4. Processes for energy exctraction
• Direct combustion
• Thermo-chemical gasification (heat to 800ºC under pressure)
• Pyrolysis (heat to 300-500ºC in near absence of air)
• Anaerobic digestion
• Fermentation of non-woody biomass
• Hydrolysis & fermentation of woody biomass
• Transesterification of vegetable oils
• Gasification and catalytic production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids
• Gasification to produce hydrogen
4
5. Biomass in Europe
• s
Share of Primary Energy
Source: Baromètre BIOMASSE
SOLIDE – EUROBSERV’ER –
Novembre 2010
5
6. Biomass in Europe
Source: Baromètre BIOMASSE
SOLIDE – EUROBSERV’ER –
Novembre 2010
6
7. Trends in biomass use by type
4000
Industrial
Biofuel Consumption (Mt/yr)
3000 Biofuels
Domestic
Charcoal
Domestic
Dung
2000 Domestic
Crops
Domestic
Fuelwood
1000
0
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Year
*with uncertainty bars for the total Source: Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2,
L. D. Danny Harvey
7
8. Trends in biomass use by region
3000
North
2500 America
Latin
Biofuel Consumption (Mt/yr)
America
Western
2000 Europe
Eastern
Europe/FSU
1500 Africa
South Asia
1000 East Asia
Southeast
Asia
500 Oceania
0
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Year
*with uncertainty bars for the total Source: Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2,
L. D. Danny Harvey
8
9. Woodfuel
Cluster Technology of
Wallonia Energy, Environment
and sustainable Development
9
10. Biomass in Wallonia
50 % agricultural land
30 % forest (~540.000 ha)
10 % urban planning
6 % transport infrastructure
4 % water/wetlands
10
11. Walloon Market
• Belgian target for renewable energy in 2020 is 13% of the final
energy consumption.
• Wallonia goes greener ? a target RE of 20% and 30% for green
electricity. (decisions pending)
• In 2010, Wallonia used around 147 TWh of energy;
o RE cover 6.2% of the final energy consumption (9.1 TWh)
o Biomass accounts for more than 85% of the renewable energy
production
5.5 TWh are produced by biomass CHP (1.25 TWh of electricity)
0.2 TWh by biogas plants
1.5 TWh for residential heating (pellets boilers, stoves, etc.) and the rest
is coming from biofuel
o Biomass will remain the most important RE source for the 2020
target
11
12. Walloon Pellets Production
There are 8 companies that
produce pellets with a total
capacity of 500,000 tons/year.
However, most of the pellets
consumption is imported
(Canada, Eastern Europe, etc.)
for biomass CHP or the heating
market.
Capacity (tons/year)
Source: The World of Pellets, Bioenergy 2010
12
13. Belgium Pellets Markets
The wood pellet market in Belgium is characterized by a large demand for industrial pellets for
(co-)firing in power production, a young pellet production industry with limited production and a
fast developing market for residential pellet heating.
The total pellet consumption in Belgium in 2008 is estimated at 920,000 tons of which
around 800,000 tons were industrial pellets consumed for power production.
The Green Certificate Scheme in Belgium contributed to stimulating the demand for solid biofuels,
including pellets, for electricity generation by (co)combustion, Electrabel (GDF Suez) being the
major consumer of industrial wood pellets in Belgium.
This sector largely relies on pellet imports from Germany, Eastern Europe and North America and
is expected to be growing significantly in the next years.
It is estimated that around 325,000 tons of pellets were produced by at least 10 producers in
2008. Four of them are DINplus certified (October 2009) and it is expected that a good share of
the domestic production in Belgium is targeting the domestic heating market. Since stoves are the
main pellet appliance, the majority of pellets are probably traded in bags. Some of the larger pellet
plants produce exclusively for the power sector. Large exports are not reported.
The consumption of high quality pellets in the heating market can be roughly estimated at
120,000 tons in 2008, meaning that more than 11 kg of pellets were consumed per capita. This is
comparable to the situation in Germany. However, in contrast to Germany, stoves are the main
pellet appliance in Belgium.
Source: The World of Pellets, Bioenergy 2010
13
15. Power Production
Power production with
pellets in Wallonia, Les
Awirs, 85 MW!
