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COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT

       INTRODUCTION
COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT




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• INTRODUCTION :
• The term compensation as a substitute word for wages and salaries,
  is of recent origin. Wages is now considered as a cost factor.
  Therefore, strategic management of wages and salaries is very
  important for organisations.
• It has become imperative for organisations to balance the cost of
  compensation and employee motivation (for retention) to survive
  in a competitive world.
• Employee compensation is a better term than employee benefits or
  wages or salaries. What the employee provides the employer is a
  labor service, usually known as work. This labor service consists of
  many different kinds of employee behavior, such as showing up
  regularly and on time, carrying out tasks dependently, cooperative
  with others and making useful suggestions.
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• Pay or compensation represents an exchange between the employee and
  the organisation. Each gives something in return for something else. In
  the past, the compensation issue was often confidential and governed by
  individual employer’s preference and choice.
• However, in today’s competitive world, compensation issues are more
  transparent.
• Different scholars in different countries, have defined the world
  compensation from different perspectives. Globally, almost every country
  views compensation as a measure of justice. Also, some countries
  (particularly developed ones) consider compensation as a means of
  protection against potential job loss.
• Compensation should be fair, irrespective of economic consideration.
  Many scholars believe that compensation is the outcome of productivity.
  In India, right from Vedic Age, the volume of work and the time required
  to perform the work were considered to decide compensation.
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• In Europe, the Church advocated the principles of just
  wage or compensation. The word compensation may
  be defined as all forms of financial returns, tangible
  ;services and benefits that an employee receives in
  his/her tenure of employment.
• The modern definition of compensation, however,
  considers both intrinsic and extrinsic components of
  compensation. While extrinsic compensation covers
  both monetary and non-monetary rewards, intrinsic
  compensation covers both monetary and non-
  monetary rewards, intrinsic compensation reflects the
  employees’ mental satisfaction with their job
  accomplishments.
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• Wages and Compensation :
• A wage is a basic compensation for labor and for Labor per
  period of time referred to as the wage rate. Other
  frequently used terms for wages are payment per unit of
  time (typically an hour or year) Total compensation
  represents earnings and other benefits for labor.
• Wage Income represents total compensation and unearned
  income. Wages are also referred to as economic rent, which
  is the figure of total compensation, after reducing the
  opportunity cost. Opportunity cost represents the cost of
  something in terms of an opportunity forgone (and the
  benefits which could be received from that opportunity) or
  the most valuable forgone alternative.
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• The term ‘wages’ has emerged from French Word
  ‘wagier or gagier’ meaning to pledge or promise. The
  term wage is thus meant ;to indicate making a promise
  in monetary form.
• Marxian economics suggests that the payment of
  wages to workers should be based on the optimal
  allocation of cooperative human labor. Marxists view
  that workers’ participation in the production process
  can be oppressive, irrational and exploitative on the
  one hand and can be beneficial to the other. Thus, it
  believes that the most desirable form of labor
  organisation in the workplace is one where workers
  manage themselves collectively, and elect managers.
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• From financial perspective, wages are defined as the cash paid for some
  specified quantity of labor, in contrast with salaries. Wages are paid based
  on wage rate (based on units of time) while salaries are paid periodically
  without reference to a specified number of hours worked. Given an
  established job description , wages can often be negotiated by workers
  through collective bargaining.
• Differences between Wages and Compensation :
• The term labor cost is best understood from the International Labor
  Organisation (ILO) Geneva. Labor cost is the cost incurred by the employer
  in the employment of labor. This also includes payments in respect of
  time paid for but not worked, bonuses, gratuities, the cost of food, drink
  and other payments in kind, the cost of workers’ housing borne by
  employers, employers’ social security expenditures, the cost to the
  employer for vocational training, welfare services, miscellaneous items,
  such as transport of workers, work clothes and cost of recruitment and
  taxes paid by the employers on employment.
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• From the employers’ perspective, therefore, the
  compensation consists of all payments (in kind or in cash)
  and all contributions to employees’ social security, pension,
  insurance etc.
• Labor cost and the compensation of employees are thus
  closely-related concepts, with many common elements.
  The major part of labor cost comprises compensation of
  employees. However, definition of labor cost and the
  compensation of employees differ from country to country.
  For example, some items of labor cost such as vocational
  training are borne not by employers but by respective
  government s. In India, the Central Board for Workers’
  Training and the Regional Labor Institutes provide either
  free or subsidized training for industrial workers.
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• The State’s contributions to wage-related social security schemes
  are not included in the cost of compensation for employers. In
  some countries, payroll taxes or ;employment taxes are considered
  as labor costs.
• In Human Resource Management we consider the term from a
  broader perspective, that is, the strategic use of wages paid to
  employees. Some organisations refer to use the term rewards
  instead of wages or compensation.
• Compensation or wage structure in a given case should take into
  account industrial adjudication as well as considerations of right
  and wrong and fairness and unfairness. Given social conscience and
  the welfare policy of the state, collective bargaining is now the most
  dynamic form of negotiation to decide wage structure in a
  particular organisation.
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• Wage issues are no longer purely mathematical issues.
  It was with this perspective that the framers of the
  Constitution drew up Article 43 (part of the directive
  principles of State Policy) which states that “The State
  shall Endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or
  economic organisation or in any other way, to all
  workers – agriculture, industrial or otherwise – work , a
  living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent
  standard of life and full employment of leisure and
  social and cultural opportunities. “ The declaration in
  effect, assured labor that where they were not able to
  secure a living wage for themselves, the government,
  through legislation or means will come to their aid.
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• Two aspects of the State’s role prevent employers from taking undue
  advantage of workers-strong bargaining strength and direct participation
  of the state in the economic life of the nation.
• Wage Components :
• Although the term ‘wage’ is an encompassing and includes any form of
  financial support and benefits , in a narrower sense wages are the price
  paid for the services of labor.
• Broadly, there are two wage components – the base or basic wages and
  other allowances. The basic wage is the remuneration, by way of basic
  salary and allowances which are paid or payable to an employee in terms
  of the contract of employment` for the work done.
• Allowances are paid in addition to the basic wage to ensure that the value
  of basic wage to ensure that the value of basic wages does not fall over a
  period of time. Some allowances are statutory , while others are
  voluntary.
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• Most organisations pay allowances such as
  holiday pay, overtime pay, bonus and social
  security benefits.
• Under Sec. 2(m) wages includes ‘Wages for leave
  period, holiday pay, overtime pay, bonus,
  attendance bonus etc. Any award of settlement
  and production bonus if paid, constitutes wages.
  But under Payment of Wages Act, 1948
  ‘Retrenchment compensation , payment in lieu of
  notice and gratuity payable on discharge
  constitute wages.
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• The following types of remunerations are excluded from the purview of
  wages :-
• Bonus or other payments under a profit-sharing scheme, which do not
  form part of the contract of employment.
• Value of any house accommodation, supply of light, water, medical
  attendance.
• Any sum paid to defray special expenses entailed by the nature of the
  employment of a workmen.
• Any contribution to Pension, Provident Fund or a scheme of social
  security and insurance benefits.
• Any other amenity or service excluded from the computation of wages by
  a general or special order of an appropriate governmental authority.
• A wage level is an average of the rates paid for the jobs of an
  organisation., an industry , a region or a nation. A wage structure is a
  hierarchy of jobs to which wage rates have been attached.
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• Objectives of Compensation :
• The objectives of compensation or wages can be classified
  under four broad categories – equity, efficiency, macro-
  economic stability and optimum allocation of labor.
• Equity : The first category is equity, which may take several
  forms. It includes income distribution through narrowing of
  inequalities, increasing the wages of the lowest paid
  employees, protecting real wages (purchasing power ) and the
  concept of equal pay for work of equal value. Compensation
  management strives for internal and external equity.
• Internal equity requires that pay be related to the relative
  worth of a job so that similar jobs get similar pay.
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• Efficiency : It is often closely related to equity, because two
  concepts are not antithetical. The objectives of efficiency are
  reflected in attempts to link a part of wages to productivity or
  profit, group or individual performance acquisition and
  application of skills and so on.
• Macro-economic stability – It can be achieved through high
  employment levels and low inflation. For instance, an
  inordinately high minimum wage would have an adverse
  impact on levels of employment.
• Efficient allocation of labor : The efficient allocation of labor
  in the labor market implies that employees will move to
  wherever they receive a net gain. Such movement may be
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• From one geographical location to another or from one job to
  another (within or outside an enterprise). The provision or
  availability of financial incentives causes such movement. For
  example, workers may move from a labor surplus or low-
  wage area to a high wage area. They may acquire new skills to
  benefit from the higher wages paid for skills.
• When an employer’s wages are below market rates, employee
  turnover increases. When it is above market rates, then
  employer attracts job applicants.
• When employees move from declining to growth industries,
  an efficient allocation of labor due to structural changes take
  place.
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• Other Objectives of Compensation :
• Acquire Qualified Personnel : Compensation needs to be
  high enough to attract applicants. Pay levels must respond
  to the supply and demand of workers in the labor market
  since employers compete for workers. Premium wages are
  sometimes needed to attract applicants already working for
