1. UEM STUDENT RESEARCH SUMMARY
A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Nowarat Coowanitwong
Tonni Kurniawan
Pornpun Pinweha
Urban Environmental Management Field of Study
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Asian Institute of Technology
Pathumthani, Thailand
2004

2. Edited by: A.T.M. Nurul Amin, Nowarat Coowanitwong, Tonni Kurniawan, Pornpun
Pinweha
Pathumthani: Asian Institute of Technology, 2004, 171 pp.
ISBN: 974-229-627-8
Urban Environmental Management Field of Study
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Asian Institute of Technology
P.O.Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani, 12120
Thailand
Phone: +66-(0)2-5245777
Fax: +66-(0)2-5162126,5161418
Email: uemapplications@ait.ac.th
Internet: www.serd.ait.ac.th/uem/sea-uema.html

3. UEM STUDENT RESEARCH SUMMARY
1998-2003
Urban Environmental Management Field of Study
UEM REFERENCE MATERIAL No.1
A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Nowarat Coowanitwong
Tonni Kurniawan
Pornpun Pinweha
Asian Institute of Technology
Pathumthani, Thailand
2004

4. Preface
As an institution of higher learning and research, master and doctoral students routinely do
research and are required to produce thesis for fulfilling graduation requirement after
completion of course work. Students of science and engineering fields mostly do laboratory-
based research, some do collect field level data too. Nearly 100 percent of students in the
environment and development fields go to their respective country/city for conducting field
work. This unique opportunity has enabled the production of a large number of theses at AIT
which contain potentially valuable data/information and imaginative recommendations for
public policy and actions to promote sustainable development in the developing countries of
Asia. This potential however remains largely untapped because of inadequate dissemination of
this wealth of information, findings and policy recommendations stocked in the library shelves.
It is well-known in the academia that every piece of research output cannot be published in
journal article and book forms for wider dissemination.
With the above in view, we have from time to time attempted to produce and publish
compendium of students research abstracts (e.g. HSD Students Research Summary 1975-1992
and Summary of Doctoral Research 1989-1998 of Rural and Urban Fields of Study) so that
there will be greater whetting for making use of theses completed at AIT in our respective
fields of study. Always this has not been possible because of time and financial constraints.
Fortunately, the present CIDA-AIT partnership for implementation of South East Asia Urban
Environmental Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) Project 2003-2008 has created an
opportunity, among others, to produce publications through one of its project components: The
Application of Research Results and Lessons Learned (ARL). The present compendium of
UEM Students Research Abstracts (1998- 2003) is the first UEM reference material that we are
bringing out for contributing as an aide to the other SEA-UEMA Project components: Alumni
Demonstration Project, Joint Action Research, UEM Sub-sector Networks and Professional
Supports Program.
We are very much aware of our limitations. Yet we thought these limitations in terms of
English proficiency and scholarly requirements should not be allowed to deprive our fellow
researchers, next generation of UEM students and potential public policy makers to benefit
from the basic intellect and ideas of our students as stored in their respective thesis. The
realistic approach in making use of this compendium should be not to take any its content as a
model for any purpose but for conveniently accessing a referred thesis that would appear to
contain needed information and analysis. To facilitate the selection of a thesis according to a
particular need, we have prepared indexes of authors, subjects, key words/phrases, and
countries/cities. Our experience shows that such reference materials become very handy source
for locating research on a particular topic and country when researchers, professionals and
students contact us for getting reference on the research that have been done at AIT.
Other than the above time-honored role of such reference material, we expect this as a good
source for SEA-UEMA project partners to get information and draw lessons for undertaking
ADP and JAR projects and for producing materials for professional training programs and
policy dialogues that have been planned for the project period.
ii

5. This compendium includes 124 abstracts (122 master and two doctoral students’ research
completed during 1998 to 2003) under the supervision of nine SERD faculty (of whom eight
are of UEM FoS). The nine UEM FoS faculty have also served as members or co-chair in
many committees other than the ones they chaired. A good number of faculty from other fields
of study of SERD as well as other three schools also made valuable contribution to these 124
pieces of successfully completed research. We gratefully acknowledge their selfless
contributions based on their respective invaluable individual expertise. In many of these 124
theses, two common recurring themes have been ways and means to promote gender equality
and poverty reduction. Topics covered in these theses include solid waste management, water
and sanitation, air pollution, urban built environment, environmental management plan,
environmental management measures (EMM), environmental management systems (EMS),
urban governance, community-based environmental management, tourism destination
management, economic instruments, financing and cost recovery of urban infrastructure and
services, absorption of rural migrants in urban economy and environment, involving the
informal sector in local environmental management, conflict resolution, green banking, public-
private partnership, cleaner production, environmental assessment (EA), environmental impact
assessment (EIA), measuring affordability and willingness to pay, urban transportation, urban
renewal and conservation, land use, traffic management, foreign direct investment (FDI) for
urban environmental infrastructure and services.
In doing this work we have incurred debt to many. Particular mentions must be made to our
partners in the CIDA head office in Ottawa and field office in Bangkok, especially to Mr. Bob
Odeh who in his usual mind of thoughtful support advised to adopt an inclusive than an
exclusive approach for topic or country coverage in this particular material so that the
compendium is a comprehensive one to include all UEM graduates. The strong support of
Professor Chongrak Polprasert, Dean, SERD, for any publication endeavor has been a source
of inspiration to undertake this venture. We also thankfully acknowledge the enthusiastic
support of UEM FoS faculty, SEA-UEMA Project Management Team (PMT), intelligent
assistance of Project Associates (Mrs. Sabitha Popuri, Mr. Bimalendu Mohanty, Mrs. Farhat
Jahan Chowdhury and Ms. Rutmanee Ongsakul) and UEM PhD student, Ms. Lalita Rammont.
We also thankfully acknowledge the assistance of Mrs. Rachel Conejos. Finally, special
mention must be made of UEM staff Mrs. Vantana Pattanakul and Mr. Lachan Khamta for
their careful recording, storing and providing us with all UEM students’ completed thesis
information without which such work could not have been even initiated.
A.T.M. Nurul Amin
iii

6. Table of Contents
Page
Preface ii
Table of Contents iv
Master Student Research Abstracts by the Year of Completion
1998
Developing a Community Infrastructure System for a Low Income Settlement:
A Case of Sastrynagar, Chennai, India 3
Formal and Informal Sector Linkages in Waste Recycling: A Case Study at Prawate
District in Bangkok, Thailand 4
Framework for Developing an Urban Environmental Management Plan for
Tiruppur Town, India 5
Industrial Wastewater Pollution Management at Local level: A Case Study of a
Tannery Site in Bangladesh 6
Land Use Consideration in Urban Environ-mental Management in Pokhara, Nepal:
A Study to Manage the Environment of Phewa Lakeside-Baidam Area 7
Models for Private Sector Participation: A Study of Water Supply and Sewerage in
Kolhapur City, India 8
Role and Contribution of the Community, Informal Sector and Municipal
Government in Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of a Low-Income Settlement
in Colombo, Sri Lanka 9
Scope of Improving Environmental Infra-structure Services through Greater Reliance
on User Charge: A Case Study of Jamal Khan Ward, Chittagong, Bangladesh 10
Solid Waste Management in Yangon, Myanmar: A Focus on Hospital Waste 11
Study to Explore Applications of Regulatory and Economic Instruments in
Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City 12
Travel Demand Management Techniques Applicable to Urban Transport Problems in
the Bangkok Metropolitan Area 13
Urban Solid Waste Disposal: A Case Study of the City of Phnom Penh, Cambodia 14
iv

7. 1999
Air Pollution Monitoring System: Evaluation and Improvement for Map Ta Phut
Industrial Estate, Rayong Province, Thailand 16
Analysis of Road-Users' Perceptions on Traffic Management Measures in Colombo
City 17
Application of Economic and Regulatory Instruments for Emission Management:
A Case Study of Diesel and Electric Tempos in Kathmandu City 18
Application of Regulatory and Economic Instruments to Control Air Pollution in Dhaka
City: A Focus on Major Pollution Emitting Transportation Mode 19
Banks and Environmentally-Friendly Practice in Bangkok Metropolitan Region:
The Need for Change 20
Challenges and Constraints Faced by Women NGOs in Urban Solid Waste Management
in Kathmandu Valley: An Analysis from a Gender Perspective 21
Determination of Cost Efficiency for Pricing of Water Supply Systems: A Case Study of
Four Cities in Lao PDR 22
Developing a Strategy to Increase Participation of Hotels in Environmental
Management Programs in Panjim, Goa, India 23
Development of a Strategy for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal: A Case Study of Hanoi
City, Vietnam 24
Environmental Awareness and Regulations in Banking Practices: A Case Study in
Ho Chi Minh City 25
Environmental Awareness Regarding Domestic Disposal Behaviour in Yangon,
Myanmar 26
Environmental Impact Assessment in Metropolitan Cebu, Philippines: Issues and
Challenges 27
Environmental Planning and Management for Urban Industry; Case Study of Public
Health Effects of Industrial Air Pollution in Map Ta Phut Community, Rayong
Province, Thailand 28
Environmentally-Friendly Food Packaging: Comparative Patterns and Trends in India
and Thailand 29
Framework for Developing an Urban Environ-mental Infrastructure Management Plan
for Phnom Penh City, Cambodia 30
Integrative BOD Model for Municipal Wastewater Control to Maintain Water
Quality in the West Lake of Hanoi City 31
v

