AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

1. Macroeconomic Policy Fundamentals Chapter 13

5. Page 246 Location of the 12 District Federal Reserve Banks

7. Page 247 Role of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

8. Page 247 Role of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

9. Page 247 Role of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

10. Page 247 Key role played by the Federal Open Market Committee or FOMC

11. Recent Fed Rate Actions

12. Page 247 Role of the 12 District Federal Reserve Banks located throughout the country

13. Determinants of the Money Supply

14. Page 253 Existing money supply curve. Note it is perpendicular to the quantity axis, implying it is unaffected by the interest rate.

15. Page 253 Expansionary monetary policy actions will shift the MS curve to the right over a period of 12 months or so.

16. Page 253 Contractionary monetary policy actions, on the other hand, will shift the money supply curve to left over a similar time period.

17. Page 251 Suppose a depositor in Bank Ag sells $1 million in government securities to the Fed. He then deposits the proceeds from the sale in his bank. If the fractional reserve requirement ratio is 20 percent, Bank Ag can increase the volume of its loans by $800,000. Suppose the proceeds of these loans are deposited in Bank B. Follow the trail to the Total line.

18. Change in the Money Supply We can skip tracing deposits through the economy by using the following money supply (M S ) equation: M S = (1.0 ÷ RR) × TR = MM × TR where TR represents total reserves and RR is the reserve requirement ratio. The expression with the brackets is known as the money multiplier . We can restate this equation in terms of the change in the money supply as follows:  M S = (1.0 ÷ RR) ×  TR = MM ×  TR Page 252-253

19. Change in the Money Supply Using the example in Table 13.3 of the $1 million deposit on page 307 and 20% reserve requirements ratio, we see that the change in the money supply is:  M S = (1.0 ÷ .20) x  TR = 5.0 x $1 million = $5 million This results in a change in loans of  loans =  MS -  TR = $5 million - $1 million = $4 million See bottom line in Table 13.3 Page 251-253

20. Page 251 Change in money supply Change in loan volume Initial infusion + =

21. Impacts of Policy Tools Expansionary actions: Effects of action: Fed buys securities Total reserves increase Fed lowers the discount rate Total reserves increase Fed lowers required reserve ratio Money multiplier increases Page 253 Bernanke

22. Impacts of Policy Tools Expansionary actions: Effects of action: Fed buys securities Total reserves increase Fed lowers the discount rate Total reserves increase Fed lowers required reserve ratio Money multiplier increases Contractionary actions: Effects of action: Fed sells securities Total reserves decrease Fed raises the discount rate Total reserves decrease Fed raises required reserve ratio Money multiplier decreases Page 253 Bernanke

23. Determinants of the Money Demand

25. Page 255 The money demand curve is given by equation (16.5): M D = c –d(R) + e(NI) where R is the rate of interest and NI is national income. The coefficient d is the slope of the curve and e represents  M D ÷  NI.

26. Page 255 M D = c –d(R) + e(NI) Increase in income increases demand for money

27. Page 255 Money market interest rate given by intersection of demand and supply

28. Page 255 M S * 0.06 Expansionary monetary policy lowers interest rates

29. Page 255 M S * 0.14 Contractionary monetary policy raises interest rates

30. Page 256 The full effects of this change could take 12 months or more to register in bank deposits

31. Page 256 A change in the money supply will alter the equilibrium interest rate in the money market

32. Page 256 We know from Chapter 12 that a change in interest rates will lead to movement along the planned investment function….increasing or decreasing new investment

33. Page 256 We also know from Chapter 12 that increased investment expenditures, a component of GDP, increases the demand for labor, lowers unemployment and thus fuels further growth in national income…

34. Eliminating Recessionary and Inflationary Gaps

35. Page 257 What is the magnitude of the recessionary gap?

36. Page 257 What is the magnitude of the recessionary gap? It is Y FE – Y 1

37. Page 257 The use of expansionary monetary policy actions to push aggregate demand from AD 1 to AD 3 increases real GDP from Y 1 to Y 3 while only increasing the general price level to P 3 .