  others.
• Retain Current Employees : Employees may quit when
  compensation levels are not competitive, resulting in high
  turnover.
• Reward Desired Behavior : Pay should reinforce desired
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• Behaviors and act as an incentive for such behavior to occur
  in the future. Effective compensation plans reward
  performance, loyalty, experience, responsibility and other
  behaviors.
• Control Costs : A rational compensation system helps an
  organisation obtain and retain workers at a reasonable cost.
  With effective compensation management, workers might
  be over-paid or under-paid.
• Comply with Legal Regulations : A sound wage and salary
  system considers the legal challenges imposed by the
  Government and ensures the employer’s compliance.
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• Facilitate Understanding : The compensation management
  system should be easily understood by human resource
  specialists, operating managers and employees.
• Further Administrative Efficiency : Wage and salary
  programmes should be so designed that they can be managed
  efficiently.
• Principles of Compensation Formulation : The main factors
  affecting wage or compensation levels within an organisation
  are – external relativities, salary and individual worth.
• External relativities – Market rate as affected by supply,
  demand and general movements in pay levels.
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• Individual worth : The value of the individual’s performance to
  the organisation.
• Determinants of Wage Rates : Wage rates are either the
  products of market forces (supply and demand). In the United
  States, market forces determine wage rates. In Japan, seniority
  is still the dominant factor for wage determination. Several
  countries, including have enacted a statutory minimum wage
  rate that fixes the price of certain kinds of labor.
• While market forces determine the wage rate in most
  developed countries, workers often negotiate their wage rate
  in most developed countries, workers often negotiate their
  wage rate through collective bargaining wherever Unions are
  present.
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• Theories of Wage Determination : There are two key
  theories to determine wages – the traditional theory of
  wage determination and the theory of negotiated wages.
• Traditional Theory of Wage Determination : This theory
  assumes that market forces, that is, demand and supply
  determine wages. Computer programmers are in short
  supply, so they are able to command higher salaries. In our
  country, many organisations pay very high salaries to entry-
  level IT professionals, who sometimes get more than senior
  managerial employees in other sectors. This is because of
  demand and supply gap.
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• Theory of Negotiated Wages : Union employees can
  negotiate salaries. This is done through collective bargaining .
  Normally, in any unionized organisations Unions periodically
  submit their memorandum to the management, asking for
  wage raises to keep pace with market standards and
  organisational profitability.
• Principles of Compensation Determination :
• Subsistence Theory : David Ricard (1772-1832) advocated this
  theory. In Ricardo’s words, workers ;should be paid “To enable
  them to subsist and perpetuate the race without increase or
  diminution.” The theory is based on the notion that if workers
  are paid more than the subsistence wage their numbers will
  increase as they would procreate more
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• And this would bring down the rate of wages. If wages fell down
  below the subsistence level, the number of workers would
  decrease, as many would die of hunger, malnutrition, disease, cold
  etc and many would not marry. When this happened wages would
  increase again. In economics, the subsistence theory of wages
  states, that in the long run, wages will be reduced to the minimum
  level needed to keep workers alive.
• Wages Fund Theory : This theory was developed by Adams Smith
  (1723-1790) on the assumption that wages are paid out of a
  predetermined fund of wealth, the surplus savings of the wealthy.
  This fund could be utilized for employing laborers for work. If the
  fund was large, wages would be high; if it was small , ages would be
  reduced to subsistence level. The demand for labor and the level of
  wages were determined by the size of the fund.
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• Surplus Value Theory : The surplus value theory owes its developments to
  Karl Marx (1818-1883) According to this theory, labor was an article of
  commerce, which could be purchased on payment of the ‘subsistence
  price’ . The price of any product was determined by labor and time
  needed for producing it. The labor was not paid in proportion to the time
  spent on work, but was paid much less, and the surplus was utilized for
  paying other expenses.
• Residual Claimant Theory : The residual claimant theory advocated by
  Francis Walker (1840-1897) assumes that there are four factors of
  production/business activity – land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
  Wages represent the amount of value created in the production, which
  remains after payment has been made for all these factors of production.
  In other words, labor is the residual claimant.
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• Marginal Productivity Theory : This theory assumes that wages
  are based upon an entrepreneur’s estimate of the value that will
  probably be produced by the last or marginal worker.
• Types of Wages in India :
• Any minimum rate of wages or revised may consist of a basic rate of
  wages and a special allowance
• The Central Government appoints a Central Advisory Board to
  advise the central and state governments on the fixing and revising
  of the minimum rate of wages.
• Wages in Kind : Minimum wages payable under this Act are to be
  paid in Cash. However, the payment of minimum wages can be
  made partly in cash and partly in kind.
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• Payment of minimum rate of wages : The employer is
  required ton pay every employee, engaged in a scheduled
  employment under him, wages at a rate not less than the
  minimum rate of wages notified for that class of employee,
  without any deduction except as may be authorized.
• Overtime : If any employee whose minimum rate of wages is
  fixed under the Act works on any day in excess of the number
  of hours constituting a normal working day, the employer is
  required to pay him for excess hours at the overtime rate fixed
  under this Act or under any law of the appropriate
  government for the time being in force, whichever is higher.
• A rest day should be allowed in a week.
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• Living Wage : Living wage is defined as ‘One which should
  enable the earner to provide for himself and his family not
  only the bare essentials of food, clothing and shelter but a
  measure of comfort, including education for his children,
  protection against ill-health, requirements of essential social
  needs and a measure of insurance against more important
  misfortunes, including old age.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that minimum wage must be
  paid in any event, irrespective of any extent of profits, the
  financial condition of the establishment or the availability of
  workers at lower wages.
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• The wages be fair, that is, sufficiently high to provide a
  standard family with food, shelter, clothing, medical care and
  education of children appropriate to the workers.
• Wages must be paid on industry-wise and region wise basis,
  having due regard to the financial capacity of the unit.
• Fair Wage : Fair wage represents the wage above the
  minimum wage but below the living wage. The lower limit of
  the fair wage is obviously the minimum wage. The fair wage
  is an adjustable step.
• Wage Board – The Government aware of the problems of the
  organized labor sector felt that the trade unions had
  inadequate bargaining power.
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• The Wage Boards are tripartite in character. , that is
  representatives of workers, employers and independent
  members. The utility of these boards are debatable. So far
  Government has appointed wage boards for Journalists and
  non-journlist newspaper organisations, Sugar Sector.
• Types of Executive Compensation : Executive compensation
  packages typically comprise the following components :-
• 1.Base salary 2. Annual incentives 3. Long term compensation
  (shares) 4. Special severance and retirement arrangements.
• Compensation Trends in India :
• There is a substantial difference in gross compensation for
  Managers and their immediate subordinates.
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• Companies design personalized salaries out of a basket of options
  for individuals at senior levels.
• There has been a significant increase in basic salary, and hence in
  deferred benefits.
• Companies have restricted non-tax perks in the form of
  reimbursement under various heads to certain top levels of
  management.
• Companies provide higher annual increases, average increments
  varying from 50% to 100% to different levels of management.
• A soft furnishing allowance is being provided towards the purchase
  of curtains, carpets, cutlery and crockery and this is usually paid as
  an annual, non-taxable allowance.
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• Loans to bury-two and four wheelers are a common practice.
  Interest rates may vary, with the repayment period.
• Medical benefits are common, with tie-ups with insurance
  companies and hospitals in many cases. Companies organize
  annual medical check-ups for all employees.
• Club memberships in the form of reimbursement of the one-
  time joining fee and or annual subscription to one or more
  clubs is an attractive perk for senior management.
• Soft loans for purchase of furniture, appliances and
  computers re also extended to employees by some
  organisation.
• Housing loan or interest subsidy is also provided.
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•   Companies reimburse books, periodicals, newspapers, journals etc.
•   Leased accommodation is provided.
•   Elements of Employee Rewards in India :
•   Basic pay or base pay is the level of pay that constitute the rate for the job.
    It may act as a platform for determining additional payments related to
    performance, competence or skills. It may also govern pension
    entitlement.
•   Additions to Base Pay :
•   Individual Performance-related Pay : Increases in base pay or cash bonuses
    are determined by performance assessment and ratings (also known as
    merit pay).
•   Bonus – It refers to rewards for successful performance and may be
    related to the results by individual, team or the organsiation.
•   Commissions – a special form of incentive in which sales representatives
    are paid on the basis of a percentage of the sales value they generate.
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• Allowances : Elements of pay in the form of a separate sum of
  money for such aspects of employment as overtime.
• Employee benefits – These benefits are also known as
  indirect pay. These include pensions, sick pay, insurance cover
  and company cars.
• Non-financial reward : It includes any reward that focuses on
  the need people have in varying degrees for achievement,
  recognition, responsibility and personal growth.
• Employee Stock Options : Stock options are common in
  executive compensation. By offering stock options
  particularly, companies may dilute ownership, infuse a sense
  of belongingness.
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• Compensation Plan : Compensation Plan is defined as the
  components of organisational compensation. A strategic
  compensation plan should emphasize employee retention ,
  cost efficiency and a performance-driven culture.
• Compensation Practices in India : The elements of CTC are
  basic pay, HRA, CCA and other allowances, PF contribution,
  medical reimbursement, food coupons etc. Thus CTC in reality
  can be defined as the annual total cost of compensation to
  the company, which employees may not get on hand.
Performance-Related Compensation Management




