1. Organelles and the Flow of Energy Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Part 1 of 2) AP Biology Chapters 6.4, 7, & 8

5. Visual Aide for the ETC high-energy electrons e energy for synthesis of ATP electron transport chain low-energy electrons e

8. Closer Look @ Chemiosmosis High H + concentration H + pump in electron transport chain H H H H H H H ATP ATP synthase complex ADP + P Low H + concentration energy from electron transfers

11. Leaves and Photosynthesis Grana Chloroplast Leaf cross section granum independent thylakoid in a granum mesophyll lower epidermis upper epidermis cuticle leaf vein outer membrane inner membrane thylakoid space thylakoid membrane overlapping thylakoid in a granum CO 2 O 2 stoma stroma stroma 37,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited

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14. Photosynthetic Pigments Wavelengths (nm) Increasing wavelength a. The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light. b. Absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments. Increasing energy Gamma rays X rays UV Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves visible light 500 600 750 Wavelengths (nm) 380 500 600 750 chlorophyll a chlorophyll b carotenoids Relative Absorption Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. Photosynthesis Overview Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. thylakoid membrane ADP + P NADP + NADP ATP Calvin Cycle reactions Light reactions Solar energy H 2 O CO 2 CH 2 O O 2 stroma

20. Light Reactions: Noncyclic Electron Pathway NADPH 2H + H 2 O electron acceptor NADP + H + pigment complex pigment complex reaction center reaction center sun sun electron transport chain (ETC) Photosystem II Photosystem I NADPH thylakoid membrane solar energy Calvin cycle ATP Calvin cycle reactions energy level CO 2 CH 2 O Light reactions O 2 1 2 ADP+ P NADP + e - e - e e e e - e - electron acceptor CH 2 O H 2 O CO 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

23. Organization of a Thylakoid stroma P NADPH Calvin cycle reactions ATP thylakoid photosystem II Stroma NADP reductase NADP + H + H + Pq H + H + ATP synthase chemiosmosis electron transport chain photosystem I granum thylakoid membrane thylakoid space stroma ATP NADPH +ADP P O 2 2 + 2 1 Thylakoid space e - H 2 O CO 2 O 2 CH 2 O solar energy thylakoid membrane Light reactions ADP + NADP + NADP + NADP + NADP + e - e - H + H + H + H + H + e - H 2 O Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

29. The Calvin Cycle: Reduction of CO 2 NADPH NADP + ATP 3PG G3P BPG ADP + P As 3PG becomes G3P, ATP becomes ADP + and NADPH becomes NADP + P Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. The Calvin Cycle: Regeneration of RuBP As five molecules of G3P become three molecules of RuBP, three molecules of ATP become three molecules of ADP + . 3 ATP 5 G3P 3 RuBP 3 ADP + P P Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

33. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

34. Fate of G3P G3P starch fatty acid synthesis glucose phosphate + fructose phosphate cellulose sucrose amino acid synthesis10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36. Chloroplast Distribution in C 4 vs. C 3 Plants C 3 Plant C 4 Plant bundle sheath cell bundle sheath cell mesophyll cells vein vein stoma stoma Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

37. CO 2 Fixation in C 4 vs. C 3 Plants Calvin cycle CO 2 G3P 3PG RuBP mesophyll cell CO 2 CO 2 C 4 G3 bundle sheath cell mesophyll cell a. CO 2 fixation in a C 3 plant, blue columbine, Aquilegia caerulea b. CO 2 fixation in a C 4 plant, corn, Zea mays Calvin cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Nigel Cattlin/Photo Researchers, Inc.

39. CO 2 Fixation in a CAM Plant Calvin cycle CO 2 CO 2 C 4 G3P CO 2 fixation in a CAM plant, pineapple, Ananas comosus night day Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © S. Alden/PhotoLink/Getty Images.