they belonged to the lowest social classes. The causes of slavery were the
following:
 Birth
 Captivity in war
 Purchase
 Failure to pay debts
 Penalty for crimes committed

Kinds of Slaves

1) Aliping Namamahay- they lived in their houses. They owned their property. They could
marry without their master’s consent. They could not be sold.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
2) Aliping Saguiguilid- they owned no property. They lived in their master’s house. They
could not marry without their master’s consent. They could be sold anytime.

Slaves could emancipate themselves and become a freeman in various ways of emancipation as
follows:

1) Marriage
2) Purchase
3) Voluntary action of the master

Hence, a slave woman who married a freeman or a noble automatically becomes free. A slave
man could become free by paying his master a certain sum of gold. A slave- owner, according
to customary laws, might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or for having
served his family faithfully for many years.

• There was no caste system unlike in India. Hence, a noble could become slave, a freeman could
rise to nobility, and a slave could become a freeman.

J. WOMENS’ POSITION
• Tribal Laws and Customs recognized them as equal to men.
• They could own and inherent property.
• They could engage in trade and industry.
• If they were daughters of datus who had no sons, they could inherit the chieftaincy and rule
barangays.
• They had the exclusive privilege of naming their children.
• Many women were famous in songs and stories as follows:
 Sibabae- the legendary first woman in the world
 Lubluban- the legendary lawgiver of the Visayans
 Lalahon- the Visayan goddess of fire and volcanoes
 Kalangitan- the sultana of the Pasig and Lakandula’s grandmother

K. AMUSEMENTS
• They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice and a victory in
war. Such are celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Though they drink too
much, this does not mean losing their senses rather, they will only become talkative and livelier.
• They had games such as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races and stone-throwing contests.

L. MUSIC
• They were lovers of music.
• They had various musical instruments as follows:
1) Kudyapi- Tagalog guitar 4) Tultogan- Visayan bamboo drum
2) Kalaleng- Tinggian nose- flute 5) Silbay- Ilocano reed flute
3) Kulintamg- Muslim xylophone 6) Suracan- Subanun cymbal

• They had plenty of folk dances such as:
1) Kumintang- Tagalog love dance 3) Dandansoy- Visayan tuba dance
2) Mahinhin- Tagalog courtship dance 4) Kinnoton- Ilocano ant’s dance

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
5) Panjalay- Muslim wedding dance 6) Tadek- Tinggian love dance

• Their songs expressed all aspects of life. Among these are the following:
1) Tagumpay- Tagalog song of victory 5) Dal-lot- Ilocano ballad song
2) Dallu- Negrito religious song 6) Kuilay- kuilay- Tinggian wine song
3) Ayeg- klu- Igorot serenade song 7) Tudob- Agusan harvest song
4) Bactal- Tagbanua death song

M. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
• Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the family of the bride (bigaykaya). It consisted of
gold, land, slaves or anything else of value. The groom had to work in the house of his bride for a
certain period of time to do the following:
 Carrying water and firewood to the house
 Assisting the bride’s father in plowing the field
 Assisting in the planting and harvesting of rice
• Other dowries were in the form of the following:
 Panghimuyat: the amount of money given to the bride’s parent, the mother for the
nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
 Bigay- suso- the payment given to the girl wet- nurse who fed the bride during
infancy with milk from her breast.
 Humaraw- the amount given to the bride’s parents as reimbursement for the amount
spent in feeding the bride during infancy.
 Sambon- the amount given to the bride’s relatives.
• The state of courtship immediately before marriage is called Pamumulungan or Pamamalae.
• For Muslims (Mindanao):
 Panalanguni- betrothal or engagement
 Pedsungud- settlement of dowry
 Pegkawing- marriage ceremony
• They also practiced divorce with the aforementioned grounds:
1) Adultery on the part of the wife 4) Cruelty
2) Desertion on the part of the husband 5) Insanity
3) Loss of affection 6) Childlessness

N. BARANGAY GOVERNMENT
• Barangays were virtually independent village- kingdoms.
• Each barangay was ruled by a chieftain called Datu. The rulers of bigger barangay kingdoms
assumed the title of raha, hari or lakan.
• Datu- he was the chief, executive, legislator, and judge of the barangay and in time of war, he was
the commander of the barangay warriors. He obtained his position by inheritance, being a son or
daughter of a datu. In case the datu died without any legitimate son or daughter, the people of
barangay choose their new datu who should be the strongest, richest, or wisest man in the
barangay. Despite his great powers, he was not an absolute ruler. The datu should consult the
barangay elders in their approval of the following matters:
 Declaration of war with the enemy barangay
 The marriage of the barangay lakan (prince) or lakambini (princess)
 The negotiation of a political alliance with another barangay.
 Making new laws for the barangay.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
• The barangay elders also took part in judicial trials of persons accused of certain crimes and the
datu’s decision could not be binding without their approval.
• There were also confederations of barangays. The causes of these emergence were the following:
 For better protection against enemies
 The marriage of a lakan of a barangay with the lakambini of another barangay

O. BARANGANIC RELATIONS
• Barangays concluded treaties of alliance and friendship with each other, sealed by a traditional
ceremony of the blood compact called sandugo (one blood).
• Sometimes wars broke up between barangays. Such according to Captain Miguel Loarca were
caused by the following:
 When one goes to another village and was put to death without any reason
 When one’s wives were stolen from them
 When one went to any village and he was badly treated or aggrieved

P. LAWS
• The early Filipinos had both oral and written laws.
• The oral laws were their customs (ugali) which had been handed down orally from generation to
generation.
 According to legend, the lawgiver of the pre- Spanish Philippines was a woman
named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first man and the first woman of the
world.
• The written laws were promulgated by datus with the help of the barangay elders and announced to
the people by a barangay crier known as umalohokan.
• Take note that the much known Kalantiaw Code of the Philippines has been proven to be suspect
of origin and contents. Hence, it should be believed in.