8. Market Potential for Compost Industry in Hyderabad, India: Necessary Strategies for
Public and Private Cooperation 32
Mitigating NIMBY (not in my backyard) Syndrome as Barriers to Landfill Siting:
A Case Study of Economic and Regulatory Measures for Gokarna Landfill Site,
Kathmandu, Nepal 33
Public Awareness on Environmental Issues in Urban Management in Pakse City,
Lao PDR: A Case Study of Solid Waste Management of the "Secondary Towns
Integrated Urban Development Project 34
Revitalization of Kankeswar Heritage Site through Local Urban Environmental
Management Action Plan for Bishnumati Corridor of Kathmandu, Nepal 35
Strengthening Recycling by Promoting Waste Separation at Source: A Case Study of
Phnom Penh Households and the Informal Sector 36
Study on Cost-Recovery Options and Needs Assessment of Household Water Supply:
A Case Study of Paksane Town, Borikhamsai Province, Lao PDR 37
Study to Explore Application of Regulatory and Economic Instruments in Solid
Waste Management in Hanoi City 38
System Dynamics Approach for Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of
Nam Dinh City, Vietnam 39
System Dynamics Approach to Environ-mental Planning and Management of Solid
Waste: A Case Study of Yangon, Myanmar 40
Urban Transport and the Environment: Integrating the Financial Sector into Urban
Environmental Management through Lending Practice 41
2000
Assessment of Regulatory and Economic Measures in the Management of
Hanoi’s Sewerage System 43
Emergence of the Informal Sector in Waste Recycling in Chinese Cities: A Case Study
of Wuhan City 44
Formal and Informal Sector Linkages in Waste Recycling: A Case Study of Household
Solid Waste Management of Dong Da District in Hanoi, Vietnam 45
Identification of Strategies for Organic Waste Separation to Achieve Better Compost:
The Case of Da Nang City, Vietnam 46
Improving Public Bus Service for a Better Urban Environment: A Case Study in
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 47
Local Environmental Management for Improving Quality of Life: A Comparative Analysis
of Service Delivery to Two Urban Poor Communities in Chittagong City, Bangladesh 48
vi

9. Management of Transportation and Environmental Issues for Sustainable Tourism
Development in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 49
Proposed Strategic Planning Approach for Sustainable Tourism Development
in Yala Municipality, Thailand 50
Proposed Strategies and Action Plans for Sustainable Tourism Development along
the Mekong River Bank in the Vientiane Prefecture, Lao PDR 51
Residential Water Demand-Side Management in Nakorn Rayong Municipality,
Rayong Province, Thailand 52
Solid Waste Management System with a Focus on Waste Disposal by Land Fill:
A Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 53
Towards Developing Strategies for Improving Urban Environmental Management:
The Case of Street Food Vending Activities in Yala Municipality, Thailand 54
Transformation of an Industrial Zone into Eco-Industrial Park in Hanoi, Vietnam: The
Case of Sai Dong-B Industrial Zone 55
2001
Assessment of Impacts of Implementing ISO 14001- Environmental Management
System for Certified Industries in Thailand 57
Community Participation in Urban Solid Waste Disposal Management: A Case Study of
the City of Phnom Penh, Cambodia 58
Community Wastewater Management: A Case Study of Sue-Trong Garden Real Estate
in Saima Sub-District, Nonthaburi, Thailand 59
Comparative Study on Environmental Management and Awareness in ISO 14001 School
and Non-ISO 14001 School: A Case Study of Pakkred Secondary School (Nonthaburi)
and Chainat Pittayakom Secondary School (Chainat), Thailand 60
Degree of Knowledge and Skills for Sustainable Urban Management in Financial Institutions
in Colombo City, Sri Lanka 61
Developing Policy Guidelines for Open Space in Vientiane, Lao PDR 62
Earthquake Risk Management in Urban Planning and Development in Kathmandu,
Nepal 63
Flood Risk Management in Low-Income Settlements: Exploring Planning Options
for Phnom Penh, Cambodia 64
Improving the Urban Living Environment through Open Space Management: A Case
Study of the “36 Old Streets” Quarter of Hanoi, Vietnam 65
vii

10. Industrial Wastewater Management at Local Level: A Case Study of two Industrial
Estates in Yangon, Myanmar 66
Integrated Public Bus Systems: Transport Policy and Possibilities in Chiang Mai
Municipality, Thailand 67
Land Use Control for Urban Environmental Management: A Study of the Conflicts
in Land Use for Tourism along Nam Song Riverbank, Vang Vieng, Lao PDR 68
Minimizing the Impact of Tourism on the Aquatic Environment of Halong Bay, Quang
Ninh Province, Vietnam 69
Problems of Inter-Organizational Coordination in Managing Air Quality in Dhaka
City, Bangladesh 70
Strategies for Improving the Wastewater Management in Thuong Dinh Industrial Area
in Hanoi, Vietnam 71
Strategies to Promote Composting in Namdinh, Vietnam 72
Study for Improving the Cost Recovery of Water Supply in Dhaka City, Bangladesh 73
Sustainable Urban Tourism in an Asian Mega-City: A Case Study of Kawasan Jalan
Jaksa (Jaksa Street Area) Jakarta, Indonesia 74
Towards the Rehabilitation of the Open Space and Footpaths in a Residential Estate:
The Case of Khlong Chan Residential Estate, Bangkok, Thailand 75
Transportation Management System in Yangon: A Focus on Easing the Traffic
Congestion 76
Urban Environmental Management Issues: Water Transportation on Om Canal,
Nonthaburi Province 77
Urban River Water Quality Protection: A Focus on Management Measures and
Institutional Requirements for Buriganga River, Dhaka, Bangladesh 78
2002
Administrative Decentralization to Improve Urban Environmental Infrastructure:
A Case Study of a Secondary Town in Lao PDR 80
Application of Tourism Carrying Capacity to an Urban Heritage Destination:
Vigan (Philippines) 81
Delivery of Environmental Services in Slums and the Decentralization Reform in
Local Administrative System in Aurangabad, India 82
Disaster Risk Management in Urban Areas of Vientiane: A Study with Special Reference
to Management of Fire Disaster in Residential and Commercial Areas 83
viii

11. Effects of Redevelopment Project: A Case Study of a Relocated Urban Community in
Hanoi, Vietnam 84
Environmental Awareness and Information System in Improving Industrial Wastewater
Management of Small Scale Industries in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 85
Environmental Conflict Situation and Participation Problems in Urban Anti-Flood
Program in Hat Yai Municipality, Songkhla Province, Thailand 86
Environmental Impacts of Tourism-Based Urban Development on the Protection Zone
of Angkor Area, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia 87
Environmental Reform in Puerto Princesa (Philippines): A Best Practice Case of Local
Agenda 21 88
Impact of Subway Construction on the Local Economy and Environment of Luohu,
Shenzhen, China 89
Improving Cost Recovery for Better Water Supply System in Yangon City, the Union of
Myanmar 90
Improving Urban Services Delivery for Environmental Management: A Study of Poor
Settlements in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh 91
Interventions for Improving Urban Poor’s Living Environment: Focus on Women
Participation in Projects in Khulna City Slum Area, Bangladesh 92
Local Environmental Management for Improving Environmental Infrastructure Services
of Low-Income Settlements in a Myanmar Town 93
Preparing the Ground for Tourism Development on a Local Level: A Case Study of
Kampot, Cambodia 94
Promoting Public Awareness on Urban Environmental Management: A Case Study
on Wastewater Management in Nampasak Canal, Vientiane, Lao PDR 95
Proposed Strategies and Action Plans for Sustainable Tourism Development of Cox’s
Bazar, Bangladesh 96
Prospects for Community Participation in Delivery of Water Supply for Km 52 Village
in Vientiane Province, Lao PDR 97
Public-Private Partnership for Controlling Air Pollution: The Case of Dhaka Urban
Transport Project 98
Recent Changes in Context and Basic Policy Affecting Urban Slum Dwellers
Communities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Implications on Participatory Approach
in Ongoing and Future Relocation Programs 99
Role of Environmental Education in Improving Urban Environment: A Case Study
of Environmental Education in Secondary Schools in Hanoi, Vietnam 100
ix