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• Performance Related Compensation : Employees form the
  core strength of any organisation. An effective performance
  management system ensures good quality of employees. The
  performance system links the ability and contributions of
  employees, individually and as a team, to the overall
  performance of the organisation.
• A performance appraisal system in any organisation is used to
  formally analyze, review and evaluate performance of an
  employee.
• Performance Related Pay : The term performance-related pay
  encompasses several companywide schemes, such as
  employee participation and share ownership schemes which
  are awarded to the employees.
Performance-Related Compensation
            Management




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• Performance –related pay enhances corporate performance in
  a competitive environment. When performance and pay are
  linked together, it would be reflected in employee behavior.
  For example, when organisations focus on customer
  satisfaction, employees also focus on this aspect, ensuring
  quality of goods and services.
• Collective relationship in the workplace are a common
  organisational pursuit to achieve teamwork. Workplace and
  employer relationship can be decollectivised by
  individualizing, particularly reward mechanisms. Performance
  related pay can be used in teamwork environment i.e. social
  partnership.
Performance-Related Compensation
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• Organisations adopt various strategies depending upon their
  business priorities. A common cost minimizing strategy
  requires different range of behaviors. An organsiation has to
  devise a PRP (Performance Related Pay) structure in tune
  with its strategies.
• Monitoring and evaluation are important and organisations
  often lack focus in these areas . In teamwork systems, linkage
  between the base pay and team contribution hardly exist.
  Many interesting team performance bonuses and gain-sharing
  scheme are available.
• Employee soften perceive compensation of senior managers
  as being disproportionately higher.
Performance-Related Compensation
            Management




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• In most of the organisations, PRP is designed by the top
  management and then implemented down the line.
  Participation and involvement of all cross-sections of
  employees is essential. The employees also feel that they are
  pat of the organisation and hence cooperate in
  implementation.
• PRP can be designed either based on individual performance
  criteria, such as piece rate wages or collective performance
  pay schemes such as profit-sharing. Empirically it was
  established that PRP increases productivity of any
  organisation substantially.
Performance-Related Compensation Management




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• Selection of Performance Objectives :
• Performance research should delving into the issues of identifying
  the performance objectives both for the individual employee and
  also for the organisation as a whole. The performance objectives
  must be : (1) focused on a result (2) consistent (3) specific (4)
  measurable (5) related to time (6) attainable.
• Developing Performance Standards : For effective compensation
  design, developing performance standards is an important task. For
  example, Task description – Write Annual Reports – Standard
  Produce Monthly Reports as per departmental format and submit
  to Business Heads within 5 working of the close of the beginning of
  calendar month.
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            Management




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• Guidelines :
• Performance Standards should be related to the employee’s
  assigned work and job requirements (check job descriptions)
• Quantifiable measures may not apply for all functions.
  Describe in clear and specific terms the characteristics of
  performance quality that are verifiable ad that would meet or
  exceed expectations.
• Accomplishment of organisational objectives should be
  included where appropriate, such as cost control, improv3ed
  efficiency, productivity, project completion, customer service
  etc.
Performance-Related Compensation
            Management




