SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 33
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
REPORT
ON
A GEOLOGICAL FIELD EXCURSION FROM ISLAMABAD TO
KIRANA HILLS, SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

DEPERTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise to Allah Almighty who blessed me with the courage and ability to
work on this report and to compile it. I would like to thank the department of Earth
and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University for offering us this four days of field
work as a course in our semester, we gained a lot of information and cleared the
confusions for without field work it is very difficult to understand the theory. Special
thanks to Dr. Tehseenullah Khan, Professor Bahria University, Islamabad and
Mr. Saqib Mehmood, Assistant Professor, Bahria University, Islamabad whose
guidance, vast knowledge, experience and interest helped us a lot in understanding the
different geological features and rock formations and also helped us in enhancing our
practical knowledge of how to analyze different structures in the field. Also a very
special thanks to the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria
University Islamabad, to arrange such an informative field excursion.

I
ABSTRACT

The report is about our field work in Sargodha and Chinot on the Kirana Hills.
This report contains general stratigraphy of the area we visited, topography of kirana
hills and the trip overview, personal conclusion and the information on the area,
location, tectonics, general stratigraphy and field observations of the different areas
that we visited in Sargodha and Chinot. This report has the theoretical knowledge of
what I learned during the four days of our work.

II
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I

ABSTRACT

II

CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background

01

1.2

Purpose Of Field

01

1.3

Location and Accessibility

01

1.4

Methodology

03

CHAPER: 2

GENERAL GEOLOGY

2.1

Topography of the Kirana Hills

04

2.2

Formations of the study area

04

2.2.1

Hachi Formation

05

2.2.2

Tuguwali Formation

05

2.2.3

Asianwala Formation

05

2.2.4

Hadda Formation

06

2.2.5

Sharaban Formation

06

CHAPTER: 3

DAY: 1

CHAK 100 QILLA HILLS

3.1

Station: 1

08

3.2

Station: 2

09

CHAPTER: 4
4.1

DAY: 2

Station: 1

CHAK 102 SHARABAN AREA
11
4.2

Station: 2

14

4.3

Station: 3

14

4.4

Station: 4

15

CHAPTER: 5

DAY: 3

SHAHEEN-ABAD & BULAND HILLS

5.1

Station: 1

16

5.2

Station: 2

17

5.3

Station: 3

18

5.4

Station: 4

19

5.5

Station: 5

19

5.6

Station: 6

21

CHAPER: 6
6.1

Station: 1

DAY: 4

CHINIOT
22

CONCLUSION

23

REFERENCES

24
LISTS OF FIGURES

PAGE NO.

Figure: 3.1

Light greenish coloured dolerite observed at station 1 Qilla
hills.

09

Figure: 3.2

Image of Dolerite with Quartzite

09

Figure: 3.3

Dolerite dike intruding into quartzite

10

Figure: 3.4

Chert present in Quartzite

10

Figure: 4.1

12

Figure: 4.3

Caving observed at Sharaban Area, station 1 due to
whirling of water as in physical weathering
Conglomerates, grading into slaty structure, observed at
sharaban area.
Sedimentary dike intruding in Quartzite

Figure: 4.4

Lens shaped Quartz veins

13

Figure: 4.5

Encirled Area shows the convolution banding in the
formation.
Jesper (Red variety of Quartz)

14

Opening of the cave where hematite is extracted. Iron
veins in the quartzite formation can be seen clearly
Iron bands or veins in the quartzite formation can be seen
clearly
Structure showing Rhyolite (Yellow) intruded between
Quartzite.
A figure showing Tuffaceous slate

15

18

Figure: 5.4

A picture of Basalt, there were calcite and quartz veins in
it
A picture showing Hachi boulders (Buland Hills)

Figure: 5.5

A snapshot of Rhyolite dike

20

Figure: 5.6

20

Figure: 5.7

Qaurtz veins can be seen clearly in this rhyolite dike
(extrusion)
Image showing sharp contact of rhyolite with slate.

Figure: 5.8

Quartzite and dolerite, pale yellow color can be observed

19

Figure: 4.2

Figure: 4.6
Figure: 4.7
Figure: 4.8
Figure: 5.1
Figure: 5.2
Figure: 5.3

12
13

14

15
17
18

19

20
Figure: 6.1

An image of Hematite sample

22

Figure: 6.2

Another picture showing the grains of micaceous
hematite in hand lens
Dandritic pattern observed at Chiniot

22

Figure: 6.3

22

LIST OF SKETCHES

PAGE NO.
Sketch 1

Sketches of day 1

i

Sketch 2

Sketches of day 2

ii

Sketch 3

Sketches of day 3

iii

Sketch 4

Sketches of day 4

iv
LIST OF MAPS

PAGE
NO.
02

Map: 1.1

Satellite image of Sargodha

Map: 1.2

Route map from Islamabad to Sargodha

02

Map: 1.3

Satellite image of Chiniot

03

Map: 2.1

Geological resource map of Kirana area

07

Map: 3.1

Route map from Sargodha to Chak 100 (Qilla Hills)

08

Map: 4.1

Route map from Sargodha to Chak 102

11

Map: 5.1

Route map from Sargodha to Shaheen-abad

16

Map: 6.1

Route map from Sargodha to Chiniot

22

Sharaban Area
CHAPTER : 1
INRTODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND

The Kirana area comprises of metasedimentary and igneous Precambrian rocks which
have been intruded by dykes and sills. An indication of mineralization in the form of
quartz veins is also present in the area but as yet no significant deposit has been
reported. The Kirana Hills are a major source of crushed rock aggregates for private
and public sectors in southern and central Punjab. The precambrian rocks are
considered to be very important throughout the world as these contain valuable
mineral deposits. Hematite mineralization has been noticed in the area.
1.2

PURPOSE OF FIELD
The primary purpose and objective of the field work was to enhance our

knowledge and to understand, how to analyze the different rock formations, how to
measure the dip and strike of the formations and draw rough sketches of the area.
Also the purpose was to make our practical knowledge more sound and to identify the
various features that are exposed in the outcrop.

1.3

LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

Sargodha is the 11th largest city of Pakistan and 5th largest of Punjab. It is located
in the north-east of Pakistan. It is known as best citrus-producing and also one of the
ore producing cities of Pakistan. Map 1.1 shows the satellite view of Sargodha.

1
Map: 1.1 Satellite image of Sargodha

The coordinates of Sargodha are 32.0836° N and 72.6711° E. The city is easily
accessible from Islamabad via Islamabad motorway. Sargodha is located 206 km (128
miles) from Lahore the second largest city in Pakistan and 244 km (152 miles) from
Islamabad. The route map from Islamabad to Sargodha is shown below in map 1.2.

Map: 1.2 Route map from Bahria University Islamabad to Sargodha

2
Chiniot city is located between the heart of river Chenab with the heads of small
rocky hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great
attraction in all over the world. Map 1.3 shows the satellite view of Chiniot.