Q. RELIGION
• The early Filipinos were pagans except that of Moros in Minadanao and Sulu.
• The following were their gods and goddesses:
 Bathala- supreme god and the creator of heaven and earth
 Idianale- Tagalog goddess of agriculture
 Lakampati- Tagalog god of harvest
 Sidapa- Visayan god of death
 Apolaki- Pangasinan war god
 Kidul- Kalinga god of thunder
 Dal’lang- Ilocano goddess of beauty
 Malyari- Zambal god of power and strength
 Poko- Tagbanua god of sea
 Kolyog- Ifugao god of earthquakes
• They worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or diwatas (Visayan). To these anitos
the sacrifices called, maganito, were offered. The ritual was performed by a priest or priestess
called katalona or babaylan.
• They also worshipped nature in the belief that such natural objects were the habitats of the spirits.
• They also believed in life after death. The good soul would go to heaven, called kaluwalhatian
(Tagalog) or Ologan (Visayan), while the bad soul would go to hell called, kasamaan (Tagalog) or
Solad (Visayan).

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009

R. BURIAL AND MOURNING CUSTOMS
• The corpse was embalmed and was buried near his home, in a cave or on headlands overlooking
the sea. Clothes, foods, weapons and, sometimes slaves were buried with the dead.
• The relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their neck, arms, and legs; used white garments;
and abstained from eating meat and drinking wine during the period of mourning.
• Mourning for a dead man is called maglahe, for a dead woman it was termed morotal; and for a
datu, larao. When a datu died, a herald announced the event and the larao were then observed. No
colored clothes were worn by the grieving people. All wars and quarrels were suspended. Singing
in boats returning from sea was prohibited. All warriors carried their spears with points downward
and their daggers with hilts reversed.

S. SUPERSTITIONS
• Early Filipinos believed in witches as follows;
 Asuang- assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any animal and devoured human flesh
 Mangkukulam- caused people to die or be sick by pricking a toy with his magic pin
 Tianak- sucked the baby’s entrails by means of his elongated proboscis
 Tigbalang- appeared in a form of a dog, a horse or an old man to deceive his victims.
• They believed in the magical power of amulets and charms such as;
 Anting- anting- believed to make its possessors invulnerable
 Gayuma- a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman’s affection
 Odom- Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human eye
 Uiga- Visayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet
• They also had superstitious beliefs which until now are surviving as follows:
 The appearance of a comet is an ill omen, for it is harbinger of war, pestilence or
calamity.
 If a pregnant woman cuts her hair, she will give birth to a hairless child.
 A pregnant woman should not eat twin bananas, otherwise she will give birth to
twins.
 A girl who sings before the stove while cooking will marry an old widower.
 When a cat wipes its face with its paws, a visitor is coming to house.

T. LANGUAGES
• The early Filipinos had different languages and dialects which were originated from a common
linguistic form, the Malayo- Polynesian language.
• Tagalog was regarded by the early Spanish writers as the best.

U. WRITING
• The ancient Filipinos had their own writing system following their alphabet called baybayin which
was originated from the asokan alphabet of India.
• A sharp- pointed iron instrument called sipol was used as pen.
• They engraved words in a bamboo tubes, wooden boards, or leaves of plants which were used as
paper.
• The ancient writing is still preserved by the Mangyans of Mindoro and the Tagbanuas of Palawan.

V. LITERATURE

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
• Early Filipino literature consisted of bugtong (riddles), awit (songs), salawikain (proverbs), myths,
legends and poetry.
• The following folk epic have been preserved:
 Ifugao Alim and Hudhud
 Ilocano Lam-ang
 Bicol Handiong
 Kalinga Ullalim
 Maranao Bantigan
 Maguinadanao Indarapatra and Sulayman
 Illanon Agyu
 Taosug Parang Sabil

W. EDUCATION
• Early Filipino education was both academic and vocational.
• The father trained his sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen, and
shipbuilders. The mother, on the other hand, trained her daughters in cooking, gardening, sewing,
and other household chores.
• There was an ancient barangay school in Panay termed as Bothoan under the charge of a teacher,
usually an old man. 3R’s were taught in this school- arithmetic, reading, and writing

X. ARTS
• Architecture was expressed in the bahay- kubo style of dwelling.
• They early painting was that of tattoo.
• Sculpture was manifested in their anitos.

Y. SCIENCES
• Filipinos had knowledge of medicine since they knew the curative power of many medicinal
plants. There were herbalists.
• There was some crude knowledge of astronomy such as:
 Tala (morning star) by the Tagalog
 Poyo poyo (Pleiades) by the Bagobos
 Monbunkol (Dipper) by the Ifugaos
 Mamacta (astrologer) by the Ilokanos
• They also knew Mathematics
• They had native terms for numericals;
 Isa- one
 Puo- ten
 Daan- hundred
 Libo- thousand
 Yuta- one hundred thousand
 Angao- one million
 Kati- ten million
 Bahala- one hundred million

Z. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
SY2: 2008- 2009
• Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures. They used talaro a kind of balance with
scales.
• Their measure of capacities were the ff;
 Kaban- 25 gantas
 Salop- one ganta
 Kaguitna- one half ganta
 Gating- one chupa
• Their measures for length were the ff;
 Dipa- the length of the outstretched arms
 Tumuro- the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the forefinger when
extended.
 Sandamak- the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together
 Sandali- the width of one finger

AA.CALENDARS
BB.


History Handouts by Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz

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