12. Selected Issues in Tripartite Partnerships for Basic Services Delivery to Urban
Un-/Under-serviced Areas 101
Service Performance Evaluation of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA)
of Bangkok Metropolitan: Integrating Customer Perspective into the Evaluation
Protocol 102
Study of Industrial Participation in Cleaner Production for Industrial Efficiency
in Samut Prakarn Province, Thailand 103
Study of Trends and Major Determinants of the Level of Official Development
Assistance (ODA) for Urban Environmental Management (UEM) Local Projects
in Thailand 104
Sustainable Design and Management of Community Green Space: A Case Study of
Wangjing A5 Community, Beijing, China 105
Towards a Sustainable Preservation Strategy for Safeguarding the Character of Luang
Prabang, Lao PDR 106
Towards Sustainable Development of Urban Renewal in Seoul: Evaluation and Effects
of Government Housing Renewal Program 107
Urban Agriculture as a Municipal Waste Reduction Strategy: A Study of Commercial
Farms in Suan Luang District, Bangkok Metropolis 108
Urban Environmental Governance for Religious Tourism in Selective Pilgrim Towns
in India 109
Urban Environmental Management Policies to Improve the Living Condition in Slum
Settlements: A Case Study of Tau Hu Canal Settlement, District 8, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam 110
Urbanization Impact at Local Level: A Study of a Migrant Community in Beijing 111
2003
Analysis of Household Affordability and Willingness to Pay for Improved Water
Supply in Two Towns of Lao PDR 113
Capacity Building for Sustainable Tourism Development in the Golden Triangle
(Bhubaneswar-Puri-Konark), Orissa, India 114
Constraints in Implementing Urban Development Policy in India from the Perspective
of International Development Professionals: Study of Sustainable Cities Program in
Chennai 115
Development of Regulatory and Economic Measures in the Management of Yangon’s
Sewerage System: A Case Study of Downtown Area in Yangon, Myanmar 116
x

13. Formalization of Land Tenure and Living Environment in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Since the Economic Renovation 117
Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on the Agricultural Activities in
Pathum Thani Province, Thailand: A Study with Reference to Land Use and Water
Use Conflicts Land 118
Improvement of Water Supply for the Poor: A Case Study of the Dangkao District of
Phnom Penh, Cambodia 119
Integration of Environmental Assessment into Slum Improvement Programs: A Case
Study of Infrastructure Projects in Two Slums of Dhaka 120
Issues and Possibilities in State, Voluntary Organizations and Business Sectors’
Synergy in Environmental Protection: A Case Study of Hudiara Drain Pollution
Problem in Lahore, Pakistan 121
Land Conversion in BMR Peri-Urban Area: Impact on Water Resource and Implications
on Public Management 122
Needs Assessment for Basic Infrastructure in a Post Conflict City: A Comparative
Study of Unplanned and Planned Areas in Kabul, Afghanistan 123
Potential of Reducing Poverty through Urban Environmental Management Practices:
A Case Study of a Poor Community in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India 124
Revitalization of a Water Based Community: Koh Kred Island, Nonthaburi,
Thailand 125
Strategic Intervention for Achieving National Goals of Sustainable Development:
A Study with Special Reference to the Green Building Program of PWD Malaysia 126
Uncertainties Associated with the Planning Stage of Railway Projects in Ho Chi Minh
City and Their Impacts on the Living Environment of an Affected Community 127
Urban Environmental Management for Heritages Conservation and Cultural Tourism:
A Case Study in Bat Trang-Hometown of Traditional Ceramic in Hanoi, Vietnam 128
Why Informal Sector Counts in Urban Mass Transport System: A Study of Phnom Penh
City’s Bus Experiment 129
Doctoral Student Research Abstracts
Developing Alternative Solid Waste Management Practices in Local Governments:
A Case Study of Yala Municipality, Thailand 130
Foreign Direct Investment-Led Development for Better Urban Environmental
Management: The Case of Hanoi, Vietnam 133
xi

14. APPENDICES
Index of Subjects 137
.
Index of Keywords/Phrases 139
Index of Cities/Provinces/Countries 142
Index of Research Scholars 144
Index of Research Supervisors 147
List of Abstracts by the Year of Completion 148
xii

15. STUDENT RESEARCH ABSTRACTS
BY
YEAR OF COMPLETION
1

16. 1998
2

17. Developing a Community Infrastructure System for a Low-Income Settlement:
A Case of Sastrynagar, Chennai, India
Ravindra Sanagavarapu & Bernard G. Lefebvre
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the accelerated growth in urban areas widened the gap in the delivery of urban
services, such as water supply, sanitation, and solid waste disposal, to low-income settlements. Various new
approaches have emerged in recent years to attain the sustainability of the infrastructure in urban areas with
increasing beneficiary community involvement in planning and management.
The present study aims at identifying appropriate methods of planning, financing, and implementation of
community infrastructure systems, particularly water supply and sewerage system for a low-income settlement,
Sastrynagar of Chennai. The lessons drawn from the successful implementation of the slum networking project
in the city of Ahmedabad are incorporated in the proposed management system for Chennai. The micro level
analysis conducted addresses the design issues in water supply and sewerage as well as their integration with the
citywide systems. The financial analysis in the form of a simple water tariff model is proposed to be used by the
community for fixing the water tariff. Mechanisms to address legal and institutional issues are provided to make
the community play a major role in the decision-making process through the formation of a registered society
with a legal status. The study deals with the complex issues of ownership of land, assets and the institutional
roles in the proposed system. A framework is proposed which adopts community initiatives with citywide plans
when multiple agencies are involved in service delivery.
Keywords/phrases: Urban Services, Water Supply and Sanitation, Low-Income Settlement
3

18. Formal and Informal Sector Linkages in Waste Recycling:
A Case Study at Prawate District in Bangkok, Thailand
Paveena Thepkunhanimitta & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has a policy of an “integrated approach for recycling” that
intends to minimize waste production and maximize waste recycling. This bears the potential of reducing the
volume of garbage that eventually has to be dumped in increasingly scarce landfills or burned in costly
incinerators.
In Prawate district, the area of this study, there are two systems in waste recycling: one is formal and the other is
informal. Waste collection is a duty of the municipal waste collectors (formal) who separate wastes and sell
them to the junk shops. The other is done by the informal sector (such as street ragpickers and dumpsite
ragpickers) who play major roles in waste separation. Waste recycling and reprocessing is almost entirely in the
hands of junk shops (buyers of waste), street ragpickers, dumpsite ragpickers, and collection crews who together
make up a complex network involved in collecting, sorting, reprocessing and distributing waste materials to the
manufacturers who use them as raw material. Households are central in this process as waste generators/sources
of domestic waste.
This study identifies the need for public awareness towards recyclables in households and the link of the
collector (formal as well as informal) to pass the recycled wastes to the recycling shops (both formal and
informal) and to the intermediaries, such as wholesalers (mostly formal). The latter then deals with the
manufacturing (formal sector) units located in the outskirts of Bangkok which use the recycled items as raw
materials to cut production costs. Materials reprocessed include glass, plastics, papers, aluminum, metals, and
household appliances. The extent and strength of this whole process depends on the demand for these processed
products.
This study proposes effective linkages between formal and informal sectors for better recycling of waste in
Prawate. The recommendations are made to improve the future policy formulations linking both the sectors and
to develop feasibility in an organized recovery materials system in the future to support each other in the waste
chain.
Keywords/phrases: Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Waste Minimization, Informal Sector
4

