1. Hasimah Azit

2. Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
 Sexual reproduction occurs when a new individual
is formed through the union of two sex cells
(gametes).
 produce zygote
 Haploid gametes formed by meiosis in sex organs
(gonads).
 Asexual reproduction occurs when genetically
identical cells are produced from a single parent
cell by mitosis.
 fission or budding

4. Adi Ahmad Danish

6. Gametogenesis
 Gamete production
 By meiosis
 The chromosomal number in gamete is half of
chromosomal number in parent cell
 Gamete will carry different genetic constitution

9. -Testis is located in scrotum, outside the body to maintain the low
temperature [suitable for gamete production]
-Inside the testes, seminiferous tubule is densely coiled, connected to
epididymis that connected to vas deferans that connected to semenal
vesicle.

12. Male Reproductive System
Male accessory sex organs
 epididymis
 vas deferens
 seminal vesicles
 prostate gland
 urethra

14. Spermatogenesis

15. Testis and Spermatogenesis

16. spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Differentiation

17. Differentiation

18. sperm

19. Male Reproductive System
Spermatozoa
 Head encloses nucleus and capped by an acrosome -
contains enzymes that aid in egg penetration.
body and tail provide propulsion

20. Epididymis -
• Nonmotile
sperm arrive
in Epididymus
- Tubules on
outer surface
of testis where
sperm mature
(18 hrs.) and
are stored.
Epididymus

21. 1. Prostate gland - large gland behind
urinary bladder and produces
seminal fluid.
2. Seminal vesicles - paired glands at
bases of vas deferentia and produce
seminal fluid.
Seminal fluid serves as a lubricant,
pH buffer, and nutrient (high in
sugars) seminal
vesicle
prostate

22. Male Reproductive System
Hormonal control of male reproduction
FSH stimulates the Sertoli to facilitate sperm
development.
LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete
testosterone.
Principle negative feedback inhibition applies
to FSH and LH secretion.

24. UTERUS and OVARY

28. Ovari

29. Oogenesis
Ovum production process
Occurs in ovary
Oocyte develop simultaneously with
the development of follicle.

32. Female Reproductive System
Menstrual and estrous cycles
 At birth, a female’s ovaries contain
approximately 2 million follicles.
Some follicles are stimulated to
develop each cycle.
Human menstrual cycle lasts
approximately one month, and is
commonly divided into a follicular
phase and a luteal phase.

36. I want to learn to
some more
Please …..

37. Oogenesis
Oogonium
Oocyte primer
Secondary oocyte + polar body
mitosis
Meiosis I
Ovum + polar body
SpermMeiosis II

39. Graafian follicle

40. Inside the fallopian tube

41. Secondary Oocyte

42. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
NOTES
QUIZ

44. Ovum and
sperm

47. Mitosis

50. Oooh… overdosed already

55. 5 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks
8 weeks 9 weeks 12 weeks

56. 24 weeks20 weeks
18 weeks16 weeks14 weeks

57. Baby grow?

59. Before birth After birth

60. Placenta

63. Substances that able to diffuse
across the placenta from mother to
fetus:
Oxygen
Amino Acid
Glucose
Fatty acid and glycerol
Vitamin
Antibody
Any virus, drugs, alchohol.

64. Substances that able to diffuse
across the placenta from fets to
mother blood:
Carbon dioxide
Uric acid
Urea

65. Milk production

67. Normal delivery

70. Problems in reproduction
Infertility in male and female
----find the causes
Ectopic pregnancy
Family planning

71. Ectopic pregnancy

72. Procidentia

73. Placenta abnormal position

77. Hormone involve
Pituitary secretes:
 FSH [Follicle Stimulating Hormone] stimulate the
development of follicle in the ovary
 LH [Luteinizing – stimulate ovulation
From ovary:
 Follicle cells produce Estrogen
- – stimulate the endometrial wall (uterine lining) after
menstrual
 Corpus luteum produces Progestrone
- – stimulate and maintain the thickness of endometrial.

79. Compilation of graph

83. Identical twin
 Produce after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
 Membentuk satu zigot
 Diperingkat morula berlaku pemisahan tisu kepada dua – dua fetus
berkembang serentak
 Berkongsi plasenta
 Ciri-ciri:
 Jantina sama
 Rupa paras sama

88. Fraternal / non-identical twin

89. Fraternal twin
 Two ovum produce at a time
 Fertilezed by two sperm
 Two zigotes formed
 Not sharing the plasenta
 Developed into two babies with:
 Same or different gender
 Different feature

92. Siamese twin

95. Group discussion:
1 Male and female infertility
2 Sperm bank
3 Invitro fertilization
4 GIFT
5 IVF
6 Surrogate mother
7 Family planning

97. Natural way….

107. Infertility has been defined as the
inability of a couple to conceive
after one year of regular intercourse
without the use of contraceptives.
The definition has also come
to include couples who are able to
conceive but, due to repeated miscarriages,
are unable to carry a pregnancy to term.

108. causes of infertility
>>>In men, these include environmental
and hormonal factors that affect the production of
healthy, motile sperm and normal semen, as well as
blockages that affect the delivery of sperm
>>>In women, the causes are more varied since she plays a
greater role in reproduction. First, one of the organs involved
in reproduction may be absent, mal-formed or non-functional.
Second, the organs may be normal, but the complex
hormonal feedback system that is necessary to
support follicular development, ovulation and implantation
of the fertilized egg may be disrupted

110. If there are enough sperms ?
>>less than 20 million sperm per ml,
this is considered to be a low
sperm count.
>>Less than 10 million is very low.

111. # Whether the sperms are
moving well or not
Grade a ( fast progressive) sperms are those
which swim forward fast in a straight line
Grade b ( slow progressive) sperms swim forward,
but either in a curved or crooked line,
Grade c ( nonprogressive) sperms move their tails,
but do not move forward ( local motility only).
Grade d ( immotile ) sperms do not move at all

112. Whether the sperms are
normally shaped or not
>> a good sperm should have a regular
oval head, with a connecting mid-piece
and a long straight tail.
>> abnormal
* round heads;
* pin heads;
* very large heads;
* double heads;
* absent tails