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46. 25 March 1999 NIAC Annual Meeting, NASA HQ 9
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47. The Telescope Optics
The most familiar type of X-ray optics in astronomy is the double coni-
cal telescope, especially the Wolter Type 1 telescope. This optic has been
employed in every X-ray telescope mission to date and in all those awaiting
launch. A Wolter telescope can be segmented and this is, in fact, being con-
sidered for the European XEUS telescope.
Kirkpatrick-Baez Mirror
Segmentation can also be applied, perhaps more eectively to the Kirkpatrick-
Baez (K-B) array of stacked orthogonal parabolic re
ectors (Figure A). As
shown in Figure B, a large K-B mirror can be segmented into rectangular
modules of equal size and shape.
A segmented K-B telescope has the advantage of being highly modular
on several levels. All segments are rectangular boxes with the same outer
dimensions. Along a column, the segments are nearly identical and many
are interchangeable with each other. All re
ectors deviate from
atness only
slightly after the

48. gures are imparted. On the other hand theWolter re
ectors
are highly curved in the azimuthal direction and the curvature varies over a
wide range. Furthermore, within a segment, the K-B re
ectors themselves
can be segmented along the direction of the optical axis. As shown in Figure
C, a K-B mirror system can be folded more easily than the Wolter mirror
into a compact volume for launch and deployment in space.
9

49. Figure A. Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror consisting of orthogonal stacks of re
ectors. Each re-
ector is a parabola in one dimension.
Figure B. A large K-B mirror can be segmented into rectangular modules of equal size
and shape.
10

50. Figure C. Mirror folded for launch (upper) and unfolded in situ (lower).
11

51. The X-ray Observatory
The following series of color

52. gures illustrates the operations of the Ultra
High Throughput Observatory.
The

53. rst shows a segmented telescope (as a Kirkpatrick-Baez type mirror
assembly) situated on its own spacecraft. At a distance equal to the focal
length (about 300 m) are a group of spacecrafts containing detectors of vari-
ous dierent types, i.e. high resolution, wide

54. eld, spectroscopy, etc. Usually
only one detector is active and precisely stationed at the focus. With the
aid of its own sensors and signals sent from the telescope that spacecraft
performs station keeping to maintain that distance equal to the focal length
with a few milimeters.
In the second

55. gure the target is changed. Only the active detector which
may not be the same one of the previous

56. gure has changed position to take
up the focal plane station. The others can stay put until they go into service.
The third

57. gure shows an alignment of three satellites whichmay be needed
for certain very high resolution dispersive spectroscopy measurements.
12

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