Source Valbiom
15
16. Power Production Technologies
- Walloon Companies
XYLOWATT Gasification CHP Plant
(Combined Heat & Power 0,1–10 MWe)
Global efficiency = 75%
(25% electricity, 50% heat)
www.xylowatt.be
16
17. Power Production Technologies
The NOTAR ® downdraft gasifier
Wood is composed of
52% C + 6% H + 41% O + 1% ashes
PYROLYSIS
Wood is decomposed in
charcoal (30%) and pyrolysis gas (70%)
COMBUSTION
Pyrolysis gas (composed mainly of heavy tars) are burned and
cracked with air to produce CO2 & H2O at high temperature
(1200 C)
REDUCTION
Exhaust gases react with the carbon of the charcoal to form the
fuel gas: CO2 + C = 2 CO et H2O + C = H2 + CO
18. Power Production Technologies
- Gasification Powerplant manufacturer and turnkey provider
- Operation (remote control & telemonitoring) and Maintenance (on-site & assistance)
- Gasification process Woodgas production for industries ( ex: woodgas for glassmaking furnace)
19. Power Production Technologies
Fabricom provides innovative technical installations and services for the industry, energy
sector, tertiary and infrastructure markets. Its expertise covers a wide and varied range of
technical disciplines, including Electrical, Instrumentation, Mechanical, Industrial Piping,
Automation, and Maintenance, etc.
Biomass CHP 3MW project in Liège
19
20. Power Production Technologies
De Smet Engineers & contractors
Biomass Power Turnkey projects, Engineering Works, General-contracting in Energy
(Steam Process, Electricity Production, Biomass Boiler, etc. )
Solutions for: - Storage
www.dsengineers.com
- Solids Handling
- Preparation of biomass: shredding, drying, pelletization…
- Biomass energy recovery technology: combustion, gasification, methanisation...
- Electricity production system: steam turbine, gas turbine, ORC turbine, internal combustion
engine
- Heat Production: steam, hot water, hot air or gas, thermal oil...
- Heat Valorisation: pelletization, drying, distillation…
20
21. Power Production Technologies
TPF Group
Engineering, architecture and management consultancy,
turnkey projects
Active in the development of projects relating to renewable TPF: Biomass plant and
energies such as wind power, thermal solar energy, treatment of olive's waste
biomethanation and gasification, cogeneration, district heating , - 20 MW - Spain
etc.
www.tpf.eu
TPF: Household Waste
Incineration Plant -
Belgium
21
22. Power Production Technologies
- Walloon Companies (others)
CORETEC, an engineering consultancy company specializing in energy,
can offer its services for the study, implementation, optimization and
supervision of reliable and high-performance solutions.
Services are available in 4 sectors:
- Construction technology
- Industrial technology
- HP Energy Production
- Energy Purchases' Management
www.coretec.be
22
23. Power Production Technologies
CMI: Cockerill Maintenance & Ingénierie
- Conception of boilers for Industries & Energy sector
(Heat Production, HRSG ,etc.)
- Combination of a waste incineration with a combined cycle (gas turbin, heat
recovery boiler, steam turbin) increase the yield by 5%
- Organic Rankine Cycle (gas ou liquids < 400 C)
www.cmigroupe.com
Heat Recovery Steam Generators
23
24. Power Production Technologies
CMI: Cockerill Maintenance & Ingénierie
CMI Energy Services has converted the Awirs
power station to biomass. The boiler no longer
burns coal as before, but wood pellets.
Electrabel: Awirs – 80 MW- Biomass -
24
25. Power Production Technologies
HEAT Production
Biom offers a complete heating solution comprising boiler
and feeder-system installation, adjustment, maintenance-staff training,
an annual service and the supply of fuel.
- Range from 200 to 1000 kW.
Tailored for
• Government buildings (civil service…)
• Public services (schools, hospitals, retirement homes…)
• Sporting infrastructures (sports halls, swimming pools…)
• Industrial premises
• The timber and woodworking industry
www.biom.be
25
26. Power Production Technologies
HEAT Production
BIOM
Innovative and patented combustion process: the cyclonic burner
• Use of a variety of fuels (slashed wood, pellets, sawdust,
fruit stones, cereals…)
• A level of fuel humidity that reaches 30%
• A low level of inertia enabling rapid start-up
and shut-down according to your needs
• High performance levels (90%)
• Low maintenance owing to complete combustion
• Staged combustion leading to reduced levels of pollutants
26
27. Power Production Technologies
Biomass schemes
4ENERGY Invest
The core business of 4Energy Invest consists in
turning non-contaminated wood biomass, wood residues, shavings, barks ... which
are at their end-of-life in the forestry sector, into energy, either directly through
cogeneration process to generate heat and electricity, or indirectly through
torrefaction process to produce renewable solid fuels such as BioCoal.
4Energy Invest is operating a fully operational cogeneration plant,
located in Amel (Wallonia, Belgium), Currently developing cogeneration projects in
Ham (Flanders, Belgium) and in Pontrilas (England, UK).