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• Check list :
• Are the standards realistic ? Are the standards specific ? Are
  the standards based on measurable data ? Are the Standards
  consistent with organisational goals ? Standards should link
  individual and team performance to organisational goals ?
  Are the standards challenging ? Recognizing performance
  that is above expectations or outstanding is crucial to
  motivating employees.
• Are the Standards dynamic ? As organisational goals,
  technologies change, standards should evolve.
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            Management




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• Compensation Design Through Skill-Based Programmes :
• Compensation design through a skill-based programme
  rewards employees for attainment of additional skills and
  knowledge. A skill-based pay system enables employees to
  enjoy addition payment of compensation for new learning.
• This process can develop multi-skilled employees in an
  organisation, competent to execute jobs in different cross-
  functions. Fro example, Bank employees become eligible for
  additional increments after completion of CAIIB examination.
  College Lecturers become eligible to get additional increments
  after completing Ph.D course.
Performance-Related Compensation Management




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• Competency Based Pay : Theoretically, in today’s
  organisations, the term competency, rather than skill is used.
  Competency is more holistic, as it aggregates knowledge, skill
  and abilities of employees, integrated with the behavioral
  requirements. Instead of compensating for the position and
  the job title, competency-based pay emphasizes on the job
  accomplishments, much wider than job efficiency (outcome of
  skill only).
• The major goal of any compensation programme is to
  motivate employees to deliver their performance. Merit-
  based pay mainly focuses on employee performance.
Team Based Compensation Management




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• Introduction : The team-based compensation system rewards
  employees who work in a team. This means that individual
  employees are compensated based on the team performance.
• It has been proved that employees working in a team deliver
  better results than those who work individually. It also
  requires the adoption of a collective performance evaluation
  method, rather than individual assessment based on the
  result areas (KRAs). A team based compensation system
  emphasizes on team performance.
• Team based rewards , therefore, reward the behavior of
  people working in a team who can sustain team performance.
Team Based Compensation
               Management




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• Organisations adopted the idea of team work during the late
  eighties, when teamwork was found more effective and
  competitive operationally. The collective efforts of people in
  a team setting increase overall performance and productivity.
• Teamwork helps organisations benefit from synergy,
  cooperation and the unity of command. It is driven by one
  aim/goal, provides flexibility, and ensures better customer
  service. However, teamwork can only be efficient if the team
  is composed of ‘like-minded’ , intelligent people, not just
  intelligent people.
• Designing team-based compensation in an organisation is
  operationally not always possible. This is because absolute
Team Based Compensation
               Management




                                                                 http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Teamwork is often more a myth than a reality. It may be done
  through monthly or quarterly rewards to employees, based on
  the degree of their improvement in performance.
• Usually 5 to 10% of base pay is provided as an incentive to
  reward individual employees. Apart from team performance
  criteria, team members’ contribution to productivity, cost
  savings and quality are the other elements considered for
  team-based compensation. Gift is the common example of
  non-financial team-based compensation.
• Lump sum rewards, irrespective of base pay is a convention
  used by organsiations in rewarding team members.
Team Based Compensation
               Management




                                                                  http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Moreover, organisations customize team-based
  compensation based on organisational strategy. Team based
  compensation encourages members to cooperate, as they are
  rewarded based on the performance of the team as a whole.
• Individual rewards consisting of enhanced rate of bonus,
  promotions, increment etc are often considered against the
  principles of collectivism. Relative rewards naturally induce
  competition and a moderate rate of competition in teamwork
  is always possible.
• Group Incentive Plans : In team-based compensation design,
  providing a group incentive to team members is often
  common.
Team Based Compensation
                Management




                                                                   http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• The entire team shares the reward based on performance
  gains, which are linked to the overall profitability of the
  organisation. To design an effective group incentive plan, an
  organisation should first identify performance targets and the
  standards of performance required to achieve the
  performance targets. It then needs to document these
  standards so that it can properly guide team members. In the
  said documentation, the organisation also needs to specify
  how rewards will be allocated.
• The group incentive plan thus helps the team members to
  focus on specific performance targets.
Team Based Compensation
               Management




                                                                 http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Effective Design of team-based compensation : Organisations
  need to link the proposed compensation design with the
  strategy, culture and competencies of employees.
  Understand the nature and types of teams and job categories,
  evaluate performance properly and design a system.
• Organisations can have different types of teams – Project
  team, hybrid teams, parallel team.
• Parallel team members are temporarily assigned some tasks
  to accomplish. They are selected from different functional
  areas. On completion of the assigned tasks or project, they
  are sent back tot heir mother department. The design of
  team-based compensation for a short time frame is difficult.
Team Based Compensation
               Management




                                                               http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Project Team – Members work full-time in a Project Team so
  the reward so the reward largely follows the principles of
  equity.
• The most commonly used criteria for team-based
  compensation design – are appropriate behavioral
  competencies, demonstration of skill and knowledge
  acquisition, achievement of specific time-bound objectives
  and quantitative and qualitative objectives.
• For a project team, results are most important criteria.
Employee Benefits




                                                                   http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Employee benefit is a holistic term , comprising of both wage
  and non-wage components of total labor costs. Employee
  benefits are known as fringe benefits or perks.
• When employee benefits are given in cash it is called wage or
  salary. Both the wage and non-wage components are taxable
  except a few.
• Going by industry practice, we can categorize employee
  benefits as group insurance, retirement benefits, contribution
  to social security systems, club membership, vacation leave
  etc. Most employee benefits are paid by employers, while in
  some such as social security benefits are paid by employers
  and employees.
Employee Benefits




                                                                     http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• In some organisations, perks is used interchangeably with
  employee benefits. Conventionally, perks denote those
  employee benefits which are discretionary in nature and
  usually paid to senior level employees
• Companies use perks even for non-discretionary or statutory
  benefits. For example, canteen facilities are mandatory for
  organisations that employ more than a certain number of
  employees at one work location.
• Going again by industry practice, some common perks are
  company cars, hotel stays, refreshments, leisure activities etc.
Employee Benefits




                                                                    http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Non-Monetary benefits : Non-monetary benefits are used,
  either when the organsiation feels that any additional
  monetary compensation will reduce the cost-competitiveness
  or when organisations strategically use this for motivation and
  retention.
• Achieving success is the first priority. Hence any reward or
  incentive, which does not strain organisational financial
  health is always desirable. The aim is to motivate employees
  and turn them into good performers. Although monetary
  compensation is the prime mover in this respect, carefully
  chosen non-monetary compensation can also do wonders.
Employee Benefits




                                                                    http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Non-monetary benefits can be provided in various forms
  (such as stock etc.). Globally, non-monetary compensation
  and benefits are gaining importance. The common non-
  monetary incentives are – career advancement opportunities,
  flexible working hours, and opportunities to acquire new skills
  and knowledge.
• The young age group values recognition and career
  advancement. Functional autonomy, personal recognition,
  pleasant work environment , training, flexible working hours
  and challenging opportunities help attract and retain
  employees.
Employee Benefits




                                                                      http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Tax Obligations on Employee Benefits : As per tax laws,
  employee benefits, both monetary and non-monetary are
  considered fringe benefits. In India, they are subject to tax
  liabilities. Employee benefits in the form of profit sharing acre
  often used by organisations as incentive plans. Profit depends
  upon organisational profitability and thus it is not predictable
  or regular income for employees. Many companies allot share
  to their employees.
• Organisations also often golden parachute clauses as
  employee benefits, particularly, to protect executives from
  possible termination in the event that company is acquired.
  Such a benefit is severance pay.
Employee Benefits