19. Framework for Developing an Urban Environmental Management Plan
for Tiruppur Town, India
Aruna Gopalakrishnan & Bernard G. Lefebvre
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization has accelerated worldwide and various environmental problems have
emerged. The Brown Agenda lists the most critical environmental problems, such as lack of water supply,
inadequate waste management, insufficient pollution control, land use problems and the interrelationships
among them. The old forms of urban management and industrial regulations are inadequate to mitigate local
environmental problems; thus, revealing that the majority of actions required to achieve a sustainable
development needs to be taken at the local level. For such a purpose, one of its major recommendations is that
each local authority should develop program and action plans complying with the Local Agenda 21. To respond
to such initiatives, an Urban Environmental Management Plan (UEMP) at the municipal level is required to
attain sustainable development.
Tiruppur, a special grade Municipality in Tamilnadu State, India is a rapidly growing town with a strong
economic base due to the concentration of textile and knit wear industries. The study reveals that Tiruppur, like
any other town, is facing rapid urbanization and that industrialization is the host to a number of environmental
problems from both domestic and industrial sectors. No cohesive integrated approach to solve the environmental
problems had been attempted by the municipal authority and other related institutions. However, the initiatives
have started to facilitate a formulation of sound urban environmental management plans at the local level with
recent amendments to the constitution. The 74th Amendment to the constitution assigns environmental
protection at the local level to the local authorities with active citizen participation. In addition, the
Environmental Action Program of India focuses on environmental policies pertaining to environmental
management by the local bodies.
The feasibility of an UEMP for Tiruppur is explored as the theme of this study. As a part of the study, the
existing environmental situation due to infrastructure deficiencies is analyzed based on the norms adopted by the
state government. New projects are proposed to meet the gaps. This study also discusses the existing initiatives
with respect to private sector participation for the Water Supply and Sewerage Project. In addition, it explores
and identifies key potential components, which may contribute to the framing of an UEMP and action plan. The
two critical components of the UEMP that have been analyzed are the environmental policy that envisages
protection of the environment and the legal framework, which facilitates the same. It describes the systematic
steps in formulating an UEMP and attempts to detail the responsibilities of the various institutions and agencies
involved.
Keywords/phrases: Brown Agenda, Urbanization, Agenda 21
5

20. Industrial Wastewater Pollution Management at Local level:
A Case Study of a Tannery Site in Bangladesh
Khawja Abdul Latif & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has been taken by the Government of Bangladesh as a part of its strategy to develop
economy, increase employment growth for alleviating widespread poverty and reducing reliance on limited land
for sustainable farming. The economy of the country is thus changing from an agricultural base to a service and
industrial one. So far, the country has little industrial base. Industry is primarily raw materials based. Most of
those are highly polluting to the environment.
In an effort to industrialize the country, the government is now considering pollution control management
through a two-pronged approach: one is for the new industries that are coming up now and the other is for the
existing industries. One such old industry is leather, which produced from rawhides widely available in the
country. The biggest cluster of tannery factories is located at Hazaribagh - a suburban area of the capital city-
Dhaka. This cluster produces 75% of the total production of the country. The significance of this identity lies in
the fact that it accounts for about five percent of the total export earnings of the country. However, the
industry’s very survival is at stake because of severe pollution from tanneries and spatial constraints, due to its
location in a densely populated suburban area.
Dhaka City Corporation clears off only 20% of the solid waste from the area. It is estimated that 32,000 tons of
solid waste per year from tanneries putrefies around the area. The total polluted water of about 10,000 m3 per
day flows through the drains and accumulates in depressions before emptying to the Buriganga River that has
been the lifeline of the city dwellers for ages.
Recently, the government has formulated rules and regulations and established organizations to manage
pollution from industries in general. Yet, organizational strength is meager and it is difficult to monitor and
enforce at a local level. The recently enacted pollution control regulations are so rigid as to penalize the factories
and ultimately, close their operation in Hazaribagh area. Although such actions will prevent pollution, the
country can hardly afford it.
Effective application of the rigid legal provisions in combination with economic incentive based approaches can
help to solve the problem of pollution, accommodating technical and managerial support required by the tanners
for reduction and prevention of pollution over time.
The research for investigating the problem and seeking its solution included a sample survey conducted among
four groups of people identified as of central importance for the study. Field observations, a questionnaire
survey, secondary information collection and informal discussions with technical persons and sources and
government officials related with the industry are the methods for collecting required information and data.
The study reveals that the problem has three dimensions viz., technical, behavioral and managerial. The
technical problem arises from the lack of expertise for better collection, storage and processing of the rawhides.
The behavioral problem originates from the lack of incentive for the adoption of better process and lack of
demand for quality environment.
Based on the existing situation and present extent of the application of regulatory instruments to manage
pollution from tanneries in Hazaribagh, recommendations are made for constituting a self-sustaining
organization, encompassing the standard economic and regulatory instruments in different stages of collection
of hides and process at tanneries as identified. Suggestions are also made to solve the technical problems related
to the pollution. Above all, participation of government, local bodies and residents in the area are also suggested
with due consideration to reach a comprehensive solution to the problem.
Keywords/phrases: Industrialization, Water Pollution Control, Regulatory Instrument
6

21. Land Use Consideration in Urban Environmental Management in Pokhara, Nepal:
A Study to Manage the Environment of Phewa Lakeside-Baidam Area
K. C. Shambhu & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Urbanization is an inevitable process in developing countries, such as Nepal. The urban population of Nepal
reached 2.3 million by the end of 1997, which is about 11 percent of the total population. The urban population
of Nepal is increasing at a rate which is more than three times that of the national average growth rate of 2.6
percent. The present population of Pokhara town is about 150,000 and increasing at the rate of 7.5 percent
annually.
The study area is particularly focused on the Phewa Lakeside-Baidam Area of Pokhara town in which attempts
are being made to analyze the relationship between Baidam Area settlements and its impact on Phewa Lakeside
nearby. A qualitative research approach is being adopted to analyze the problems. The study is also based on
semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured questionnaires are distributed among local inhabitants, elected
municipal authorities, officials, planners and experts as well as foreign tourists visiting Pokhara. Secondary data
and information are also taken into consideration. The study focuses on two issues: the present environmental
situation of Phewa Lakeside of Baidam Area including Baidam settlement itself and the urban land use practices
with zoning and building regulations in Phewa Lakeside-Baidam Area.
The results of this study reveal that the pollution level has tremendously increased in Phewa Lake and in Phewa
Lakeside-Baidam Area. It was also found that ineffective implementation of building regulations and poor
network infrastructure, such as storm water drainage, sewerage and poor sanitation facilities, results in the
degradation of the environment of Phewa Lake and Baidam Area and that there is a positive correlation between
present land use practices in Phewa Lakeside-Baidam Area and Phewa Lake water quality, resulting in increased
lake water pollution.
To minimize the level of water pollution in Phewa Lake and improve the urban environmental situation of
Phewa Lakeside-Biadam Area, management options in the form of action plans are also presented in this study.
Planning interventions have been proposed to manage the situation for sustainable tourism and urban
environmental problems. The land use planning can be helpful for improving the urban environment by
directing urban growth in planned ways. Since the landowners, developers, and tourism entrepreneurs are found
to gain more benefits from the tourism sectors, they should contribute more for necessary network infrastructure
and controlling the level of pollution.
Keywords/phrases: Urbanization, Developing Countries, Urban Environment
7

22. Models for Private Sector Participation: A Study of Water Supply and Sewerage
in Kolhapur City, India
Pawar Dhanshree Bhagwat & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Increasing population pressure, depletion of resources such as fresh water, and inadequate management of the
infrastructure systems are some of the major constraints causing progressing deterioration related to urban water
supply and sanitation. Provision of infrastructure has traditionally been considered as a social responsibility of
public agencies. The municipal bodies in Kolhapur City, a fast growing city in India, who are already plagued
with problems of finance, lack of technical expertise, and inefficient management, find it increasingly difficult
to cope with an ever-increasing need to provide the services to the urban population, whereas, private companies
have indicated a keen interest in provision of these services. The inability and lack of willingness on the part of
the municipal bodies on one hand, and the willingness on the part of the private companies to develop urban
sanitation services on the other hand is leading to the growing trend of the privatization of urban environmental
infrastructure.
This study aims to look into the key issues like appropriate pricing, unbundling of services, the role of private
and public agencies related to Private Sector Participation (PSP) in the provision of water supply, sewerage and
sewage in the city. The key focus of the study is to assess the financial and institutional feasibility of PSP, with
special emphasis on the economic viability, political and administrative will, technical and institutional
feasibility and social acceptability. A financing and operating plan for water a supply with sensitivity analysis
model has been developed as an institutional framework for selection of appropriate private sector participation
option. These models are applicable to Kolhapur City, but may also be applied to other similar urban areas in
India.
Keywords/phrases: Private Sector Participation, Water Supply and Sanitation
8