38. Page 257 Inflation rate (P 3 – P 0 ) ÷ P 0 Recessionary gap of Y FE – Y 1 is partially closed to Y FE – Y 3

39. Page 257 The further use of expansionary monetary policy to push aggregate demand from AD 3 to AD 4 increases real GDP from Y 3 to Y FE (full employment GDP), but increases the general price level to P 4 .

40. Page 257 Inflation rate (P 4 – P 3 ) ÷ P 3 Recessionary gap fully closed

41. Page 257 The use of expansionary monetary policy to attain Y POT by shifting aggregate demand to AD 5 will increase the general price level to P 5 . Inflation rate (P 5 – P 4 ) ÷ P 4 Inflationary gap created…..

42. Microeconomic Interest Rate Implications

43. Interest Rate Impacts on a 10-Year $150K Business Loan Page 259 Interest rate Annual total PI payment Annual interest payment Total interest payment 8 percent $22,354.69 $7,354.69 $73,546.90 14 percent 28,757.67 13,757.67 137,576.88 20 percent 35,782.44 20,782.44 207,824.40

44. Interest Rate Impacts on a 20- Year $100K Home Mortgage Page 259 Interest rate Monthly total PI payment Monthly interest payment Total interest payment 8 percent $848.78 $432.08 $103,707.46 12 percent 1,115.73 699.06 167,773.46

46. States Without Income Tax Eight states do not have a state income tax

48. Our focus is on fiscal policy at the federal level….

49. Page 262 Rising spending and tax cuts to spur the economy brought back budget deficits

50. Page 262 Individuals and not businesses pay the Bulk of federal taxes.

51. Page 263 A strong economy and controlled spending led to the first budget surplus in more than 20 years… The effects of the sub-prime lending defaults and subsequent financial crisis and deficit spending have led to record high deficits…

53. Debt and the Deficit National debt T = National debt T-1 + Deficit T

54. Page 264 The growth in federal debt has grown rapidly over the last 25 years…

55. Page 265 While the national debt grew as deficit spending dominated the Last 30 years, debt as a percent of GDP stayed within post-WW II experience…

56. Federal government spending on Agriculture programs is the fourth highest on this list of total federal spending.

58. Impacts of Policy Tools Expansionary actions: Effects of action: Cut taxes Increase disposable income Increase government spending Increase aggregate demand Congress & Obama Page 269

59. Impacts of Policy Tools Expansionary actions: Effects of action: Cut taxes Increase disposable income Increase government spending Increase aggregate demand Contractionary actions: Effects of action: Increase taxes Decrease disposable income Cut government spending Decrease aggregate demand Congress & Obama Page 269

60. Page 266 A federal budget deficit requires the U.S. Treasury to issue more government securities to balance sources and uses of funds…

61. Page 266 An increase in the sale of government securities reduces the pool of private capital available to finance investment expenditures, raising interest rates…

62. Page 266 We know from Chapter 12 that higher interest rates depresses investment expenditures…

63. Page 270 The use of expansionary fiscal policy actions to push aggregate demand from AD 1 to AD 3 increases real GDP from Y 1 to Y 3 while only increasing the general price level to P 3 . Inflation rate (P 3 – P 0 ) ÷ P 0 Recessionary gap partially closed

64. Page 270 The use of expansionary fiscal policy to push demand from AD 3 to AD 4 increases real GDP from Y 3 to Y FE (full employment GDP), But increases the general price level to P 4 . Inflation rate (P 4 – P 3 ) ÷ P 3 Recessionary gap closed….

65. Page 270 The use of expansionary fiscal policy to attain Y POT by shifting aggregate demand to AD 5 will Increase the general price level to P 5 . Inflation rate (P 5 – P 4 ) ÷ P 4 Inflationary gap created….

68. Chapter 14 focuses on the key consequences of business fluctuations ….