Map: 1.3 Satellite image of Chiniot

The coordinates of chiniot city are 31.7200° N and 72.9789° E. Chiniot is located
55km from Sargodha and is easily accessible.

1.4

METHODOLOGY

The methodology by which we studied Stratigraphy is:

Observe the formation members, outcrops, lithology and make cross-sections.
Measure the dip strike and draw the sketches of the deformational structures
Take samples and cross match to observe similarities and differences.

3
CHAPTER 2
GENERAL GEOLOGY

2.1

TOPOGRAPHY OF KIRANA HILLS

The Kirana Hills is a small mountain range in Pakistan's Punjab province. It
spans approximately 40 miles across the districts of Sargodha and Jhang. The highest
peak in the Kirana Hills is Koh-e-Kirana, which is about 980 feet high. The region is
also known as "Black Mountains" by locals because of the dark brown colors of the
range. The Kirana Hills and its environs are heavily infested with wild boar or wild
pig.

2.2

FORMATIONS OF THE STUDY AREA:

Table 2.1 shows the various formations of the Kirana area.
Group

Formation

Description

Sharaban formation

Conglomerates
with
intercalations.
Calcareous quartzites

Hadda formation
Machh Super
Group

Asianwala Formation

Tuguwali Formation
Chak 112 Conglomerates

Volcanogenic slates
Hachi volcanics
Volcanics

4

slate

Mainly quartzites with sub ordinate
quartz wackes / arenaceous slates,
gritty quartzites and slates, often
showing cross bedding and ripple
marks
Slates, fine grained quartz wackes /
arenaceous slates
Polymict conglomerate with clasts
of dolerite and acid
volcanics.
Often interbedded with rhyolite /
rhyolitic tuff and
dolerite
Dolerites, andesites, dacites, dacitic
tuff, rhyolites and
rhyolitic tuff.
2.2.1

Hachi Formation

Named after the type Locality at Hachi Hill lies between latitude 31° 54' 09" N
and longitude 72° 41' 59" E, north of Sikhanwali railway station, this formation
consists of quartzites, slates, phyllites, tuffs and lava flows. At the type locality it is
404 m thick. The quartzites in the formation are light to medium grey, medium
grained and comprise rounded to subrounded quartz grains with clay minerals .The
tuffs are light grey, interlayered with lavas and metasediments. The lavas are largely
rhyoloitic to dacitic with minor andesite and no pillow structures.

2.2.2

Tuguwali Formation

This formation is named after the Taguwali Village which lies between the
latitude 31° 56'N and longitude 72° 42'E and the type section is south of Kirana Hill,
located at the coordinates 31° 58' 3''N and 72° 42' 0''E .This formation is entirely
composed of sedimentary rocks with phyllites and slates dominating its upper part,
slates in its middle part and cross bedded quartzites, phyllites and slates in its lower
part .The formation is about 1189 m thick. The lower contact of this formation with
the underlying Hachi formation is obscure. Its upper contact with the Asianwala
formation is gradational.

2.2.3

Asianwala Formation

The formation drives its name from the Asianwala canal rest house which lies
between latitude 31° 59' 38''N and 72° 43' 42''E. The Kirana Hill, near Sargodha, is
the type locality. This formation is largely comprised of quartzite with subordinate
intercalations of slate .The quartzite is off-white to light grey or mottled brown. It is
comprised of well-sorted surrounded to rounded quartz grains. It is thick-bedded,
cross-bedded and ripple-marked. The interbedded slates are grey and occur in thin
layers. The upper part of the formation is covered by alluvium .It has a gradational
contact with the underlying Taguwali formation .No fossils have yet been found .At
the type locality the formation is about 250 m thick

5
2.2.4

Hadda Formation

The formation has been named after the Hadda canal rest house, 20 km from
Sargodha.
It is largely comprised of quartzites, slates conglomerates and lava flows. At the
type locality it is about 372 m thick .The quartzites are the dominant rock type .They
are rusty brown, fine-grained and at places cross-bedded. Slumping of beds is also
evident at some locations.
The upper part of the formation is dominated by conglomerates, interbedded with
lesser amounts of quartzites. The conglomerates contain flattened pebbles of quartzite
slate and lesser amount of limestone. The middle part is largely composed of light
grey to brownish grey fine grained, thin bedded quartzites. The lower part of the
formation is comprised of light grey quartzites which are highly ferruginous at places.
No fossils have been found .the formation is exposed in isolated hillocks without any
connection with older sequences. According to Alam et al (1992), it is conformably
overlain by the Sharaban formation

2.2.5

Sharaban Formation

Named after the type locality at Sharaban hill, about 18 km SE of Sargodha the
formation is characterized by a 120 m thick sequence of conglomerates with minor
lenses of fine-grained quartzite.
The conglomerate is thick bedded (5-10 m) and contains flattened and elongated
pebbles and cobbles (1-10cm) of quartzite and slate, apparently derived from the older
sequences in this region. The conglomerate also contains limestone pebbles that must
have come from distant source since there are no limestone outcrops in this region.
No fossils have been found in this formation .Its upper part is covered by
alluvium. According to Alam et al (1992) stratigraphically it overlies all the other four
formations.

6
Map: 2.1

Geological resource map of Kirana area

7
CHAPTER 3
DAY : 1
CHAK 100

QILLA HILLS

Latitude: 31 58’ 56” N
Longitude: 72° 13′ 18′′ E

Map: 3.1 Route Map from Sargodha to Chak 100 Qilla Hills

3.1

STATION: 1

The location was Qilla hills. Rugged, massive, medium grained Dolerite
(hypabasal igneous rock) was seen which was greenish in colour as shown in figure
3.1. It contained amphibole and plagioclase which was present at station 1. If the
outcrop is fresh then pyroxene will be present. Dolerite is equivalent to
volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro, shearing phenomenon was observed. Greenish
looking igneous rock, Dolerite is due to feldspar, weathered into sericite. It would
have had foliation, schistosity if it was metamorphic rocks and if it was sedimentary
then it would have been layered.

8
Figure: 3.1

3.2

Light greenish coloured dolerite observed at station 1 Qilla hills.

STATION: 2

As we moved further to second station, we observed dark coloured dolerite,
containing amphibole and plagioclase. If it would have been fresh, if it had contained
amphibole and pyroxene. Convolution banding was also observed at station 2. Figures
3.2 shows the outcrop of station 2.

Figure: 3.2

Image of Dolerite with Quartzite

9
Quartzite had an intrusion of Rhyolite, and Quartz veins were also present in Dolerite.
Plagioclase cuts into amphibole. At station 2, Quartzite is intruded by a dolerite dike.
Dolerite Dike

Figure: 3.3

Dolerite dike intruding into quartzite

The dark and light color in quartzite show mineralogical variations. Mafic minerals
were greater in dolerite. Lithological variation was present. Quartzite has flint that
confirms that it is not rhyolite, and has very fine grained chert as shown in figure 3.4.