                                                                    http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Similarly, a golden handshake clause entitles employees to
  receive huge benefits as a severance package. Organisations
  because of restructuring may often hive off employees, giving
  them the option of pre-mature retirement.
• In India, voluntary retirees availing golden handshakes can
  invest their receipts in post offices up to a ceiling of Rs.15
  lakhs to get a relatively higher rate of interest at 9 per cent
  per annum.
• Types of Employee Benefits :
• Employment Security , Unemployment allowance or
  insurance, overtime pay, leave pay, pay for holidays, lay off
  compensation, retrenchment compensation etc.
Employee Benefits
• Medical and healthcare : Accident insurance, disability




                                                                   http://www.presentationsexpert.com
  insurance, life insurance, medical care, sick leave etc.
• Old Age and retirement benefits – Pension, gratuity,
  provident fund, old-age medical benefits for retired
  employees, travelling concession for retired employees etc.
• Miscellaneous benefits – Birthday gifts, attendance bonus,
  canteen, cooperative credit societies, educational facilities,
  recreational programmes etc.
• Statutory benefits in India :
• Bonus – Bonus is an extra payment payable to workmen at a
  minimum of 8.33 percent as minimum. Maximum @ 20% of
  Basic and dearness allowance.
Employee Benefits




                                                                   http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Retrenchment Compensation : The Industrial Disputes Act,
  1947 provides for payment of compensation in case of lay-off
  and retrenchment employing 50 or more workers.
  Compensation is paid at the rate of 15 days of wages for every
  completed year of service. Workers are eligible for
  compensation in case of closure of undertakings.
• Lay off compensation – In case of lay off, employees are
  entitled to 50% of the total basic wags and dearness
  allowance for the period of lay off, maximum up to 345 days
  in a year.
Employee Benefits




                                                                http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• A deferred Compensation Plan is an arrangement whereby an
  employee or owner defers some portion of an employee’s
  current income until a specified future date.
• Life Insurance can be used to fund a deferred compensation
  plan. Premiums are paid by the company. The cash value can
  then be available at retirement to supplement other income.
• Objectives of fringe benefits :
• Create and improve sound industrial relations, boost
  employee morale, motivate employees by satisfying their
  needs, provide a good work environment and work life ,
  promote employee welfare
Employee benefits




                                                                  http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Employee benefit programes are necessary as they help to :-
• enable employees to guard against rising prices and cost of
  living, avail of the most cost-effective compensation plan,
  attract and retain employees, encash the opportunities of tax
  saving (wherever possible)
• Demonstrate employers’ concern for employees
• Meet the legal requirements of compensation and welfare of
  employees.
• Accede to the demands of the trade union.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                                   http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Organisations design compensation as an additional
  motivation for employees. Motivated employees deliver their
  best and significantly contribute to organisational growth and
  prosperity.
• A well-designed compensation structure can motivate
  employees. Feeling motivated is an important behavioral
  requirement of human resources of any organisation.
• A motivating compensation design not only motivates the
  employees to become good performers, but also attracts
  them to join organisations and continue with them.
• After employees are hired and trained, it is important to
  motivate them to get the desired results from them.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                               http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Although many definitions of the term ‘motivation’ are
  available, all of them converge top what energizes human
  behavior, what directs such behavior and how such behavior
  is maintained or sustained.
• A compensation design to derive the benefit of motivation
  needs to focus on all these aspects so that the desired
  behavioral out come in employees could lead to significant
  changes in the organisational performance.
• After employees are hired and trained, it is important to
  motivate them to get the desired results from them to
  achieve the organisational objectives.
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                      http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• While designing a compensation package, employee
  expectations that suitably identify their extrinsic and intrinsic
  needs are perceived to be met within the given policies of the
  organisations.
• But major problems on employee motivation become evident
  when employees start perceiving that there is a wide
  mismatch between their expectations and organisational
  commitments. At times, such perceived expectations of the
  employees far e4xceed the organisational commitments,
  resulting in a significant gap in the perception of employees.
• Motivational factors are the perceived needs of the
  employees; if needs are satisfied , it contributes to an increase
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                    http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• In performance and productivity of employees. Motivation
  process starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency
  or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a
  goal or incentive.
• In the first stage, it is important to identify the need
  deficiency of the employees. Need deficiency centres on
  extrinsic and intrinsic needs. Extrinsic needs are related to
  material and tangible gains. Increased pay, incentives, bonus,
  better medical facilities, better retirement benefits, better
  canteen facilities are some examples of extrinsic needs.
• Intrinsic needs, on the other hand are abstract in nature,
  related to mental satisfaction, a sense of belonging, scope for
  growth, creativity, recognition etc.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                                 http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Organisations can identify the appropriate strategy to close
  the perceived need gap of employees. There are many
  innovative ways to close such a need gap without much
  variation in the budget. For example, the need for increased
  pay can be met by reducing deferred benefits and including
  them in the current pay of employees. This is particularly
  important for young employees less than 35 years.
• Objectives of Motivation :
• Motivation enhances performance and improves productivity.
  The following are the important objectives of motivation :-
• Increased Efficiency : The efficiency of motivated employees
  increases, as it augments their willingness to work.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                                  http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Quality Consciousness : Motivated employees also become
  quality conscious.
• Goal directed behavior : By promoting goal-directed behavior,
  motivated employees also help realize organisational
  objectives and strategies.
• Productive Use of Resources : Physical, financial and human
  resources are the important source construct s for an
  organisation.
• Motivation also promotes friendly work culture, increased
  morale, increased sense of responsibility, identity with
  organisation etc.
Employee Motivation and
                Compensation




                                                                         http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Motivation ensures organisational stability by reducing employee
  turnover and absenteeism.
• Motive is the inner state that activates and directs the behavior of
  individuals towards certain goals. Motives create a drive that
  energizes individuals into action.
• Motivating implies inducements to energize work behavior.
  Motivating is part of a managerial task. Managers always endeavor
  to sustain the motivating environment to get work done in an
  efficient and effective manner.
• Relationship between motivation and compensation : A pay
  compensation system needs to be motivating in order to :-
• Attract individuals with knowledge, ability and talent as demanded
  by specific organisational tasks.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                                  http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Promote high degree of job involvement and job satisfaction
  and an attitude conducive to loyalty and commitment to the
  organisation.
• Similar to motivation, compensation also has two important
  components. Monetary and non-monetary. Organisations
  fulfill the extrinsic motivational requirements by designing
  compensation that emphasizes on cash component. S0me of
  the intrinsic compensation components are job security,
  improved work conditions, status, sense of accomplishment,
  challenging assignments, increased job responsibilities needs
  to establish a correlation between performance and rewards.
Employee Motivation and
              Compensation




