1.  Science
 Intro: The successful outcomes of natural science (physics and science tables) make
people see the scientists as the dominant cognitive paradigm or model of knowledge.
Science facts and information are not due to God and beliefs; they are numbers from
experiments and investigations. People often wonder about the certainty that the
science can provide. Science does not have monopoly on the truth and that there may
be other equally valid ways of making sense of the world.
 Scientific Methods: The method of the processes is the factor that distinguished science
from non-science. Since science experiment have 5 steps, which are observation,
hypothesis, experiment, law and theory, the result will confirm certain science laws and
prove that it is science.
 Problems with Observing: There are different types of observing (Expectations, Expert
Seeing, The observer Effect) make observation processes not as straightforward as it
seems.
 Expectation: Expectation influences what people see because when people expect to
see something, they tend to have focuses only on the things they want to see and ignore
other substances/aspects.
 Expert Seeing: People who have more authority tend to make people believe more than
the evidences from their own senses. When experts’ claims that they get the
information from telescope or microscope experiment, people tend to believe that the
information is true.
 Observer effect: The act of the observation sometimes affects what we observe.
 Human Science
 Intro: it is able to reflect about themselves and their place in the scheme of things, they
have been struck by their own complex and mysterious nature. Human science is all
based on observation and discover of laws and theory about human nature.
 Observation: Even though experimenter can observes human behaviors, but they
cannot observe their minds. They can make educated guesses but they cannot never be
100 percent sure that it is right. There are many questions that are form that see how
people think and observe people’s minds.
 Laws: The main goal of science is to develop goals and theory to explain the
phenomenon that is studied. When it comes to human free will, it would seems to
conflict with the idea that there are law like regularities in human behaviors. Human
behaviors seem to be in fact very predictable because they need to fit with some
theories.
 Bias and Predictions: Confirmation Bias there are less scientific and more prone to
science. People may find that it is hard to be open-minded in some subject. Some

2. experimenters might just ignore or lookover some evidences that are contradict with
their hypothesis. Emotional attachment is also another factor that might influence the
outcomes of the experiment due to the fact that scientists may over-simplify subjects
that they are observing.