Figure: 3.4 Chert present in Quartzite
The dip and strike which was calculated was:
Strike: N70°W
Dip: 68°NE
1
0
CHAPTER 4
DAY :

2

SHARABAN AREA
Lattitude: 31° 57’ 07” N
Longitude: 72° 47’ 5” E

Map: 4.1 Route map from Sargodha to Chak 102 Sharaban area

4.1

STATION: 1
The outcrop here is also quartzite but it’s different from the one observed at chak

100. Shearing phenomenon was observed. Faults were present, intraformational
shearing in faults. Caving of formation was observed due to whirling of water effect
as occurs in physical weathering as shown in figure 4.1.

1
1
Figure: 4.1

Caving observed at Sharaban Area, station 1 due to whirling of water as
in physical weathering

Formation is sandstone metamorphosed to quartize. Slate was also identified,
conglomerates with slaty interclations shown in figure 4.2. Gradational contact was
observed. Quartz veins were also present in the formation as were observed
previously at chak 100 on day 1. Calcareous schist extention greenish due to
carbonates (may contain mudstone, siltstone). Indications of Breccia were also
reported in the formation.

Figure: 4.2

Conglomerates, grading into slaty structure, observed at sharaban area.

1
2
Layered sedimentry dike was also identified as shown in figure 4.3, which was
intruding into quartzite, having a total length of approx. 14 feet and varying width
with a maximum of 8.2 inches and a minimum of 4.0 inches

Figure: 4.3

Sedimentary dike intruding in Quartzite

Lens shaped Quartz veins were also observed at station 1. As shown in figure 4.4.

Figure: 4.4

Lens shaped Quartz veins

1
3
Dip and Strike of the area was:
Strike: N

80° E

Dip: 68° SE
4.2

STATION: 2

Convolution banding was observed in the formation at station 2 as shown in figure 4.5

Figure: 4.5

4.3

Encirled Area shows the convolution banding in the formation.

STATION: 3
Red veriety of quartz was found there, which is known as Jesper embedded in

quartzite was also identified as shown in figure 4.6. Dog toothspar (well developed
crystals of calcite) were also found at places.

Figure: 4.6

Jesper (Red variety of Quartz)

1
4
4.4

STATION: 4
There was an adit (cave) as shown in figure 4.9, where the mining on iron ore

used to be done. Now it has been abandoned due to casualties caused by blasting as
the nearby area is a village. Iron bands in the quartzite formation are present, these
hematite veins were caused by hydrothermal activity.

Figure: 4.7

Opening of the cave where hematite is extracted

Figure: 4.8

Iron bands or veins in the quartzite formation can be seen clearly

1
5
CHAPTER: 5
DAY : 3
SHAHEENABAD

Lattitude: 31° 55’ 56” N
Longitude: 72° 13’ 18” E

Map: 5.1 Route map from Sargodha to Shaheen-abad
5.1

STATION: 1

Five unites have been observed.
Quartzite
Dolorite
Tuffacious slate
Basalt
Rhyolite
(And some metallic mineralization)
In igneous rocks, we use weathered surface for identification of rocks. The dark
visible surface is amphibole (granular texture) and the yellowish layer is rhyolite
(silica rich) that has intruded into quartzite. There was alot of shearing phenomena

1
6
observed at station 1 as shown in figure 5.1.

Figure: 5.1

Structure showing Rhyolite (Yellow) intruded between Quartzite.

Dip and Strike was measured to be:

Strike: N 60° W
Dip: 65° SW

5.2

STATION: 2

Strike: N35° W
Dip: 30° NE

Here we observed tuffaceous slate as shown in figure 5.2. Slate has platty structure,
breaks along planes. It can easily be identified on the field by its earthen smell.

1
7
Figure: 5.2

5.3

A figure showing Tuffaceous slate

STATION: 3
Large beds of basalt were observed as shown in figure 5.3 below. Basalt is a

volcanic rock with fine grained texture. Mafic minerals can be present in it, the dark
minerals are usually amphibole and pyroxene, sometimes plagioclase, feldspathoids,
or olivine. Slate, basalt and micaseous hematite was present.

Figure: 5.3

A picture of Basalt, there were calcite and quartz veins in it
Strike: N 45° W
Dip: 20° SW

1
8
5.4

STATION: 4
This place is known as Hachi Boulders, belong to Kirana group. The age of

Kirana hills was determined from Buland hills IN 1973, these are of pre-cambrian age
and about 843 million years old. Formation here is quartzite all around.

Figure: 5.4

5.5

A picture showing Hachi boulders (Buland Hills)

STATION: 5
Typical Rhyolite intrusion was observed, at chak 108. Rhyolite is made of

viscous lava and is consolidated but here there were cracks in it due to high pressure.
This was a typical rhyolite dike that shows extrusion. The surface of this dike was
weathered and was pinkish at places that showed greater than 66% concentration of
potassium rich feldspar in rhyolite.The length of the dike was measured to be 110 feet.
The dike has sheared and alteration zones present in it and hence there were quartz
veins in it, and sharp contact at the bottom with slate which was because of the
conjugate joint and the mineralization of Quartz has occurred as shown in figures 5.5.

1
9
Figure: 5.5

A snapshot of Rhyolite dike

Figure: 5.6

Qaurtz veins can be seen clearly in this rhyolite dike (extrusion)

There is also a sharp contact between Rhyolite and slate that can be observed very
clearly as shown in figure 5.7.

Figure: 5.7

Image showing sharp contact of rhyolite with slate.
2
0
5.6

STATION: 6
This was the last stop of the day Chak 109, the rock formation was

quartzite-dolorite mostly. The color was pale yellow due to ochry (limonite)
mineralization in the formation as shown in figures 5.8. The color was disturbed due
to the dust caused by the blasting of hachi boulders for crushing stones. Usually
hypabasal rocks from dikes.
Strike: N 40° W
Dip: 55° SW

Figure: 5.8

Quartzite and dolerite, pale yellow color can be observed.

2
1
CHAPTER: 6
Day 4
CHINIOT

Lattitude: 31° 43′ 30′′ N
Longitude: 72° 58′ 26′′ E

Map: 6.1 Route Map from Sargodha to Chiniot

6.1

STATION: 1
Strike: N 40° W
Dip: 85° NE

The outcrop is rhyolite with phenocrysts and feldspars. Hematite veins are
observed as shown in figure 6.1, which might be a result of hydrothermal alterations
as vein type mineralization cannot be achieved without a heat source and it is
magmatic. The yellow color is due to the limonite present. Mangenese is also present.
We also noticed Metallic luster with black streak. Micaceous hematite is present as
veins shown in figure 6.2. Dandritic pattern was also observed as we moved further
up the hill as shown in figure 6.3.