                                                                 http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Theories of Motivation :
• Frederick Taylor, the Father of Scientific Management
  observed that prosperity of management and work force are
  inter-dependent. Individuals are inherently capable of
  working hard but they show such qualitie4s irregularly. To
  harness this feature of individual behavior, pay and rewards
  (incentives) must be linked to achievement of ‘optimum
  goals’. While good performers get rewards and better pay,
  bad performers lose on this count.
• Maslow , through his need hierarchy theory, established that
  motivation of individuals arises from a hierarchy of needs.
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                         http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Hackman and Oldham (1974) developed a job characteristic
  model by showing how a good job design can lead to internal
  motivation of the employees and contribute to better job
  performance. The theory postulates that five job
  characteristics like skill variety, task identity and task
  significance, autonomy and feedback
• Skill variety is the extent or range of skills, abilities and talent
  of the employees. The more they are able to utilize their skills
  on the job, the greater their level of satisfaction. Hence jobs
  are to be designed in such a way that ensures utilization of
  the wide skill variety of the individuals.
Employee Motivation and
                 Compensation




                                                                                http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Task significance denotes significance of a job on the life of others both
  within and outside the organisation. A positive significance of a job gives
  psychological satisfaction to the individual who performs a job.
• Autonomy is the extent of freedom given for a job. The more job
  autonomy, the greater the job satisfaction and so also motivation.
  Feedback provides the opportunity to assess the right way of executing a
  job.
• Feedback provides the opportunity to assess the right way of executive a
  job.
• Skill variety, task identity and task significance provide ‘experienced
  meaningfulness’. Autonomy provided ‘experienced responsibility’ while
  feedback provides ‘experienced knowledge of results’.
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                     http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Motivation and Morale : Edwin Flippo (1989) defined morale
  as “A mental condition or attitude of individual and groups
  which determines their willingness to cooperate. If employees
  appear to feel enthusiastic and optimistic about group
  activities , they are described as having a good or high morale.
• Motivation stimulates individuals into action to achieve the
  desired goals. It is, therefore, a function of need and drives.
  It mobilizes energy, which enhances the potential for morale.
  Morale, on the other hand is the individual or group attitude
  towards a particular subject. It contributes to general feeling
  of satisfaction at the workplace.
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                  http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• Factors that affect morale are primarily attitude and job
  satisfaction level of individual employees. From an
  organisational point of view, such factors can be delineated
  into organisational goals, leadership styles, nature of work,
  work environment etc.
• High morale is conventionally considered as a contributor to
  high productivity.
• Motivational Research and Compensation Design :
• To design an appropriate compensation that motivates
  employees, it is important to understand the motivational
  research process. There are numerous studies on employee
  motivation in the literature.
Employee Motivation and
               Compensation




                                                                     http://www.presentationsexpert.com
• The ranked order of motivating factors found in a research
  study :- 1. interesting work 2. good wages 3.. Full appreciation
  of work done 4. job security 5. good working conditions 6.
  sympathetic help with personal problems.
• In designing compensation that motivates employees, an
  organisation has to appreciate human resource approaches,
  which are distinctly different and traditional models.
• To motivate employees organisations need to make work
  more meaningful and challenging. Employees are considered
  to be creative, responsible and generally believe in self-
  direction, it is important to design job that makes use of these
  skills.

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75978038 compensation-management