23. Role and Contribution of the Community, Informal Sector and
Municipal Government in Solid Waste Management:
A Case Study of a Low-Income Settlement in Colombo, Sri Lanka
Delgollage Senevirathne & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
The increasing quantity of solid waste is a serious environmental problem in the city of Colombo in general and
in its low-income settlements in particular. The attitude of viewing waste collection, disposal and recycling as a
largely technical issue has been counter-productive for waste management in the city of Colombo. Today,
considerations, such as recognition of the role of community and the informal sector and their incorporation in
the decision-making process by using participatory mechanisms as development tools are influencing solid
waste management. This is the paradigm shift in views and policies related to innovative waste management
options for the future.
As a backdrop, this study focuses on some persisting dilemmas that arise with the changing approaches to waste
management. This is illustrated by investigating solid waste management in a Colombo low-income community,
where they have managed to overcome the problem of collection and disposal of waste with the involvement of
one of the NGOs in Sri Lanka. The methodology of the study involves collection of data and information
through field surveys, interviews and round table discussions with the key stakeholders. The results of the
findings are used to make the case that community based solid waste management system at local levels have to
be strengthened by formulating new policies. These policies should lead to increasing acceptance of the role of
the community and the informal sector in management of solid wastes on their own with close cooperation with
Colombo Municipal Council (CMC)
The CMC's role at the local community level (low-income settlement) on waste management has to be changed
from provider to facilitator and from promoter to supporter. A step towards this is to provide basic urban
services by involving the community as a key deciding factor of waste management. In addition, the
involvement of the informal sector, the private sector and NGOs are important for mobilizing various existing
resources and services. With these ideas and the backup of the study's findings, a waste management system at
the community level is proposed involving all stakeholders.
Keywords/phrases: Solid Waste Management, Low-Income Community, Informal Sector
9

24. Scope of Improving Environmental Infrastructure Services through
Greater Reliance on User Charge: A Case Study of Jamal Khan Ward,
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Tapan Kumar Nath & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
The provision of urban basic services is essential to continue urban productivity, alleviate urban poverty, and
protect the urban environment. Agenda 21 has emphasized the promotion of integrated environmental
infrastructure services of water supply, sanitation, drainage, and solid waste management. This research focuses
on the scope of improving such services through a greater reliance on user charge for cost recovery of those
services at a community level in the Jamal Khan Healthy Ward of Chittagong City Corporation (CCC).
The data of household surveys and interviews suggest that there is willingness to pay for the improved services.
However, the public utility departments and local governments have not fully exploited this opportunity.
Furthermore, the findings of this research reveal that inadequate pricing level, inappropriate pricing system,
corruption and mismanagement in the local government and in the public utility departments have widened the
gap between the service need and service offered. In addition to not making use of user charge, the prevailing
service delivery system has also failed to make use of the opportunity of gaining from large scale economies in
the provision of these environmental services.
CWASA supplies water through household connection to the consumer and charges monthly bills as per rate
fixed for per unit consumption. It can expand its service delivery by utilizing natural monopoly characteristic to
meet the increasing demand of water even to the poor by providing it within a marginal cost. CCC is the main
local government authority that provides sanitary, drainage and solid waste management services to the citizens
for which it charges a total of 7% holding tax, 3% lighting charge and 7% conservancy charge (total 17%) based
on the valuation of the building assets. However, the result of this study shows that this valuation is not properly
done and the collection of taxes and charges can be improved significantly. Self-assessing valuation is suggested
to be able to improve the collection process.
The study findings also suggest that CCC can introduce conservancy services to its other non-conservancy
wards by introducing rickshaw vans. The community and the citizens are willing to pay extra money (they are
already paying for rickshaw van service for garbage collection) and even to volunteer their services to the local
government organizations, CBOs and NGOs. The only incentive they need is the recognition of their
contributions, which may be an enormous input for easy service delivery and timely revenue collection from the
area. Volunteer services can compliment the user charge in a few selected services like cleaning of
neighborhoods. Women’s voluntary participation in group discussions for the healthy wards’ environmental
practices and a motivational campaign to keep the ward clean are real examples of the community’s willingness
to protect and improve the urban environment in the study area, which should be replicable in the other wards of
the city.
Interviews and group discussions in this study also unveil the fact that the record keeping and accounting
system, information dissemination, accountability and transparency of the service-delivering authorities are
questionable. The system losses can be reduced in an acceptable limit if regular maintenance and monitoring are
done properly. The officials usually face financial, administrative, legal and political problems, while
discharging their duties to deliver services. The people are not at all satisfied with the present situation of basic
service delivery and hence, they, even the poorest section of the community, are willing to pay for the improved
services. Objective reality at the ground level will allow for a greater reliance on user charge for extending basic
services. The study makes a set of recommendations for levying user charge appropriately.
Keywords/phrases: Urban Poverty, Urban Services, Urban Environment
10

25. Solid Waste Management in Yangon, Myanmar: A Focus on Hospital Waste
Yu Lay Sein & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
The environmental issues on the hospital waste management system in Yangon City are manifold. The Yangon
City Development Committee is responsible for solid waste management in the city. The hospital waste is not
separated and is disposed together with the other hazardous and domestic waste in Yangon City. Most of the
wastewater generated by the hospitals is also discharged to the sewage systems without proper treatment,
affecting human health and the environment.
The inadequacies in the current hospital waste management practices in Yangon are mainly defined in the
aspects of ineffective segregation at source, inappropriate collection methods, and unsafe storage of waste. In
addition, the inappropriate practices of disposing hospital waste together with general waste in municipal
landfill sites compound the problem. The other issues that need to be considered are a lack of appropriate
protective equipment and lack of training and clear lines of responsibilities between the departments involved in
hospital waste management.
As a start, an adhoc or temporary emergency management system could be used to eliminate the inadequacies in
the present hospital waste management (HWM) system. This system is simple, easy and not costly to manage.
The inadequacies in the present system are in the form of lack of specific policies, guidelines and standards with
respect to hospital waste management. To fill these gaps, recommendations are made to formulate a hospital
waste management system, delineating responsibilities for the various actors.
It is prudent to formulate the policies and strategies based on the guidelines proposed by WHO for developing
countries for an efficient HWM system. To formulate national and local level policies on HWM, specific
committees at different levels - national, state and local, are recommended to facilitate policy formulations and
implementations. In addition, an action plan is proposed to initiate the process until the recommendations and
implementation mechanisms of the committees are adopted. An action plan detailing the specific objectives, key
indicators and responsible actors has been formulated, which can be adopted as a model for other urban areas in
the country. This can also constitute an important component of the policy on HWM for Myanmar.
Keywords/phrases: Hospital Waste Management, Sewage System, Developing Countries
11

26. Study to Explore Applications of Regulatory and Economic Instruments
in Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City
Nurul Quadir & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
The population of Dhaka has swelled phenomenally from 3.4 million in 1981 to about 6.4 million in 1991.
Unplanned growth of urban population causes reckless generation of solid wastes and exerts tremendous
pressure on the existing services. The traditional concept of providing solid waste service virtually free of
charge by the city corporation and poor management of solid waste aggravates the waste management problem,
causing more than half of the generated solid wastes to remain uncollected and disposed making the
environmental scenario of the metropolis quite gloomy and dismal for the future.
Effective application of regulatory and economic instruments has emerged as one of the approaches to address
the growing problem of solid waste management. This study reviews the current solid waste management
system in Dhaka and explores the application of regulatory and economic instruments in the said service for
better waste management performance. The research of this study includes a household survey conducted in four
selected areas of Dhaka city.
The results of this study reveal that Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) has failed to provide adequate solid waste
management service. Only about 50 percent of the generated solid wastes are collected and disposed by the
DCC. The reasons are identified as lack of proper policy planning, financial inadequacy, lack of coordination
among the actors involved in solid waste management (SWM), the absence of incentives for reducing wastes,
virtual absence of polluters pay principle, and lack of regulations and their enforcement.
This study shows that the present application of regulatory and economic instruments is very limited for SWM
in Dhaka. There are no specific charges or fees for solid waste collection and disposal except an indirect tax
called ‘rates’. There is no comprehensive and specific legislation for SWM in Dhaka as well. Although the DCC
Act 1983 and the Municipal Corporation (Taxation) Rules 1986 deal with responsibilities of DCC regarding
solid waste collection and disposal, SWM ‘rates’ and penalties concerning SWM, they are not clearly defined
and enforced as yet. Those acts do not contain reference to standards, deposit refund system, incentives, solid
waste plans, subsidies, charges, and fees - the common tools used in developed countries.
Based on the existing situation and the extent of application of the instruments, recommendations were made to
apply collection and disposal charges/fees, strengthen the deposit refund system, provide incentives, apply
standards in different stages of SWM, prepare a solid waste plan, and impose restrictions and bans for improving
solid waste management of Dhaka.
Keywords/phrases: Regulatory Instruments, Economic Instruments, Solid Waste Management
12