2
2
Figure: 6.1

An image of Hematite sample

Figure: 6.2

Another picture showing the grains of micaceous hematite in hand lens

Figure: 6.3

Dandritic pattern observed at Chiniot.
2
3
CONCLUSION

The Kirana hills are the outliers of shield rocks in the Punjab plains present in the
Kirana, Chiniot, Shahkot and Sangla areas. The rocks are of Precambrian age. The
area consists of two geomorphic features i-e scattered hills and flat alluvial plains.
The Precambrian outcrops are composed of metasedimentary and igneous rocks. The
metasedimentary rocks are represented by quartzites, slates and phyllites. The Kirana
area comprises of metasedimentary and igneous Precambrian rocks which have been
intruded by dykes and sills. An indication of mineralization in the form of quartz
veins is also present in the area but as yet no significant deposit has been reported.

2
4
REFERENCES
Ahmed, S.A, Mateen, A., Khan, Z.K.and Chaudhary,M.N.,2000.Geology and
geochemistry of Neoproterozoic Kirana Volcanics, Sargodha District,
Punjab ,Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ.
Alam, G.S (1987). Geology of Kirana Hills, District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.Geol.
Bull. Surv. Pak. Inf. Release 201,36p.
Davies, R.G. and Crawford, A.R., (1971). Petrography and age of the rocks of Buland
Hill, Kirana Hills, District Sargodha, West Pakistan.Geol.Mag.108, pp. 235-246.
Heron, A.M. (1913), The Kirana and other hills in the Jech and Rechna Doabs. Recs.
Geol. Surv. India 43, pp. 229-236.
pu.edu.pk/images/journal/geology/PDF-FILES/Vol_44_55-67.pdf
prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/2688H.pdf

2
5

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Sedimentry basin of india
Sedimentry basin of indiaSedimentry basin of india
Sedimentry basin of indiaAkhilesh Maurya
 
Shear zones.
Shear zones.Shear zones.
Shear zones.urbez
 
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara Area
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara AreaGeological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara Area
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara AreaHamzaGujjar14
 
INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAM
INDIAN  STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAMINDIAN  STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAM
INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAMSEEMAB AKHTAR
 
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptxSEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptxBARKAVE BALUSAMY
 
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKSTEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKSSohaibNazir4
 
Chhattisgarh basin
Chhattisgarh basinChhattisgarh basin
Chhattisgarh basinPramoda Raj
 
Gravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresGravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
 
Foliation and lineation
Foliation and lineationFoliation and lineation
Foliation and lineationSaad Raja
 
Migmatite and metamorphism
Migmatite and metamorphismMigmatite and metamorphism
Migmatite and metamorphismPramoda Raj
 
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland Basin
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland BasinTectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland Basin
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland BasinZiaulHaque95
 
Tectonic control of sediments
Tectonic control of sedimentsTectonic control of sediments
Tectonic control of sedimentsArshad Ayub
 
Sedimentary basins
Sedimentary basinsSedimentary basins
Sedimentary basinsSYED NAWAZ
 
Cratons of india
Cratons of indiaCratons of india
Cratons of indiaPramoda Raj
 
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basin
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basinNarmada, kutch & saurastra basin
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basinKaneti Pramod
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

baluchistan basin
  baluchistan basin  baluchistan basin
baluchistan basin
 
Sedimentry basin of india
Sedimentry basin of indiaSedimentry basin of india
Sedimentry basin of india
 
Shear zones.
Shear zones.Shear zones.
Shear zones.
 
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara Area
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara AreaGeological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara Area
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara Area
 
INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAM
INDIAN  STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAMINDIAN  STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAM
INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY COMPLETE PART 1 FOR GATE NET GSI & IAS EXAM
 
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptxSEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
 
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKSTEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
 
Chhattisgarh basin
Chhattisgarh basinChhattisgarh basin
Chhattisgarh basin
 
Komatiite
KomatiiteKomatiite
Komatiite
 
Gravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresGravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity anomaly across reagional structures
 
Foliation and lineation
Foliation and lineationFoliation and lineation
Foliation and lineation
 
Migmatite and metamorphism
Migmatite and metamorphismMigmatite and metamorphism
Migmatite and metamorphism
 
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland Basin
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland BasinTectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland Basin
Tectonics and Sedimentation of Foreland Basin
 
Lamprophyre
LamprophyreLamprophyre
Lamprophyre
 
Tectonic control of sediments
Tectonic control of sedimentsTectonic control of sediments
Tectonic control of sediments
 
THE ORE-BEARING FLUIDS
THE ORE-BEARING FLUIDSTHE ORE-BEARING FLUIDS
THE ORE-BEARING FLUIDS
 
Sedimentary basins
Sedimentary basinsSedimentary basins
Sedimentary basins
 
Classification of Sandstone
Classification of SandstoneClassification of Sandstone
Classification of Sandstone
 
Cratons of india
Cratons of indiaCratons of india
Cratons of india
 
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basin
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basinNarmada, kutch & saurastra basin
Narmada, kutch & saurastra basin
 

Ähnlich wie Field report on kirana hills

lokesh internship.pptx
lokesh internship.pptxlokesh internship.pptx
lokesh internship.pptxMrLokeshsahu
 
Salt range field report
Salt range field reportSalt range field report
Salt range field reportUmer Bhatti
 
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...Saba Saif
 
Geological Field Report on Sitakund Anticline
Geological Field Report on Sitakund AnticlineGeological Field Report on Sitakund Anticline
Geological Field Report on Sitakund AnticlineMdSayem30
 
Field report on dir area
Field report on dir areaField report on dir area
Field report on dir areaabdul mannan
 
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-s
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-sImpacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-s
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-sAli Sadighi
 
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )Zeeshan Wahab
 
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline Chittagong, Bangladesh
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline  Chittagong, BangladeshGeological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline  Chittagong, Bangladesh
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline Chittagong, BangladeshShacinChandraSaha
 
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...University of Dhaka
 
Cox's bazar field work 2017
Cox's bazar field work 2017Cox's bazar field work 2017
Cox's bazar field work 2017Srimontorumpa
 
Shah fahad report(Salt range)
Shah fahad report(Salt range)Shah fahad report(Salt range)
Shah fahad report(Salt range)junaid57148sh
 
Geological Fieldwork File
Geological Fieldwork FileGeological Fieldwork File
Geological Fieldwork FileDheeraj Singh
 
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN   AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN   AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...Amy Roman
 
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333Geological field report_on_salt_range_333
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333AhmadInayat2
 
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Review
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-ReviewStratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Review
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Reviewtheijes
 
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT Mansoooraziz84
 
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdf
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdfkumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdf
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdfDUSABEMARIYA
 
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...Fasih Akhtar
 
Salt Range Field Report
Salt Range Field ReportSalt Range Field Report
Salt Range Field ReportAHMAD GHANI
 

Ähnlich wie Field report on kirana hills (20)

lokesh internship.pptx
lokesh internship.pptxlokesh internship.pptx
lokesh internship.pptx
 
Salt range field report
Salt range field reportSalt range field report
Salt range field report
 
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...
2D seismic interpretation and petrophysical analysis of kabirwala area, centr...
 
