1. Grammar Book Cesar Root

2. Table of contents 1. Conditional tense and irregulars 2. Perfect tenses 3. Present perfect 4. Past perfect 5. Present perfect irregulars 6. Subjunctive perfect 7. Tan y tanto 8.Impersonal se 9. Saber y conocer 10. Los mandatos 11. Informal commands 12. Formal commands 13.Irregular commands 14. DOP and IOP placement 15. Nosotros commands 16. Nosotros commands with mono verbs 17. Subjunctive and irregulars 18. Subjunctive trigger phrases Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotions Conjunctions of time 19. Demonstrative adjectives 20. Demonstrative pronouns

3. Conditional Regulars: expresses probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture Would, should, could Conjugate: -ía -ías -ía -íamos -ían Irregulars

4. Present perfect Combining “has” or “have” along with the past participle. Haber + verb Haber: he has ha hemos habéis han

5. Past perfect tense Imperfect tense of haber + past participle Haber: -había -habías -había -habíamos -habían

6. Future perfect tense Future tense “haber” + past participle Describes what will happen in the future before the action takes place. Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habrán

7. Perfect subjunctive Indicates the action as completed Used when the subjunctive is in the present, future, or present perfect Haber: Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos Hayan

10. Saber vs. conocer Expresses “to know” Saber: to know facts, information, or how to do something Conocer: to know people, places, or things.

11. Informal affirmitive commands Formed identically to the present indicative usted form Irregular TV dishes: Decir: di Hacer: ha Ir: ve Poner: pon Salir: sal Ser: sé Tener: ten Venir: ven Example: Hablar= Drop the –ar, add –a = habla

12. Informal negative commands Use the tu form of the present subjunctive opposite ending Example: cantar-> no cantes

13. Informal irregular commands TV dishes: Decir: di Hacer: ha Ir: ve Poner: pon Salir: sal Ser: sé Tener: ten Venir: ven

14. Formal affirmative commands Start with the yo form of present indicative Drop the –o Add opposite ending Example: hablar-> hable

15. Formal negative commands Start with yo form of present indicative Drop the –o Add oppisite ending Add no before the verb Example: hablar-> no hable

16. Formal irregular commands Only occurs with affirmative tú commands Dar Ud: dé Uds: den Estar Ud: esté Uds: estén Ir Ud: vaya Uds: vayan Ser Ud: sea uds: sean Saber Ud: sepa Uds: sepan

17. DOP and IOP placement Place in front of conjugated verb when only 1 verb Place in front of conjugated verb when 2 verbs Can be attached to the end of an infinitive, present participle, or affirmative commands

18. Nosotros commands Regular: Use nosotros in present tense Negative command is formed by putting “no” before the verb Irregular/mono verbs: With affirmitive commands, the “s” at the end of the verb form is dropped before adding “nos” Example: sentemos + nos = sentémonos

19. Subjunctive Expresses will and influence, emotion, doubt/disbelief/denial, indefinitness/nonexistance. Form by taking the main clause + connector + subordinate clause

20. Subjunctive irregulars -ar and –er don’t change in the nosotros while –ir does

21. Impersonal expressions for subjunctive Es importanteque Es adioque Es logicoque Es mejorque Es maloque

22. Expressions of emotion for subjunctive Alegrarse de que: to be happy that Es buenoque: its good that Es convenienteque: its convenient that Es difícilque: its hard that Es extrañoque: its strange that Es triesteque: its sad that Estartriesteque: to be sad that Sentirque: to be sorry that Sorprenderseque: to be surprised that

23. Conjunctions of time for the subjunctive Take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future. Examples: cuando: when En cuanto: as soon as Hastaque: until Tan pronto como: as soon as Despues de que: after Asíque: as soon as

24. Demonstrative adjectives Used when the object is more than just a short distance away Usually precede the noun Examples: este – this ese – that estos – these esos – those

25. Demonstrative pronouns Same as the demonstrative adjectives but always have a accent mark over the first letter Examples: éste – this ése – that éstos – these ésos – those