27. Travel Demand Management Techniques Applicable to Urban Transport Problems in
Bangkok Metropolitan Area
Manoj Kumar Sharma & Bernard G. Lefebvre
Abstract
The numbers of private automobiles are fast escalating in Bangkok. Meanwhile, the spiraling cost of
construction and maintenance makes it difficult to satisfy the increasing travel demand through new
infrastructures. Thus, the need to implement Travel Demand Management (TDM) cannot be ignored. So far,
attempts to alleviate the traffic problems in Bangkok have failed to provide efficient solutions. Not only do the
traffic problems cause long travel delays and environment pollution, but they also aggravate social costs. In
spite of various TDM measures that have been recommended, Bangkok is still struggling in attempting to
implement TDM measures for such a purpose. This study highlights the findings on how Bangkok compares
itself internationally to a large sample of other Asian cities in terms of transport related problems and
recommends the possible TDM techniques applicable in Bangkok Metropolitan Area.
Research on comparisons of Bangkok to other Asian cities is conducted in terms of transport infrastructure,
transport use patterns, energy consumption in transport, transport economics, and transport externalities.
Studies on the status of planned and on-going mega-projects for urban transportation in Bangkok are conducted
to establish their interrelations with the existing transport infrastructure.
In terms of transport economics, the comparative study reveals that per capita road expenditure in Bangkok is
much higher than that for all developing Asian cities. However, driving in Bangkok is relatively cheap, which is
most likely a contributing factor to the high level of private vehicle use. Private transport energy use per capita
in Bangkok is the highest among the Asian cities. The rate of transport-related deaths in Bangkok is also among
the highest of all Asian cities. Moreover, the rate of per capita emissions from transport in Bangkok is very high,
with the highest levels of SPM, HC, and SO2.
Among the various TDM measures, 32 potential measures are short-listed to evaluate for Bangkok. Each
measure is evaluated in terms of 11 different criteria with four different aspects, such as environmental, social,
economical, and technical.
It is found that public transportation improvement techniques secure the highest score. Provision of Mass Rapid
Transit stands in the first rank, where formalization of motorcycle taxi, contra-flow bus lanes, with-flow bus
lanes, transit priority at traffic signals attains the second, to fifth rank. The ride sharing strategy is assessed on
the seventh to 12th rank. The peak period dispersion measures are appraised on the sixth and 11th rank.
The proposed traffic constraint measures are the most unpopular among the people in Bangkok. Introduction of
parking fees in government offices is the most unacceptable measure, whereas an incremental tax on cars/pick-
ups is the second most disliked measure. The attitude of people towards physical measures demonstrates that
they do not want to pay for improvements of transportation facilities, although the majority of them condemn
the bad traffic conditions in Bangkok.
Keywords/phrases: Urban Transport, Travel Demand Management, Public Transportation
13

28. Urban Solid Waste Disposal: A Case Study of the City of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Chea Sarin & Bernard G. Lefebvre
Abstract
The rapid urbanizing process, fueled by rural to urban migration and population growth, has given rise to a host
of urban environmental problems. These include problems related to limited access to basic environmental
infrastructure and services, pollution from urban wastes and emissions, and loss or destruction of natural and
cultural resources. The quality of the environment is thus a matter of growing concern. In this context, Solid
Waste Management (SWM) becomes one of the top priorities.
The purpose of this study is to review the existing laws and regulations related to environmental protection with
special attention on the SWM in Cambodia, while assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of these laws and
regulations. Studying the present situation of the SWM system and identifying the problems related to this
system with particular focus on the disposal part are also two main objectives of this study.
This results of this study show that there is only limited law and regulations concerning environmental
protection; especially there is a significant lack of rules and regulation regarding solid waste management. As a
result, the present performance of solid waste management is a laissez faire approach.
In the present context, SWM has become one of the most serious problems in Phnom Penh City, as the
population increases from time to time. An integrated approach has become important for solving solid waste
problems in the city and especially options for solid waste disposal. Little attention is paid by the municipality
and the PSBK. At present, the PSBK pays more attention to solid waste collection and transport so that the city
becomes cleaner. However, this approach transfers the problems from one area to another. If an integrated
approach is not initiated immediately, the city may suffer from sanitation and health hazards.
Based on these findings, this study recommends an action plan for SWM of Phnom Penh City. It also
recommends a management plan for improving the conditions of the present landfill which is seriously
environmentally polluted. It was recommended that the present landfill needed to be closed in 2000; however,
this study recommends closing it in early 2004 due to the low progression of selecting and lack of capability to
design and plan the new landfill. This study suggests a guideline for new landfill selection, design and operation
and post-closure care. Since there is a limited option for the solid waste disposal method, the study also
recommends promoting a composting system for waste minimization prior to final disposal.
Keywords/phrases: Solid Waste Management, Urban Environment, Urban Services
14

29. 1999
15

30. Air Pollution Monitoring System: Evaluation and Improvement for
Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong Province, Thailand
Pawinee Sunalai & Nguyen L. Bach
Abstract
Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate has been established since 1981, aiming to promote industrial development and
decentralize the economy. As the government is more inclined toward economic development and industrial
investment than environmental protection, the severity of environmental problems has been increasing over the
past few years. Given this government inclination, air pollution in Map Ta Phut has become a serious
environmental concern. To address this concern, this study focuses on investigating the ambient air quality
monitoring system for Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate and determining who, what, when, where and how often
to monitor the pollutants and their impacts on the environment.
It is found that air monitoring for the industrial estate is ineffective for producing accurate and consistent
monitoring data. Furthermore, data availability and dissemination to the public there is not satisfactory in terms
of data content, presentation, reliability, and quality. To improve the existing monitoring system for Map Ta
Phut, a comprehensive quality assurance/quality control program needs to be developed for enhancing
instrument performance accuracy and ensuring reliable and high quality monitoring data. The programs for
emission inventory development and meteorological condition measurements (especially mixing height data) are
required for identifying air pollution problems accurately and increasing the accuracy level of modeling for
assessment purposes. Such activities can support and strengthen the air quality monitoring and improve the
capability of the authorities to control air pollution in Map Ta Phut area.
Keywords/phrases: Air Pollution Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Emission Inventory
16

31. Analysis of Road-Users' Perceptions on
Traffic Management Measures in Colombo City
W.M.M.G.D. Wijekoon & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
Traffic congestion has been increasing rapidly in the fast growing city of Colombo. It causes a huge loss of
money, property, time, energy, and human health. Congestion originates from various sources, however, the
increasing number of vehicles of the city is the primarily cause. Geographical location and surroundings of the
city and centralization of administrative services are also causes for pulling more and more vehicles into
Colombo. Uncontrolled land use and the poor management of infrastructure services are also seen as
contributors to congestion. The Government of Sri Lanka has formulated several management measures to
overcome this problem. The success of any kind of management measures primarily depends on the willingness
of people to cooperate. Thus, their involvement is important to implement any management measure.
With the above in view, this study focuses on analyzing the road-users’ perceptions towards the road
environment in general and traffic management measures in particular in Colombo. The research issues covered
include the willingness to pay congestion charges, the responsibility of traffic management of the city, and the
present conditions of the road network of the city. A questionnaire survey is conducted to determine road-users’
perceptions and views from the three types of road-users (pedestrians, drivers, and street vendors). Through the
questionnaire, they are given the opportunity to express their views, attitudes and make suggestions to ease the
traffic congestion in Colombo. Checklist interviews are also conducted to obtain expert opinions and views of
the management officials including the traffic police. Basic information in relation to the traffic volume, number
of vehicles, and pollution level is collected by reviewing documents and reports.
The results of the study specify several findings. The perceptions of the road-users towards the effects of traffic
congestion and the road environment vary according to the time of the day. The busy hours clearly fare worst in
characterization of traffic congestion (always congestion, very noisy and not safe). Most of the road-users have
more positive attitudes to regulatory instruments (RIs) than to economic instruments (EIs). One of the
implications is that the road-users are not agreeable to the economic instruments and their potential role in
reducing traffic congestion and better traffic management. It may be due to the fact that the use of economic
measures may require the road users to pay congestion charges. This is indeed the case, as reflected in the
findings: a majority of respondents do not like to pay for congestion charges. They view the responsibility of
traffic management as the Colombo Municipal Council’s and they would rather use regulatory measures for
reducing congestion. The road-users’ perceptions and views have, thus, provided valuable insights for
developing guidelines to make decisions, policies and management measures (by combining RIs and EIs) to
ease the prevailing traffic congestion in Colombo.
Keywords/phrases: Traffic Management Measures, Regulatory Instruments, Economic Instruments
17