Geological Field Report on Sitakund Anticline
Geological Field Report on Sitakund AnticlineGeological Field Report on Sitakund Anticline
Geological Field Report on Sitakund Anticline
 
Field report on dir area
Field report on dir areaField report on dir area
Field report on dir area
 
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-s
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-sImpacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-s
Impacts of Gold Mining in Zarshouran-final-s
 
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )
Gilgit field report by zeeshan (uoh )
 
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline Chittagong, Bangladesh
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline  Chittagong, BangladeshGeological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline  Chittagong, Bangladesh
Geological Field Report On Sitakund Anticline Chittagong, Bangladesh
 
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...
EARTH SCIENCES FIELD WORK ALONG JAINTIAPUR - TAMABIL – JAFLONG SECTION; SYLHE...
 
Cox's bazar field work 2017
Cox's bazar field work 2017Cox's bazar field work 2017
Cox's bazar field work 2017
 
Shah fahad report(Salt range)
Shah fahad report(Salt range)Shah fahad report(Salt range)
Shah fahad report(Salt range)
 
Geological Fieldwork File
Geological Fieldwork FileGeological Fieldwork File
Geological Fieldwork File
 
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN   AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN   AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...
A REPORT ON SEDIMENTARY TERRAIN MAPPING IN AROUND SONBHADRA AND MIRZAPUR DI...
 
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333Geological field report_on_salt_range_333
Geological field report_on_salt_range_333
 
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Review
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-ReviewStratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Review
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Review
 
Report (1) (1)
Report (1) (1)Report (1) (1)
Report (1) (1)
 
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT
SALT RANGE FIELD REPORT
 
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdf
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdfkumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdf
kumar2017.Gold - Sulphide Mineralization in Ultramafic-Mafic-Granite.pdf
 
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...
2D Seismic Data Interpretation and Volumetric Analyis of Dhulain Area, Upper ...
 
Salt Range Field Report
Salt Range Field ReportSalt Range Field Report
Salt Range Field Report
 

Mehr von Saba Saif

THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...
THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...
THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...Saba Saif
 
Importance of mountains..
Importance of mountains..Importance of mountains..
Importance of mountains..Saba Saif
 
Terrorism..what breeds it
Terrorism..what breeds itTerrorism..what breeds it
Terrorism..what breeds itSaba Saif
 
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistan
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistanI.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistan
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistanSaba Saif
 
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.Saba Saif
 
Assignment on cementation jobs
Assignment on cementation jobsAssignment on cementation jobs
Assignment on cementation jobsSaba Saif
 
Geomagnetism of earth.
Geomagnetism of earth.Geomagnetism of earth.
Geomagnetism of earth.Saba Saif
 
Cementation jobs.
Cementation jobs.Cementation jobs.
Cementation jobs.Saba Saif
 
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORT
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORTAirborne electromagnetic survey REPORT
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORTSaba Saif
 
Report on field visit to dakhni oil field
Report on field visit to dakhni oil fieldReport on field visit to dakhni oil field
Report on field visit to dakhni oil fieldSaba Saif
 
Water dowsing techniques.
Water dowsing techniques.Water dowsing techniques.
Water dowsing techniques.Saba Saif
 
Volcanic earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes.Volcanic earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes.Saba Saif
 
Properties of Source rocks of Pakistan
Properties of Source rocks of PakistanProperties of Source rocks of Pakistan
Properties of Source rocks of PakistanSaba Saif
 
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGH
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGHSULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGH
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGHSaba Saif
 
Transboundary aquifers in asia
Transboundary aquifers in asia Transboundary aquifers in asia
Transboundary aquifers in asia Saba Saif
 
Well control
Well controlWell control
Well controlSaba Saif
 

Mehr von Saba Saif (16)

THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...
THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...
THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM……………………….4 ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM………………………………...
 
Importance of mountains..
Importance of mountains..Importance of mountains..
Importance of mountains..
 
Terrorism..what breeds it
Terrorism..what breeds itTerrorism..what breeds it
Terrorism..what breeds it
 
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistan
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistanI.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistan
I.b kadri and petroleum geology of pakistan
 
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.
Petroleum geology of pakistan by iqbal[1].b.kadri.
 
Assignment on cementation jobs
Assignment on cementation jobsAssignment on cementation jobs
Assignment on cementation jobs
 
Geomagnetism of earth.
Geomagnetism of earth.Geomagnetism of earth.
Geomagnetism of earth.
 
Cementation jobs.
Cementation jobs.Cementation jobs.
Cementation jobs.
 
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORT
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORTAirborne electromagnetic survey REPORT
Airborne electromagnetic survey REPORT
 
Report on field visit to dakhni oil field
Report on field visit to dakhni oil fieldReport on field visit to dakhni oil field
Report on field visit to dakhni oil field
 
Water dowsing techniques.
Water dowsing techniques.Water dowsing techniques.
Water dowsing techniques.
 
Volcanic earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes.Volcanic earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes.
 
Properties of Source rocks of Pakistan
Properties of Source rocks of PakistanProperties of Source rocks of Pakistan
Properties of Source rocks of Pakistan
 
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGH
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGHSULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGH
SULFIDE REMOBILISATION FROM SULFIDE ORE AT HIGH
 
Transboundary aquifers in asia
Transboundary aquifers in asia Transboundary aquifers in asia
Transboundary aquifers in asia
 
Well control
Well controlWell control
Well control
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyes
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyesHow to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyes
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyesThousandEyes
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceThings you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceMartin Humpolec
 
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial Data
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial DataCloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial Data
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial DataSafe Software
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.francesco barbera
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyes
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyesHow to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyes
How to Effectively Monitor SD-WAN and SASE Environments with ThousandEyes
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your SalesforceThings you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
Things you didn't know you can use in your Salesforce
 
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial Data
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial DataCloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial Data
Cloud Revolution: Exploring the New Wave of Serverless Spatial Data
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 