  • 2. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • INTRODUCTION : • The term compensation as a substitute word for wages and salaries, is of recent origin. Wages is now considered as a cost factor. Therefore, strategic management of wages and salaries is very important for organisations. • It has become imperative for organisations to balance the cost of compensation and employee motivation (for retention) to survive in a competitive world. • Employee compensation is a better term than employee benefits or wages or salaries. What the employee provides the employer is a labor service, usually known as work. This labor service consists of many different kinds of employee behavior, such as showing up regularly and on time, carrying out tasks dependently, cooperative with others and making useful suggestions.
  • 3. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Pay or compensation represents an exchange between the employee and the organisation. Each gives something in return for something else. In the past, the compensation issue was often confidential and governed by individual employer’s preference and choice. • However, in today’s competitive world, compensation issues are more transparent. • Different scholars in different countries, have defined the world compensation from different perspectives. Globally, almost every country views compensation as a measure of justice. Also, some countries (particularly developed ones) consider compensation as a means of protection against potential job loss. • Compensation should be fair, irrespective of economic consideration. Many scholars believe that compensation is the outcome of productivity. In India, right from Vedic Age, the volume of work and the time required to perform the work were considered to decide compensation.
  • 4. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • In Europe, the Church advocated the principles of just wage or compensation. The word compensation may be defined as all forms of financial returns, tangible ;services and benefits that an employee receives in his/her tenure of employment. • The modern definition of compensation, however, considers both intrinsic and extrinsic components of compensation. While extrinsic compensation covers both monetary and non-monetary rewards, intrinsic compensation covers both monetary and non- monetary rewards, intrinsic compensation reflects the employees’ mental satisfaction with their job accomplishments.
  • 5. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Wages and Compensation : • A wage is a basic compensation for labor and for Labor per period of time referred to as the wage rate. Other frequently used terms for wages are payment per unit of time (typically an hour or year) Total compensation represents earnings and other benefits for labor. • Wage Income represents total compensation and unearned income. Wages are also referred to as economic rent, which is the figure of total compensation, after reducing the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost represents the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone (and the benefits which could be received from that opportunity) or the most valuable forgone alternative.
  • 6. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The term ‘wages’ has emerged from French Word ‘wagier or gagier’ meaning to pledge or promise. The term wage is thus meant ;to indicate making a promise in monetary form. • Marxian economics suggests that the payment of wages to workers should be based on the optimal allocation of cooperative human labor. Marxists view that workers’ participation in the production process can be oppressive, irrational and exploitative on the one hand and can be beneficial to the other. Thus, it believes that the most desirable form of labor organisation in the workplace is one where workers manage themselves collectively, and elect managers.
  • 7. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • From financial perspective, wages are defined as the cash paid for some specified quantity of labor, in contrast with salaries. Wages are paid based on wage rate (based on units of time) while salaries are paid periodically without reference to a specified number of hours worked. Given an established job description , wages can often be negotiated by workers through collective bargaining. • Differences between Wages and Compensation : • The term labor cost is best understood from the International Labor Organisation (ILO) Geneva. Labor cost is the cost incurred by the employer in the employment of labor. This also includes payments in respect of time paid for but not worked, bonuses, gratuities, the cost of food, drink and other payments in kind, the cost of workers’ housing borne by employers, employers’ social security expenditures, the cost to the employer for vocational training, welfare services, miscellaneous items, such as transport of workers, work clothes and cost of recruitment and taxes paid by the employers on employment.
  • 8. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • From the employers’ perspective, therefore, the compensation consists of all payments (in kind or in cash) and all contributions to employees’ social security, pension, insurance etc. • Labor cost and the compensation of employees are thus closely-related concepts, with many common elements. The major part of labor cost comprises compensation of employees. However, definition of labor cost and the compensation of employees differ from country to country. For example, some items of labor cost such as vocational training are borne not by employers but by respective government s. In India, the Central Board for Workers’ Training and the Regional Labor Institutes provide either free or subsidized training for industrial workers.
  • 9. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The State’s contributions to wage-related social security schemes are not included in the cost of compensation for employers. In some countries, payroll taxes or ;employment taxes are considered as labor costs. • In Human Resource Management we consider the term from a broader perspective, that is, the strategic use of wages paid to employees. Some organisations refer to use the term rewards instead of wages or compensation. • Compensation or wage structure in a given case should take into account industrial adjudication as well as considerations of right and wrong and fairness and unfairness. Given social conscience and the welfare policy of the state, collective bargaining is now the most dynamic form of negotiation to decide wage structure in a particular organisation.
  • 10. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Wage issues are no longer purely mathematical issues. It was with this perspective that the framers of the Constitution drew up Article 43 (part of the directive principles of State Policy) which states that “The State shall Endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to all workers – agriculture, industrial or otherwise – work , a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full employment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities. “ The declaration in effect, assured labor that where they were not able to secure a living wage for themselves, the government, through legislation or means will come to their aid.
  • 11. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Two aspects of the State’s role prevent employers from taking undue advantage of workers-strong bargaining strength and direct participation of the state in the economic life of the nation. • Wage Components : • Although the term ‘wage’ is an encompassing and includes any form of financial support and benefits , in a narrower sense wages are the price paid for the services of labor. • Broadly, there are two wage components – the base or basic wages and other allowances. The basic wage is the remuneration, by way of basic salary and allowances which are paid or payable to an employee in terms of the contract of employment` for the work done. • Allowances are paid in addition to the basic wage to ensure that the value of basic wage to ensure that the value of basic wages does not fall over a period of time. Some allowances are statutory , while others are voluntary.
  • 12. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Most organisations pay allowances such as holiday pay, overtime pay, bonus and social security benefits. • Under Sec. 2(m) wages includes ‘Wages for leave period, holiday pay, overtime pay, bonus, attendance bonus etc. Any award of settlement and production bonus if paid, constitutes wages. But under Payment of Wages Act, 1948 ‘Retrenchment compensation , payment in lieu of notice and gratuity payable on discharge constitute wages.
  • 13. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The following types of remunerations are excluded from the purview of wages :- • Bonus or other payments under a profit-sharing scheme, which do not form part of the contract of employment. • Value of any house accommodation, supply of light, water, medical attendance. • Any sum paid to defray special expenses entailed by the nature of the employment of a workmen. • Any contribution to Pension, Provident Fund or a scheme of social security and insurance benefits. • Any other amenity or service excluded from the computation of wages by a general or special order of an appropriate governmental authority. • A wage level is an average of the rates paid for the jobs of an organisation., an industry , a region or a nation. A wage structure is a hierarchy of jobs to which wage rates have been attached.
  • 14. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Objectives of Compensation : • The objectives of compensation or wages can be classified under four broad categories – equity, efficiency, macro- economic stability and optimum allocation of labor. • Equity : The first category is equity, which may take several forms. It includes income distribution through narrowing of inequalities, increasing the wages of the lowest paid employees, protecting real wages (purchasing power ) and the concept of equal pay for work of equal value. Compensation management strives for internal and external equity. • Internal equity requires that pay be related to the relative worth of a job so that similar jobs get similar pay.
  • 15. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Efficiency : It is often closely related to equity, because two concepts are not antithetical. The objectives of efficiency are reflected in attempts to link a part of wages to productivity or profit, group or individual performance acquisition and application of skills and so on. • Macro-economic stability – It can be achieved through high employment levels and low inflation. For instance, an inordinately high minimum wage would have an adverse impact on levels of employment. • Efficient allocation of labor : The efficient allocation of labor in the labor market implies that employees will move to wherever they receive a net gain. Such movement may be
  • 16. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • From one geographical location to another or from one job to another (within or outside an enterprise). The provision or availability of financial incentives causes such movement. For example, workers may move from a labor surplus or low- wage area to a high wage area. They may acquire new skills to benefit from the higher wages paid for skills. • When an employer’s wages are below market rates, employee turnover increases. When it is above market rates, then employer attracts job applicants. • When employees move from declining to growth industries, an efficient allocation of labor due to structural changes take place.
  • 17. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Other Objectives of Compensation : • Acquire Qualified Personnel : Compensation needs to be high enough to attract applicants. Pay levels must respond to the supply and demand of workers in the labor market since employers compete for workers. Premium wages are sometimes needed to attract applicants already working for others. • Retain Current Employees : Employees may quit when compensation levels are not competitive, resulting in high turnover. • Reward Desired Behavior : Pay should reinforce desired
  • 18. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Behaviors and act as an incentive for such behavior to occur in the future. Effective compensation plans reward performance, loyalty, experience, responsibility and other behaviors. • Control Costs : A rational compensation system helps an organisation obtain and retain workers at a reasonable cost. With effective compensation management, workers might be over-paid or under-paid. • Comply with Legal Regulations : A sound wage and salary system considers the legal challenges imposed by the Government and ensures the employer’s compliance.
  • 19. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Facilitate Understanding : The compensation management system should be easily understood by human resource specialists, operating managers and employees. • Further Administrative Efficiency : Wage and salary programmes should be so designed that they can be managed efficiently. • Principles of Compensation Formulation : The main factors affecting wage or compensation levels within an organisation are – external relativities, salary and individual worth. • External relativities – Market rate as affected by supply, demand and general movements in pay levels.