As project development company, 4Energy Invest is continuously assessing
several other projects and has further identified a number of sites that offer
opportunities to build and operate biomass-to-energy projects in Belgium as well
as elsewhere in Europe (+ Brazil)
www.4energyinvest.com
27
28. Biomethanation
Cluster Technology of
Wallonia Energy, Environment
and sustainable Development
28
29. Biomethanation Principles
Crops/ Farm Residues
PRINCIPLES
Anaerobic digestion of organic matters
leading to the generation of methane and
carbon dioxide
Process involves three steps :
1. Hydrolysis
2. Acidification
3. Acetogenesis
4. Methanogenesis
Process can be carried out in a single step or a two steps
29
30. Biomethanation Technologies
Power Production - Walloon Companies / Technologies
GreenWatt
- from the feasibility study to the construction and start-up of the installations, turnkey
projects
- developed an innovative biomethanation technology; Unlike traditional
technologies, this technology – called two-stage – enables energy production at a
local scale on the basis of plant residues without any need for external
contribution (liquid manure, etc.).
- offers a simple, efficient solution for purifying the COD-laden water evacuated by
the food-processing industry.
Walloon Technology, Patented
FAD (Flushing Anaerobic Digestor),
developped by GreenWatt is an original
design of a digestor (methaniser) with high
yield incorporating a system of unpatching
and renewing of the biofilm.
www.greenwatt.be
30
31. Biomethanation Technologies
Power Production - Walloon Companies / Technologies
- Building of an industrial
treatment unit ( endive roots)
Electricity production
- (80 kWe 24/24 ) and heat
production (94 kWth for 15 tons of
waste a day).
31
32. Biomethanation Technologies
Realco developed an expertise in enzyme-based hydrolysis processes.
Enzymes degrade organic macromolecules, these elements are more water
soluble and more easily assimilable by microorganisms. Hydrolysis is the
limiting step for bacterial assimilation and thus for biological effluent treatment
such as biomethanation.
32
33. Biomethanation Technologies
The enzymatic hydrolysis developed by Realco focus on a pre-treatment of the
substrate before its introduction into the digester.
This strong pre-treatment allows to accomplish:
- substrate liquefaction and homogenization, influent viscosity decrease
- substrate biodigestibility increase, i.e. Increase of the substrate assimilation rate
by microorganisms population responsible for the production of biogas and energy.
Biomethanation
- Increase energy with enzymatic solutions
- Provides solution for overloaded / undersized digesters
- Increase biogas production
- Improve digester yield
- Accelerate digesters (re)start
Applications
Substrates difficult to treat but having great interest regarding their methanogenic
potential Digester yield
For any substrates : fat, manure and litter, food industry waste, household waste,
WWTP sludges, etc...
33
34. Biomethanation Companies
Balteau
- Contractor
- Balteau designs and builds pumping, sewage management and drinking
water facilities.
In the Biogas sector
collecting, pumping, management, valorisation, burning
www.balteau.eu
34
35. Biomethanation Technologies
Walloon Companies (others)
Methadev
METHADEV is an active small business in the sector of renewable power, specialized
in the treatment and increasing the value of waste and organic effluents. METHADEV
owns a specific expertise in producing and using biogas.
www.methadev.com
Cebedeau
Centre for Expertise in the Treatment and Management of Water
Cebedeau is also active in the sector of biomethanation:
• Expertise in biological and physico-chemical treatment
• Industrial water management
• Sampling, analysis and pilot testing
• Applied research and technology transfer
• Training and seminars
www.cebedeau.com
35
36. Biofuel
Cluster Technology of
Wallonia Energy, Environment
and sustainable Development
36
37. Biofuel Overview
H yd ro g e n
(H 2)
M e th a n o l
(C H 3 O H )
W a te r g a s sh ift
+ se p a ra tio n
DME
G a sifica tio n S yn g a s (C H 3O C H 3 )
C a ta lyse d
syn th e sis F T D ie se l
(C xH y)
L ig n o ce llu lo sic A n a e ro b ic SNG
B io g a s P u rifica tio n
b io m a ss d ig e stio n (C H 4 )
F la sh p yro lysis
H yd ro tre a tin g B io d ie se l
B io o il a n d re fin in g (C xH y)
H yd ro th e rm a l
liq u e fa ctio n
E th a n o l
H yd ro lysis S ugar F e rm e n ta tio n
(C H 3 C H 2 O H )
S u g a r/sta rch M illin g a n d
cro p s h yd ro lysis
B io d ie se l
E ste rifica tio n
(a lkyl e ste rs)
P re ssin g o r
O il p la n ts Ve g e ta b le o il
E xtra ctio n
B io o il
(ve g e ta b le o il)
Source: Hamelink and Faaij (2006, Energy Policy 34, 3268–3283, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014215
38. Ethanol/ Biodiesel production in 2008
France Other
2% 4% Germany
Other 18% 70
China 23%
3%
60
Production (billions litres/yr)
50
Italy
3% 40
US
US Spain 17% Ethanol
30
51% 3%
Brazil
40% 20
Thailand
3%
10 Biodiesel
Argentina France
10% 13% 0
Brazil 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ethanol Production in 2008 10%
Year
Total = 67 billion litres
Biodiesel Production in 2008
Total = 12 billion litres
Source: Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2, L. D. Danny Harvey
39. Ethanol/ Biodiesel production in
2010
In Wallonia:
- A target of 5,75% of biofuel in transport for 2010
Production unit:
- BioWanze: capacity of 300 000 tons of bioethanol per year
- Néochim in Feluy: capacity of 240 000 tons of biodiesel per
year
40. Biofuel - Bioethanol/Biodiesel
Companies
De Smet Engineering & Contractors
Funded in 1990 by Groupe De Smet
• General contracting company specialized in the agro-
industrial field ( sugar industries, edible oil, etc.)