Field report on kirana hills

  • 1. REPORT ON A GEOLOGICAL FIELD EXCURSION FROM ISLAMABAD TO KIRANA HILLS, SARGODHA, PAKISTAN DEPERTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 1
  • 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise to Allah Almighty who blessed me with the courage and ability to work on this report and to compile it. I would like to thank the department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University for offering us this four days of field work as a course in our semester, we gained a lot of information and cleared the confusions for without field work it is very difficult to understand the theory. Special thanks to Dr. Tehseenullah Khan, Professor Bahria University, Islamabad and Mr. Saqib Mehmood, Assistant Professor, Bahria University, Islamabad whose guidance, vast knowledge, experience and interest helped us a lot in understanding the different geological features and rock formations and also helped us in enhancing our practical knowledge of how to analyze different structures in the field. Also a very special thanks to the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, to arrange such an informative field excursion. I
  • 3. ABSTRACT The report is about our field work in Sargodha and Chinot on the Kirana Hills. This report contains general stratigraphy of the area we visited, topography of kirana hills and the trip overview, personal conclusion and the information on the area, location, tectonics, general stratigraphy and field observations of the different areas that we visited in Sargodha and Chinot. This report has the theoretical knowledge of what I learned during the four days of our work. II
  • 4. CONTENTS PAGE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I ABSTRACT II CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 01 1.2 Purpose Of Field 01 1.3 Location and Accessibility 01 1.4 Methodology 03 CHAPER: 2 GENERAL GEOLOGY 2.1 Topography of the Kirana Hills 04 2.2 Formations of the study area 04 2.2.1 Hachi Formation 05 2.2.2 Tuguwali Formation 05 2.2.3 Asianwala Formation 05 2.2.4 Hadda Formation 06 2.2.5 Sharaban Formation 06 CHAPTER: 3 DAY: 1 CHAK 100 QILLA HILLS 3.1 Station: 1 08 3.2 Station: 2 09 CHAPTER: 4 4.1 DAY: 2 Station: 1 CHAK 102 SHARABAN AREA 11
  • 5. 4.2 Station: 2 14 4.3 Station: 3 14 4.4 Station: 4 15 CHAPTER: 5 DAY: 3 SHAHEEN-ABAD & BULAND HILLS 5.1 Station: 1 16 5.2 Station: 2 17 5.3 Station: 3 18 5.4 Station: 4 19 5.5 Station: 5 19 5.6 Station: 6 21 CHAPER: 6 6.1 Station: 1 DAY: 4 CHINIOT 22 CONCLUSION 23 REFERENCES 24
  • 6. LISTS OF FIGURES PAGE NO. Figure: 3.1 Light greenish coloured dolerite observed at station 1 Qilla hills. 09 Figure: 3.2 Image of Dolerite with Quartzite 09 Figure: 3.3 Dolerite dike intruding into quartzite 10 Figure: 3.4 Chert present in Quartzite 10 Figure: 4.1 12 Figure: 4.3 Caving observed at Sharaban Area, station 1 due to whirling of water as in physical weathering Conglomerates, grading into slaty structure, observed at sharaban area. Sedimentary dike intruding in Quartzite Figure: 4.4 Lens shaped Quartz veins 13 Figure: 4.5 Encirled Area shows the convolution banding in the formation. Jesper (Red variety of Quartz) 14 Opening of the cave where hematite is extracted. Iron veins in the quartzite formation can be seen clearly Iron bands or veins in the quartzite formation can be seen clearly Structure showing Rhyolite (Yellow) intruded between Quartzite. A figure showing Tuffaceous slate 15 18 Figure: 5.4 A picture of Basalt, there were calcite and quartz veins in it A picture showing Hachi boulders (Buland Hills) Figure: 5.5 A snapshot of Rhyolite dike 20 Figure: 5.6 20 Figure: 5.7 Qaurtz veins can be seen clearly in this rhyolite dike (extrusion) Image showing sharp contact of rhyolite with slate. Figure: 5.8 Quartzite and dolerite, pale yellow color can be observed 19 Figure: 4.2 Figure: 4.6 Figure: 4.7 Figure: 4.8 Figure: 5.1 Figure: 5.2 Figure: 5.3 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20
  • 7. Figure: 6.1 An image of Hematite sample 22 Figure: 6.2 Another picture showing the grains of micaceous hematite in hand lens Dandritic pattern observed at Chiniot 22 Figure: 6.3 22 LIST OF SKETCHES PAGE NO. Sketch 1 Sketches of day 1 i Sketch 2 Sketches of day 2 ii Sketch 3 Sketches of day 3 iii Sketch 4 Sketches of day 4 iv
  • 8. LIST OF MAPS PAGE NO. 02 Map: 1.1 Satellite image of Sargodha Map: 1.2 Route map from Islamabad to Sargodha 02 Map: 1.3 Satellite image of Chiniot 03 Map: 2.1 Geological resource map of Kirana area 07 Map: 3.1 Route map from Sargodha to Chak 100 (Qilla Hills) 08 Map: 4.1 Route map from Sargodha to Chak 102 11 Map: 5.1 Route map from Sargodha to Shaheen-abad 16 Map: 6.1 Route map from Sargodha to Chiniot 22 Sharaban Area
  • 9. CHAPTER : 1 INRTODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Kirana area comprises of metasedimentary and igneous Precambrian rocks which have been intruded by dykes and sills. An indication of mineralization in the form of quartz veins is also present in the area but as yet no significant deposit has been reported. The Kirana Hills are a major source of crushed rock aggregates for private and public sectors in southern and central Punjab. The precambrian rocks are considered to be very important throughout the world as these contain valuable mineral deposits. Hematite mineralization has been noticed in the area. 1.2 PURPOSE OF FIELD The primary purpose and objective of the field work was to enhance our knowledge and to understand, how to analyze the different rock formations, how to measure the dip and strike of the formations and draw rough sketches of the area. Also the purpose was to make our practical knowledge more sound and to identify the various features that are exposed in the outcrop. 1.3 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY Sargodha is the 11th largest city of Pakistan and 5th largest of Punjab. It is located in the north-east of Pakistan. It is known as best citrus-producing and also one of the ore producing cities of Pakistan. Map 1.1 shows the satellite view of Sargodha. 1
  • 10. Map: 1.1 Satellite image of Sargodha The coordinates of Sargodha are 32.0836° N and 72.6711° E. The city is easily accessible from Islamabad via Islamabad motorway. Sargodha is located 206 km (128 miles) from Lahore the second largest city in Pakistan and 244 km (152 miles) from Islamabad. The route map from Islamabad to Sargodha is shown below in map 1.2. Map: 1.2 Route map from Bahria University Islamabad to Sargodha 2
  • 11. Chiniot city is located between the heart of river Chenab with the heads of small rocky hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the world. Map 1.3 shows the satellite view of Chiniot. Map: 1.3 Satellite image of Chiniot The coordinates of chiniot city are 31.7200° N and 72.9789° E. Chiniot is located 55km from Sargodha and is easily accessible. 1.4 METHODOLOGY The methodology by which we studied Stratigraphy is: Observe the formation members, outcrops, lithology and make cross-sections. Measure the dip strike and draw the sketches of the deformational structures Take samples and cross match to observe similarities and differences. 3