32. Application of Economic and Regulatory Instruments for Emission Management:
A Case Study of Diesel and Electric Tempos in Kathmandu City
Babu Ram Rai & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
Metro Kathmandu is facing the menacing problem of vehicular emissions, which poses a serious environmental
problem. Vehicular emissions particularly originate from diesel Tempos (three wheeler vehicles). It is one of the
major causes of air pollution in the Metro area. Absence of land use planning, poor vehicles maintenance, weak
enforcement of regulatory measures, low fuel quality, and import of old vehicles are known to be the other
major sources of vehicular emissions. This study focuses on the scope of greater use of regulatory and economic
instruments to abate the emissions for improving the air quality of Kathmandu thus, contributing to the urban
environmental management of the city.
The increasing urban population is a major cause of massive increase of vehicles in the city. The urban
population of the Metro was 150,402 in 1971 and it rose to 235,160 in 1981. By 1991, the population soared to
421,258. As a result, the demand for transportation services has increased rapidly. To respond this situation,
demand of Tempos in the city has been increased as the source of cheap transportation services. However, that
this cheap service takes place at environmental cost is not commonly understood by all involved.
Most of these vehicles also use diesel as their fuel and most diesel Tempo drivers have old vehicles. These are
creating more pollution in the Metro. Yet, almost no diesel Tempo owners and drivers are willing to pay
environmental or pollution charges. In the absence of economic and regulatory instrument applications, this
situation remains unchanged. Conversion of diesel Tempos into electric vehicles is highly desirable to manage
the problem of emission in Kathmandu. One barrier for such a purpose is the high cost of conversion from DVs
to Evs.
The regulatory and economic instruments are studied in this research with respect to the above issues. Most
people would like to see the reduction of emissions even by banning the use of Tempos. However, once they
apply the regulatory and economic measures, these instruments appreciate their role to contain pollution.
It is suggested that the government might provide a subsidy, tax incentives and soft loans for the
environmentally friendly electric vehicles’ operations and promotions. The number of these highly preferred
vehicles, however, is not sufficient due to high initial investment and operating costs. The government plans to
provide soft loans to the battery charging operators. However, it did not act properly until January 1999.
Making emission standards compulsory and strict enforcement are required for non-complying vehicles with the
provision of higher emission charges and registration fees for high polluting vehicles. The government could
provide incentives and subsidies for EV operations and promotions, specifically the government providing soft-
loans for conversion of DVs into EVs.
Keywords/phrases: Economic Instruments, Regulatory Instruments, Emission
18

33. Application of Regulatory and Economic Instruments to Control Air Pollution
in Dhaka City: A Focus on Major Pollution Emitting Transportation Mode
Md. Nasir Uddin & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
The urban air quality in Bangladesh is fast deteriorating and has reached an alarming level. In Dhaka, the levels
of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) range 2 to 4 times the national standards, but up to 12 times worse than
the WHO guidelines in the most heavily polluted traffic corridor. Ambient sulfur dioxide levels (SO2) are nearly
five times higher than the national standards in commercial areas and nearly ten times higher than the WHO
guidelines. Lead levels in Dhaka are also high by the WHO standard. Lead pollution reaches its highest level in
the air of Dhaka during the dry season. The density of lead in Dhaka’s air in November-December-January
comes to 463 nanograms per cubic meter, which is higher than even cities like Bombay and Mexico City.
Air pollution in Dhaka is worsening rapidly due to the rapid increase in vehicle imports and use, particularly
two-stroke engine vehicles. Motor vehicles, especially the two-stroke engine vehicles (Baby Taxis and Tempos
are the two common ones) are responsible for the increase in emissions of both local pollutants and green house
gases. The rapid growth in their numbers, poor maintenance, excessive commercial use, fuel adulteration, and
lubricant oil quality and quantity are additional reasons that have made these vehicles most polluting. The shares
of the Two-Stroke Engine Vehicles (TSEV) in total vehicular emission of PM10, HC, CO, and CO2 are 40, 77,
44, and 13%, respectively.
The program of air quality management in Bangladesh is at the early stage of its development in all areas
ranging from the scientific understanding of the magnitude to institutional structure. The Department of
Environment (DOE), Dhaka division, with its limited man power started air quality monitoring in 1995 at few
places in the City. Regarding emission inventories, mobile source emissions have been prepared. An inventory
of industrial and area emissions does not exist. To pursue an effective program of air quality management, DOE
needs to be strengthened in terms of trained staff, facilities, and equipment, as it also faces legal and inter-
organizational coordination barriers to conduct an effective vehicles inspection program as well as to take action
against the polluters. In the absence of these, the vehicles inspection program tends to be more sporadic than
systematic.
Analysis of existing laws and regulations exhibits weakness in the legal system that seeks to control vehicular
pollution in the country. It needs specific regulations to cover all aspects of vehicular emissions: vehicles, traffic
management, fuels, and inspection and maintenance. Although some positive steps have been adopted by the
Government of Bangladesh by promulgating the Environment Conservation Act 1995 and the Environment
Conservation Rules 1997, these acts and rules are not specific enough to combat the air pollution situation in the
City. Presently, no economic instruments are being applied as the mechanism of providing incentive or levying
pollution charges for controlling vehicular pollution. This study attempts to make a case of applying the
regulatory and economic instruments as management measures for improving the air quality in Dhaka.
Air pollution emission process and control mechanisms are identified by analyzing secondary data/information,
questionnaire surveys and discussions with the concerned officials/experts. The questionnaire survey
respondents are households, serviceholders, roadside small traders, and Baby Taxi/Tempo owners and drivers.
The results of the study reveal that the existing vehicular pollution management system is very weak with
respect to policy instruments, emission standards of vehicles, standards of fuel and lubricants, traffic rules,
inspection and maintenance, public awareness as well as the organizational capacity of DOE. Recommendations
are made for vehicular air pollution control in general and Baby Taxis/Tempos emission control in particular by
proposing economic and regulatory measures targeting DOE, vehicles, fuels, lubricant, alternate fuel, traffic
management and inspection and maintenance and implementation.
Keywords/phrases: Regulatory Instruments, Economic Instruments, Air Pollution
19

34. Banks and Environmentally-Friendly Practice in Bangkok Metropolitan Region:
The Need for Change
Beatriz Mayer & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Today the world experiences an acceleration of environmental degradation accompanied by an increased
involvement in environmental issues. Banks and financial institutions, who lend the capital for investment in
commercial and industrial development, become more aware of their customers’ involvement in environmental
issues.
This new involvement is not attributed to a sudden increase in environmental awareness or consciousness “for
preservation of the environmental and/or conservation of natural resources”, but it is rather due to the financial
exposure of the banks to the environmental liabilities of their customers. Thus, the banks have a new financial
risk associated with the accountability and exposure of their industrial customers, whose production processes or
products bring negative impact on the environment through the use or production of toxic, infectious, or
hazardous materials. Hence, the banks are indirectly responsible and financially accountable for environmental
degradation.
This paper studies the level of awareness and the current responses of both local and international banks in the
Bangkok Metropolitan Region to environmental issues and environmental risks. What responses are the banks
giving to the increased significance of environmental issue? The study includes a survey of over 30 banks in
Bangkok. Results indicate that banks are being slow to follow this international trend. The study also analyzes
the growing need that banks in Bangkok will be facing, as new scenario changes may take place.
Keywords/phrases: Environmental Risks, Environmental Degradation, Environmental Awareness
20