• Supplier of industrial equipments
• Project management
• In 2004, DSEC made its general-contracting know-how
available in other fields, including bio-energy and agro-
chemical sectors (bioethanol/biodiesel).
• Turnover 120M€
• More than 100 employees
• On 5 continents
• 450.000 m³ yearly building capacity
www.dsengineers.com
41. Biofuel - Bioethanol/Biodiesel
De Smet Engineering & Contractors
Building of a bioethanol production unit in Biowanze, Belgium
- Capacity of 300 000 tons
of bioethanol per year
- from 800.000 tons of wheat and
400.000 tons of sugarbeets
250 millions € investment
46. Biofuel from waste
Project PHOENIX: Turn your car into fuel! World Premiere
- Conversion Process of organic matters contained in grinding
remnants of metallic waste to hydrocarbon alternative liquids and
carbon used in steel industry, by low temperature catalytic craking
- Recycling European average (82%) Comet + Phoenix (90%)
- Low energy process, 70.000 T/ Year 20 million liters
www.certech.be
www.cometsambre.be
47. Biofuel from algae
Project Bema
SynCap has initiated a renewable energy and bio-tech project aiming at the production of:
- Bio-energy (diesel) from microalgae (BEMA) and
- Molecules with high added value.
The BEMA project’s major objective is to implement a prototype photo-bioreactor that can
demonstrate the feasibility of large scale microalgae biomass production.
www.syncap.eu
48. Biofuel from waste
- Waste Recycling
Sita Treatment
www.sita.be
Shanks
www.shanks.be
Waste management
- Treatment of household waste by sorting, recycling, incineration and revaluation.
- Authorised landfill site management
49. Electricity: Production
support
Cluster Technology of
Wallonia Energy, Environment
and sustainable Development
51. Belgium Green Certificates
mechanism
Belgium Green Certificates mechanims:
1.Growing obligation % of renewable power based on yearly electricity
sales for each power supplier
2.Penalty for the share that is not covered by Certificates (x €/ missing
GC)
3.Market for exchanging Certificates between green producers and
suppliers needing them
4.Regulatory body in each region granting the Certificates and surveying
the market
5.Certified bodies for inspecting the green power plants and the bio-fuel
resources
52. Belgium Green Certificates
mechanism
One certificate per 1000 kWh produced, different in the 3 Regions
(Wallonia, Brussel, Flemish Region) Different price, different
determination
Different determination:
1.Flemish region 1 GC = 1MWh green electricity produced
2.Flemish region: 1 CHP Certificate = 1 MWh primary energy saving
3.Wallonia: 1 GC = 456 kg CO2avoided + Reduction factor applied on
plants > 10 years old
4.Brussels: 1 GC = 217 kg CO2 avoided
5.Federal: 1 GC = 1 MWh green electricity (Territorial waters, Off-shore
windmills)
54. Belgium Green Certificates
mechanism
Different determination: other rules
Flemish
Tide&Wave, Hydro < 10 MWe,
Biomass accorded to
a)vegetable products from agriculture and forestry;
b)litter and manure;
c)sorted organic-biological waste;
d)unsorted organic-biological waste with min. 35 % energy recuperated
Wallonia
CHP and HYDRO < 20 Mwe
Brussel
PV, Wind, Biogas, Geothermal, Hydro < 10 Mwe, Organic waste from
agriculture and forestry