  • 12. CHAPTER 2 GENERAL GEOLOGY 2.1 TOPOGRAPHY OF KIRANA HILLS The Kirana Hills is a small mountain range in Pakistan's Punjab province. It spans approximately 40 miles across the districts of Sargodha and Jhang. The highest peak in the Kirana Hills is Koh-e-Kirana, which is about 980 feet high. The region is also known as "Black Mountains" by locals because of the dark brown colors of the range. The Kirana Hills and its environs are heavily infested with wild boar or wild pig. 2.2 FORMATIONS OF THE STUDY AREA: Table 2.1 shows the various formations of the Kirana area. Group Formation Description Sharaban formation Conglomerates with intercalations. Calcareous quartzites Hadda formation Machh Super Group Asianwala Formation Tuguwali Formation Chak 112 Conglomerates Volcanogenic slates Hachi volcanics Volcanics 4 slate Mainly quartzites with sub ordinate quartz wackes / arenaceous slates, gritty quartzites and slates, often showing cross bedding and ripple marks Slates, fine grained quartz wackes / arenaceous slates Polymict conglomerate with clasts of dolerite and acid volcanics. Often interbedded with rhyolite / rhyolitic tuff and dolerite Dolerites, andesites, dacites, dacitic tuff, rhyolites and rhyolitic tuff.
  • 13. 2.2.1 Hachi Formation Named after the type Locality at Hachi Hill lies between latitude 31° 54' 09" N and longitude 72° 41' 59" E, north of Sikhanwali railway station, this formation consists of quartzites, slates, phyllites, tuffs and lava flows. At the type locality it is 404 m thick. The quartzites in the formation are light to medium grey, medium grained and comprise rounded to subrounded quartz grains with clay minerals .The tuffs are light grey, interlayered with lavas and metasediments. The lavas are largely rhyoloitic to dacitic with minor andesite and no pillow structures. 2.2.2 Tuguwali Formation This formation is named after the Taguwali Village which lies between the latitude 31° 56'N and longitude 72° 42'E and the type section is south of Kirana Hill, located at the coordinates 31° 58' 3''N and 72° 42' 0''E .This formation is entirely composed of sedimentary rocks with phyllites and slates dominating its upper part, slates in its middle part and cross bedded quartzites, phyllites and slates in its lower part .The formation is about 1189 m thick. The lower contact of this formation with the underlying Hachi formation is obscure. Its upper contact with the Asianwala formation is gradational. 2.2.3 Asianwala Formation The formation drives its name from the Asianwala canal rest house which lies between latitude 31° 59' 38''N and 72° 43' 42''E. The Kirana Hill, near Sargodha, is the type locality. This formation is largely comprised of quartzite with subordinate intercalations of slate .The quartzite is off-white to light grey or mottled brown. It is comprised of well-sorted surrounded to rounded quartz grains. It is thick-bedded, cross-bedded and ripple-marked. The interbedded slates are grey and occur in thin layers. The upper part of the formation is covered by alluvium .It has a gradational contact with the underlying Taguwali formation .No fossils have yet been found .At the type locality the formation is about 250 m thick 5
  • 14. 2.2.4 Hadda Formation The formation has been named after the Hadda canal rest house, 20 km from Sargodha. It is largely comprised of quartzites, slates conglomerates and lava flows. At the type locality it is about 372 m thick .The quartzites are the dominant rock type .They are rusty brown, fine-grained and at places cross-bedded. Slumping of beds is also evident at some locations. The upper part of the formation is dominated by conglomerates, interbedded with lesser amounts of quartzites. The conglomerates contain flattened pebbles of quartzite slate and lesser amount of limestone. The middle part is largely composed of light grey to brownish grey fine grained, thin bedded quartzites. The lower part of the formation is comprised of light grey quartzites which are highly ferruginous at places. No fossils have been found .the formation is exposed in isolated hillocks without any connection with older sequences. According to Alam et al (1992), it is conformably overlain by the Sharaban formation 2.2.5 Sharaban Formation Named after the type locality at Sharaban hill, about 18 km SE of Sargodha the formation is characterized by a 120 m thick sequence of conglomerates with minor lenses of fine-grained quartzite. The conglomerate is thick bedded (5-10 m) and contains flattened and elongated pebbles and cobbles (1-10cm) of quartzite and slate, apparently derived from the older sequences in this region. The conglomerate also contains limestone pebbles that must have come from distant source since there are no limestone outcrops in this region. No fossils have been found in this formation .Its upper part is covered by alluvium. According to Alam et al (1992) stratigraphically it overlies all the other four formations. 6
  • 15. Map: 2.1 Geological resource map of Kirana area 7
  • 16. CHAPTER 3 DAY : 1 CHAK 100 QILLA HILLS Latitude: 31 58’ 56” N Longitude: 72° 13′ 18′′ E Map: 3.1 Route Map from Sargodha to Chak 100 Qilla Hills 3.1 STATION: 1 The location was Qilla hills. Rugged, massive, medium grained Dolerite (hypabasal igneous rock) was seen which was greenish in colour as shown in figure 3.1. It contained amphibole and plagioclase which was present at station 1. If the outcrop is fresh then pyroxene will be present. Dolerite is equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro, shearing phenomenon was observed. Greenish looking igneous rock, Dolerite is due to feldspar, weathered into sericite. It would have had foliation, schistosity if it was metamorphic rocks and if it was sedimentary then it would have been layered. 8
  • 17. Figure: 3.1 3.2 Light greenish coloured dolerite observed at station 1 Qilla hills. STATION: 2 As we moved further to second station, we observed dark coloured dolerite, containing amphibole and plagioclase. If it would have been fresh, if it had contained amphibole and pyroxene. Convolution banding was also observed at station 2. Figures 3.2 shows the outcrop of station 2. Figure: 3.2 Image of Dolerite with Quartzite 9
  • 18. Quartzite had an intrusion of Rhyolite, and Quartz veins were also present in Dolerite. Plagioclase cuts into amphibole. At station 2, Quartzite is intruded by a dolerite dike. Dolerite Dike Figure: 3.3 Dolerite dike intruding into quartzite The dark and light color in quartzite show mineralogical variations. Mafic minerals were greater in dolerite. Lithological variation was present. Quartzite has flint that confirms that it is not rhyolite, and has very fine grained chert as shown in figure 3.4. Figure: 3.4 Chert present in Quartzite The dip and strike which was calculated was: Strike: N70°W Dip: 68°NE 1 0
  • 19. CHAPTER 4 DAY : 2 SHARABAN AREA Lattitude: 31° 57’ 07” N Longitude: 72° 47’ 5” E Map: 4.1 Route map from Sargodha to Chak 102 Sharaban area 4.1 STATION: 1 The outcrop here is also quartzite but it’s different from the one observed at chak 100. Shearing phenomenon was observed. Faults were present, intraformational shearing in faults. Caving of formation was observed due to whirling of water effect as occurs in physical weathering as shown in figure 4.1. 1 1
