1. Representation
Other theorist to consider along
with Stuart Hall.

2. Feminist Theory
Laura Mulvey
• Theory: ‘The Male Gaze’
• Set out in her book
• Visual Pleasure and Narrative
Cinema. Written in 1975

3. Laura Mulvey
• “The cinema apparatus of Hollywood cinema
puts the audience in a masculine subject
position with the woman on the screen seen
as an object of desire. Film and
cinematography are structures upon ideas.
Protagonists tended to be men.”

4. Laura Mulvey
• Mulvey suggests two distinct modes of male
gaze voyeristic (women as whores) and
fetishistic women as unreachable madonnas.
• Mulvey also suggest that women are
narcissistic: “women watching film see
themselves reflected on the screen.”

5. Laura Mulvey
• People who criticise her ideas say that
she is ignoring the fact that all genders
male and female want to feel dominated
and overwhelmed by the cinema
experience. Also, she ignores the fact
that men are capable of metaphoric
transvestism whereby they are able to
view the film from the perspective of a
woman.

6. Subculture Dick Hebdidge
• Representation of Groups
• From his book,
• ‘Subculture and The Meaning of Style’

7. Dick Hebdidge
• Dick Hebdidge explains a subculture as
a group of like minded individuals who
feel neglected by the dominant societal
standards and who develop a sense of
identity that is different to the expected
identity.

8. Dick Hebdidge
• Hebdidge refers to Ken Gelder’s list of the
ways in which a subculture can be
recognised, which is:
• 1) Often have negative relationship to work
• 2) Negative or ambivalent relationship to
class
• 3) Through their associations with territory
• (The street, the hood, the club) rather than
property

9. Dick Hebdidge
• 4) Through their stylistic ties to excess
• 5) Through their movement out of home
into non-domestic forms of belonging
(social groups as opposed to family)
• 6) Through their refusal to engage with
what they might see as the banalities of
life.

10. Dick Hebdidge
• Hebdidge also states that the “Other
ways of recognising a subculture might
be through the symbolism attached to
clothes, music and visual affectations
like tattoos etc. Hebdidge concludes
that subcultural values are often
associated with being cool.