35. Challenges and Constraints Faced by Women NGOs in
Urban Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu Valley:
An Analysis from a Gender Perspective
Muna Basnyat & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Most often local governments are held responsible for providing daily services like solid waste management and
are blamed for any kind of failures and inadequacies that prevail. Due to lack of resources and commitment
from their part solid waste most often emanates as a major environmental problem in urban areas. Kathmandu
Metropolitan City (KMC) and Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan (LSM) have been the victims of solid waste
management problem in recent years, with a trend of generating more volume and complicated waste stream in
the coming years. Acknowledging the inadequacies of the local government, informal sector, private sector and
NGOs have emerged to supplement their activities.
This study focuses on analyzing the relevance of NGOs in urban solid waste management in the present
scenario, with an objective to envisage their roles and functions in providing supplementary service to the
metropolitan/sub metropolitan areas. This study further focuses on assessing on how women’s NGOs operate
and how they are perceived by the community and the local government. Out of the three roles of women,
productive, reproductive and community management, the latter role is not adequately acknowledged and most
often thought as an extension of the reproductive role. Thus, this study aims to find out the scope of this role in
filling up the voids that the local government has in providing its services. Assessing one women’s NGOs
externally and internally explores the possibilities of its replication in other areas. Based on this result,
strategies are formulated on how their roles should be highlighted and what functions are they expected to play
in addressing the issue of solid waste management in the future. Moreover, based on the critique of gender
analysis, this study analyzes the additional role that women’s NGOs are expected to play in attaining gender
equity in relation to cultural and social structures within the periphery of ‘waste management’.
Keywords/phrases: Solid Waste Management, Gender Equality, NGO
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36. Determination of Cost Efficiency for Pricing of Water Supply Systems:
A Case Study of Four Cities in Lao PDR
Sisangouane Sirithasack & Nguyen L. Bach
Abstract
Water supply is one of the basic urban services desirable to reach every household in the urban areas. In spite of
the economic hardship, Lao government has managed to arrange for a significant amount of investment in the
urban sector. However, even an investment of US$ 96 million in 1994, could bring about a potable-piped water
supply to only 54% of the urban population. The study is conducted in four main cities of Lao PDR, namely:
Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Pakse, and Saravane.
In the present context, the cost for operation and maintenance exceeds the revenue, due to the low income
generated by tariff. As a result, cost-efficient service is not being provided to the whole of the urban population.
In this study, estimation is made to determine the cost efficiency for the water pricing of water supply systems
in Lao PDR. This study focuses on proposing a solution to reduce the gap between revenue and expenditure of
the three cities, namely: Luang Prabang, Pakse, and Saravane. Similarly, affordability and willingness of the
people to pay for these services are also taken into consideration. Based on the finding of this study,
recommendations are made for total capital investment, along with various ways through tariff to provide
service to different income groups.
Keywords/phrases: Cost Efficiency, Water Supply, Basic Urban Services
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37. Developing a Strategy to Increase Participation of Hotels in Environmental
Management Programs in Panjim, Goa, India
Pallavi R. Mandke & Walter Jamieson
Abstract
The increasing number of tourists received at many destinations has encouraged a number of accommodation
facilities to be built in and around the destinations. This activity has drawn attention the world over with a
special reference to environmental sustainability. Environmental management programs for hotels are
immerging as a response to political and social pressure for sustainability. Some examples are Green Globe,
Green Leaf Program, the Blue Flag and individual efforts by hotel chains like ECOTAJ. The prime
environmental issues in hotels are solid waste, water and energy management, which are also pivotal urban
issues. Thus, developing environmental management programs and ensuring participation of hotels in these
programs becomes important from the point of view of urban environmental sustainability.
This research examines successful experiments in environmental management of hotels and draws valuable
lessons for their replication in Panjim, Goa. It further assesses the awareness, willingness, and perception of
hoteliers to adopt environmental management programs. A stakeholder analysis is necessary to study the
existing and expects the roles of stakeholders in the program.
The strategy addresses a range of issues at two levels, at the hotel level, training and awareness, floating staff
issues, target audience, and hardware solutions for making physical changes in hotels. At the stakeholder level,
expected roles and coordination is discussed. The solutions to encourage hotels to participate in the program are
sought through a regulatory, incentive or disincentive approach.
Keywords/phrases: Stakeholder, Environmental Management, Urban Environment
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38. Development of a Strategy for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal:
A Case Study of Hanoi City, Vietnam
Pham Duc Thai & A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Abstract
It is observed that more growth of economic activities and population growth in urban areas lead to more urban
environmental problems. The environmental problem with respect to the volume and complexity of wastes has
increased in general. Particularly, inappropriate disposing of municipal solid wastes has become a serious threat
to the environment and public health in Hanoi. The increase in waste generation and lack of planning for
disposal sites compounds the problem. While the Hanoi Urban Environmental Company (URENCO) is
primarily responsible for planning the disposal sites along with overall solid waste management for the city,
planners look for various alternatives for efficient solid waste management in Hanoi, due to the problem-rising
magnitude and, most urgently, the existing dumpsite has alarmingly reached its capacity.
With respect to the views above, this study focuses on various aspects that are important for developing a
strategy for municipal solid waste disposal in Hanoi. This requires thorough investigation on the current
situation of municipal solid waste management and disposal practice. The data collection method of the study
involves field survey, interview, as well as the obtained data results from analyzing waste samples in the study
area. Recent literature on solid waste disposal in Hanoi is also reviewed. Data analyzed include compositional
variations of total wastes in Hanoi over the last five years.
The results of this study show a rapid increase in the total amount of municipal waste and significant
composition changes. These are related to the increase of population and living standards in Hanoi in the last
few years. In Hanoi, the total daily amount of municipal waste has increased from 700 tons in 1995 to about
1,400 tons in 1998. It is estimated to reach 3,500 tons per day by 2020.
Until now, the large proportion (65%) of municipal solid waste in Hanoi has been transported to the one existing
open dumpsite. Only a small portion (5%) is used as the input waste of a Cau Dien pilot composting plant,
although the component of organic matter is 62.5% of the total waste generated. The amount of the discharged
hazardous waste without treatment is still high. This causes considerable pollution in Hanoi. The lack of budget
and inefficiency in operation and management of the responsible organizations also contributes to the problem
of municipal solid waste management in Hanoi.
To overcome the existing problems, an integrated approach comprising a new sanitary landfill and a composting
plant is suggested for such a purpose. It also includes policy and planning measures for the improvement of the
present dumpsite and the composting plant. To deal with the requirements of operation and management in the
future, and for strengthening the capacity of the responsible organizations, a restructuring of URENCO is also
recommended. In addition, reduce, reuse, recycling programs, the application of regulatory and economic
instruments, and programs for raising people’s awareness are suggested as measures to reduce the volume of
municipal solid waste generated and help reach reasonable efficiency in municipal solid waste treatment and
disposal.
Keywords/phrases: Solid Waste Disposal, Regulatory Instruments, Economic Instruments
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39. Environmental Awareness and Regulations in Banking Practices:
A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City
Dao Hao Yen & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Industrialization and urbanization though vital for the development of a country, carries heavy environmental
impacts, which are not often acknowledged until they reach the level of severity. Vietnam at this stage seems
much concerned with the development process, but cares little for the environment. Careful consideration for the
environment would have positive repercussions for the future.
Banks have been identified as one of the components that can play an intermediary role in keeping the balance
between the economic activities and conserving the environment. This study aims at finding the banks’ interests
in supporting environmentally friendly projects and their policy. It also investigates the awareness amongst the
clients and their desire to implement such projects.
The overall analysis has looked into the constraints faced by the government and then, comes up with proposals
for reforms in banking systems to support environmentally friendly projects. Similarly, an assessment has been
made of how banks can get such projects implemented and how awareness amongst the people can be raised to
attract them towards such projects. Thus, this study is expected to help in creating a linkage between the policy
makers, banks and the clients so that economic development can be achieved along with environmental
protection. From this study, a new concept of environmental concern has also been introduced in the banking
system to contribute to environmental protection activities. Moreover, policy makers can use the obtained
information to establish environmental policy for a banking system.
Keywords/phrases: Environmental Protection, Economic Development, Environmental Awareness
25

40. Environmental Awareness regarding Domestic Disposal Behavior
in Yangon, Myanmar
Hlaing Myint & Willi Zimmermann
Abstract
Inadequate waste collection and improper disposal coverage of the population to be served is one of the most
important problem areas in domestic waste management in developing countries, especially in Yangon, the
capital city of Myanmar, with a population of 3.57 million. Although the municipal authorities in Yangon
acknowledge the importance of household waste collection and disposal, it is mostly beyond their financial,
material, technical and labor resources to collect and dispose of the growing amount of refuse generated by the
city. The increase in waste quantities and scarcity of disposal sites forces the authorities to look into alternative
means to solve the problem of solid waste disposal in the urban area of Yangon.
This social and behavioral aspect of the study on solid waste disposal behavior in Yangon is considered a viable
option in managing solid waste properly. There is a negative attitude and behavior of the citizens regarding solid
waste disposal. Wastes are frequently dumped on roadsides and into open drains. The problem is most acute in
low-income, sub-urban areas of new satellite towns where access to collection trucks is difficult or absent and
where bell ringing collection systems are not practiced. This study is done by examining the level of
environmental awareness of (1) high-income households, (2) middle-income households, and (3) low-income
households in Yangon. The relationships between environmental awareness and waste disposal behavior and
socio-economic factors, such as education, income and education, and the institutional factors such as
dissemination of environmental information, training and seminars related to environmental issues,
environmental programs and activities among schoolchildren, and the efficiency of municipal waste collection
are analyzed.
The results of the study show that generally, people’s perception of the environment is high. Waste disposal
practices have a significant correlation with environmental awareness especially considering level of income
and occupation. There is also a significant relationship between waste disposal practices and the efficiency of
municipal waste collection. This study examines the relationship of how people perceive solid waste disposal,
and what is done with the disposal of solid waste in Yangon City. The strong relationships are institutional
factors and their waste disposal behavior.
It is evident that respondents from high collection of waste areas have better waste disposal practices than from
low collection areas. After analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of environmental awareness and waste
disposal behavior, it is recommended to strengthen environmental awareness through environmental education,
dissemination of environmental information, training programs, and activities. The study also recommends
strengthening the capacity of the municipal government with models for efficient urban environmental
management, effective environmental awareness projects, as well as for effective household waste management
in Yangon city.
Keywords/phrases: Solid Waste Management, Environmental Awareness, Low-Income Household
26