  • 20. Figure: 4.1 Caving observed at Sharaban Area, station 1 due to whirling of water as in physical weathering Formation is sandstone metamorphosed to quartize. Slate was also identified, conglomerates with slaty interclations shown in figure 4.2. Gradational contact was observed. Quartz veins were also present in the formation as were observed previously at chak 100 on day 1. Calcareous schist extention greenish due to carbonates (may contain mudstone, siltstone). Indications of Breccia were also reported in the formation. Figure: 4.2 Conglomerates, grading into slaty structure, observed at sharaban area. 1 2
  • 21. Layered sedimentry dike was also identified as shown in figure 4.3, which was intruding into quartzite, having a total length of approx. 14 feet and varying width with a maximum of 8.2 inches and a minimum of 4.0 inches Figure: 4.3 Sedimentary dike intruding in Quartzite Lens shaped Quartz veins were also observed at station 1. As shown in figure 4.4. Figure: 4.4 Lens shaped Quartz veins 1 3
  • 22. Dip and Strike of the area was: Strike: N 80° E Dip: 68° SE 4.2 STATION: 2 Convolution banding was observed in the formation at station 2 as shown in figure 4.5 Figure: 4.5 4.3 Encirled Area shows the convolution banding in the formation. STATION: 3 Red veriety of quartz was found there, which is known as Jesper embedded in quartzite was also identified as shown in figure 4.6. Dog toothspar (well developed crystals of calcite) were also found at places. Figure: 4.6 Jesper (Red variety of Quartz) 1 4
  • 23. 4.4 STATION: 4 There was an adit (cave) as shown in figure 4.9, where the mining on iron ore used to be done. Now it has been abandoned due to casualties caused by blasting as the nearby area is a village. Iron bands in the quartzite formation are present, these hematite veins were caused by hydrothermal activity. Figure: 4.7 Opening of the cave where hematite is extracted Figure: 4.8 Iron bands or veins in the quartzite formation can be seen clearly 1 5
  • 24. CHAPTER: 5 DAY : 3 SHAHEENABAD Lattitude: 31° 55’ 56” N Longitude: 72° 13’ 18” E Map: 5.1 Route map from Sargodha to Shaheen-abad 5.1 STATION: 1 Five unites have been observed. Quartzite Dolorite Tuffacious slate Basalt Rhyolite (And some metallic mineralization) In igneous rocks, we use weathered surface for identification of rocks. The dark visible surface is amphibole (granular texture) and the yellowish layer is rhyolite (silica rich) that has intruded into quartzite. There was alot of shearing phenomena 1 6
  • 25. observed at station 1 as shown in figure 5.1. Figure: 5.1 Structure showing Rhyolite (Yellow) intruded between Quartzite. Dip and Strike was measured to be: Strike: N 60° W Dip: 65° SW 5.2 STATION: 2 Strike: N35° W Dip: 30° NE Here we observed tuffaceous slate as shown in figure 5.2. Slate has platty structure, breaks along planes. It can easily be identified on the field by its earthen smell. 1 7
  • 26. Figure: 5.2 5.3 A figure showing Tuffaceous slate STATION: 3 Large beds of basalt were observed as shown in figure 5.3 below. Basalt is a volcanic rock with fine grained texture. Mafic minerals can be present in it, the dark minerals are usually amphibole and pyroxene, sometimes plagioclase, feldspathoids, or olivine. Slate, basalt and micaseous hematite was present. Figure: 5.3 A picture of Basalt, there were calcite and quartz veins in it Strike: N 45° W Dip: 20° SW 1 8
  • 27. 5.4 STATION: 4 This place is known as Hachi Boulders, belong to Kirana group. The age of Kirana hills was determined from Buland hills IN 1973, these are of pre-cambrian age and about 843 million years old. Formation here is quartzite all around. Figure: 5.4 5.5 A picture showing Hachi boulders (Buland Hills) STATION: 5 Typical Rhyolite intrusion was observed, at chak 108. Rhyolite is made of viscous lava and is consolidated but here there were cracks in it due to high pressure. This was a typical rhyolite dike that shows extrusion. The surface of this dike was weathered and was pinkish at places that showed greater than 66% concentration of potassium rich feldspar in rhyolite.The length of the dike was measured to be 110 feet. The dike has sheared and alteration zones present in it and hence there were quartz veins in it, and sharp contact at the bottom with slate which was because of the conjugate joint and the mineralization of Quartz has occurred as shown in figures 5.5. 1 9
  • 28. Figure: 5.5 A snapshot of Rhyolite dike Figure: 5.6 Qaurtz veins can be seen clearly in this rhyolite dike (extrusion) There is also a sharp contact between Rhyolite and slate that can be observed very clearly as shown in figure 5.7. Figure: 5.7 Image showing sharp contact of rhyolite with slate. 2 0
  • 29. 5.6 STATION: 6 This was the last stop of the day Chak 109, the rock formation was quartzite-dolorite mostly. The color was pale yellow due to ochry (limonite) mineralization in the formation as shown in figures 5.8. The color was disturbed due to the dust caused by the blasting of hachi boulders for crushing stones. Usually hypabasal rocks from dikes. Strike: N 40° W Dip: 55° SW Figure: 5.8 Quartzite and dolerite, pale yellow color can be observed. 2 1
  • 30. CHAPTER: 6 Day 4 CHINIOT Lattitude: 31° 43′ 30′′ N Longitude: 72° 58′ 26′′ E Map: 6.1 Route Map from Sargodha to Chiniot 6.1 STATION: 1 Strike: N 40° W Dip: 85° NE The outcrop is rhyolite with phenocrysts and feldspars. Hematite veins are observed as shown in figure 6.1, which might be a result of hydrothermal alterations as vein type mineralization cannot be achieved without a heat source and it is magmatic. The yellow color is due to the limonite present. Mangenese is also present. We also noticed Metallic luster with black streak. Micaceous hematite is present as veins shown in figure 6.2. Dandritic pattern was also observed as we moved further up the hill as shown in figure 6.3. 2 2
  • 31. Figure: 6.1 An image of Hematite sample Figure: 6.2 Another picture showing the grains of micaceous hematite in hand lens Figure: 6.3 Dandritic pattern observed at Chiniot. 2 3
  • 32. CONCLUSION The Kirana hills are the outliers of shield rocks in the Punjab plains present in the Kirana, Chiniot, Shahkot and Sangla areas. The rocks are of Precambrian age. The area consists of two geomorphic features i-e scattered hills and flat alluvial plains. The Precambrian outcrops are composed of metasedimentary and igneous rocks. The metasedimentary rocks are represented by quartzites, slates and phyllites. The Kirana area comprises of metasedimentary and igneous Precambrian rocks which have been intruded by dykes and sills. An indication of mineralization in the form of quartz veins is also present in the area but as yet no significant deposit has been reported. 2 4
  • 33. REFERENCES Ahmed, S.A, Mateen, A., Khan, Z.K.and Chaudhary,M.N.,2000.Geology and geochemistry of Neoproterozoic Kirana Volcanics, Sargodha District, Punjab ,Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ. Alam, G.S (1987). Geology of Kirana Hills, District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.Geol. Bull. Surv. Pak. Inf. Release 201,36p. Davies, R.G. and Crawford, A.R., (1971). Petrography and age of the rocks of Buland Hill, Kirana Hills, District Sargodha, West Pakistan.Geol.Mag.108, pp. 235-246. Heron, A.M. (1913), The Kirana and other hills in the Jech and Rechna Doabs. Recs. Geol. Surv. India 43, pp. 229-236. pu.edu.pk/images/journal/geology/PDF-FILES/Vol_44_55-67.pdf prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/2688H.pdf 2 5