  • 20. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Individual worth : The value of the individual’s performance to the organisation. • Determinants of Wage Rates : Wage rates are either the products of market forces (supply and demand). In the United States, market forces determine wage rates. In Japan, seniority is still the dominant factor for wage determination. Several countries, including have enacted a statutory minimum wage rate that fixes the price of certain kinds of labor. • While market forces determine the wage rate in most developed countries, workers often negotiate their wage rate in most developed countries, workers often negotiate their wage rate through collective bargaining wherever Unions are present.
  • 21. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Theories of Wage Determination : There are two key theories to determine wages – the traditional theory of wage determination and the theory of negotiated wages. • Traditional Theory of Wage Determination : This theory assumes that market forces, that is, demand and supply determine wages. Computer programmers are in short supply, so they are able to command higher salaries. In our country, many organisations pay very high salaries to entry- level IT professionals, who sometimes get more than senior managerial employees in other sectors. This is because of demand and supply gap.
  • 22. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Theory of Negotiated Wages : Union employees can negotiate salaries. This is done through collective bargaining . Normally, in any unionized organisations Unions periodically submit their memorandum to the management, asking for wage raises to keep pace with market standards and organisational profitability. • Principles of Compensation Determination : • Subsistence Theory : David Ricard (1772-1832) advocated this theory. In Ricardo’s words, workers ;should be paid “To enable them to subsist and perpetuate the race without increase or diminution.” The theory is based on the notion that if workers are paid more than the subsistence wage their numbers will increase as they would procreate more
  • 23. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • And this would bring down the rate of wages. If wages fell down below the subsistence level, the number of workers would decrease, as many would die of hunger, malnutrition, disease, cold etc and many would not marry. When this happened wages would increase again. In economics, the subsistence theory of wages states, that in the long run, wages will be reduced to the minimum level needed to keep workers alive. • Wages Fund Theory : This theory was developed by Adams Smith (1723-1790) on the assumption that wages are paid out of a predetermined fund of wealth, the surplus savings of the wealthy. This fund could be utilized for employing laborers for work. If the fund was large, wages would be high; if it was small , ages would be reduced to subsistence level. The demand for labor and the level of wages were determined by the size of the fund.
  • 24. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Surplus Value Theory : The surplus value theory owes its developments to Karl Marx (1818-1883) According to this theory, labor was an article of commerce, which could be purchased on payment of the ‘subsistence price’ . The price of any product was determined by labor and time needed for producing it. The labor was not paid in proportion to the time spent on work, but was paid much less, and the surplus was utilized for paying other expenses. • Residual Claimant Theory : The residual claimant theory advocated by Francis Walker (1840-1897) assumes that there are four factors of production/business activity – land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Wages represent the amount of value created in the production, which remains after payment has been made for all these factors of production. In other words, labor is the residual claimant.
  • 25. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Marginal Productivity Theory : This theory assumes that wages are based upon an entrepreneur’s estimate of the value that will probably be produced by the last or marginal worker. • Types of Wages in India : • Any minimum rate of wages or revised may consist of a basic rate of wages and a special allowance • The Central Government appoints a Central Advisory Board to advise the central and state governments on the fixing and revising of the minimum rate of wages. • Wages in Kind : Minimum wages payable under this Act are to be paid in Cash. However, the payment of minimum wages can be made partly in cash and partly in kind.
  • 26. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Payment of minimum rate of wages : The employer is required ton pay every employee, engaged in a scheduled employment under him, wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate of wages notified for that class of employee, without any deduction except as may be authorized. • Overtime : If any employee whose minimum rate of wages is fixed under the Act works on any day in excess of the number of hours constituting a normal working day, the employer is required to pay him for excess hours at the overtime rate fixed under this Act or under any law of the appropriate government for the time being in force, whichever is higher. • A rest day should be allowed in a week.
  • 27. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Living Wage : Living wage is defined as ‘One which should enable the earner to provide for himself and his family not only the bare essentials of food, clothing and shelter but a measure of comfort, including education for his children, protection against ill-health, requirements of essential social needs and a measure of insurance against more important misfortunes, including old age. • The Supreme Court has ruled that minimum wage must be paid in any event, irrespective of any extent of profits, the financial condition of the establishment or the availability of workers at lower wages.
  • 28. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The wages be fair, that is, sufficiently high to provide a standard family with food, shelter, clothing, medical care and education of children appropriate to the workers. • Wages must be paid on industry-wise and region wise basis, having due regard to the financial capacity of the unit. • Fair Wage : Fair wage represents the wage above the minimum wage but below the living wage. The lower limit of the fair wage is obviously the minimum wage. The fair wage is an adjustable step. • Wage Board – The Government aware of the problems of the organized labor sector felt that the trade unions had inadequate bargaining power.
  • 29. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The Wage Boards are tripartite in character. , that is representatives of workers, employers and independent members. The utility of these boards are debatable. So far Government has appointed wage boards for Journalists and non-journlist newspaper organisations, Sugar Sector. • Types of Executive Compensation : Executive compensation packages typically comprise the following components :- • 1.Base salary 2. Annual incentives 3. Long term compensation (shares) 4. Special severance and retirement arrangements. • Compensation Trends in India : • There is a substantial difference in gross compensation for Managers and their immediate subordinates.
  • 30. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Companies design personalized salaries out of a basket of options for individuals at senior levels. • There has been a significant increase in basic salary, and hence in deferred benefits. • Companies have restricted non-tax perks in the form of reimbursement under various heads to certain top levels of management. • Companies provide higher annual increases, average increments varying from 50% to 100% to different levels of management. • A soft furnishing allowance is being provided towards the purchase of curtains, carpets, cutlery and crockery and this is usually paid as an annual, non-taxable allowance.
  • 31. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Loans to bury-two and four wheelers are a common practice. Interest rates may vary, with the repayment period. • Medical benefits are common, with tie-ups with insurance companies and hospitals in many cases. Companies organize annual medical check-ups for all employees. • Club memberships in the form of reimbursement of the one- time joining fee and or annual subscription to one or more clubs is an attractive perk for senior management. • Soft loans for purchase of furniture, appliances and computers re also extended to employees by some organisation. • Housing loan or interest subsidy is also provided.
  • 32. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Companies reimburse books, periodicals, newspapers, journals etc. • Leased accommodation is provided. • Elements of Employee Rewards in India : • Basic pay or base pay is the level of pay that constitute the rate for the job. It may act as a platform for determining additional payments related to performance, competence or skills. It may also govern pension entitlement. • Additions to Base Pay : • Individual Performance-related Pay : Increases in base pay or cash bonuses are determined by performance assessment and ratings (also known as merit pay). • Bonus – It refers to rewards for successful performance and may be related to the results by individual, team or the organsiation. • Commissions – a special form of incentive in which sales representatives are paid on the basis of a percentage of the sales value they generate.
  • 33. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Allowances : Elements of pay in the form of a separate sum of money for such aspects of employment as overtime. • Employee benefits – These benefits are also known as indirect pay. These include pensions, sick pay, insurance cover and company cars. • Non-financial reward : It includes any reward that focuses on the need people have in varying degrees for achievement, recognition, responsibility and personal growth. • Employee Stock Options : Stock options are common in executive compensation. By offering stock options particularly, companies may dilute ownership, infuse a sense of belongingness.
  • 34. COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Compensation Plan : Compensation Plan is defined as the components of organisational compensation. A strategic compensation plan should emphasize employee retention , cost efficiency and a performance-driven culture. • Compensation Practices in India : The elements of CTC are basic pay, HRA, CCA and other allowances, PF contribution, medical reimbursement, food coupons etc. Thus CTC in reality can be defined as the annual total cost of compensation to the company, which employees may not get on hand.
  • 35. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Performance Related Compensation : Employees form the core strength of any organisation. An effective performance management system ensures good quality of employees. The performance system links the ability and contributions of employees, individually and as a team, to the overall performance of the organisation. • A performance appraisal system in any organisation is used to formally analyze, review and evaluate performance of an employee. • Performance Related Pay : The term performance-related pay encompasses several companywide schemes, such as employee participation and share ownership schemes which are awarded to the employees.
  • 36. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Performance –related pay enhances corporate performance in a competitive environment. When performance and pay are linked together, it would be reflected in employee behavior. For example, when organisations focus on customer satisfaction, employees also focus on this aspect, ensuring quality of goods and services. • Collective relationship in the workplace are a common organisational pursuit to achieve teamwork. Workplace and employer relationship can be decollectivised by individualizing, particularly reward mechanisms. Performance related pay can be used in teamwork environment i.e. social partnership.
  • 37. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Organisations adopt various strategies depending upon their business priorities. A common cost minimizing strategy requires different range of behaviors. An organsiation has to devise a PRP (Performance Related Pay) structure in tune with its strategies. • Monitoring and evaluation are important and organisations often lack focus in these areas . In teamwork systems, linkage between the base pay and team contribution hardly exist. Many interesting team performance bonuses and gain-sharing scheme are available. • Employee soften perceive compensation of senior managers as being disproportionately higher.
  • 38. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • In most of the organisations, PRP is designed by the top management and then implemented down the line. Participation and involvement of all cross-sections of employees is essential. The employees also feel that they are pat of the organisation and hence cooperate in implementation. • PRP can be designed either based on individual performance criteria, such as piece rate wages or collective performance pay schemes such as profit-sharing. Empirically it was established that PRP increases productivity of any organisation substantially.
  • 39. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Selection of Performance Objectives : • Performance research should delving into the issues of identifying the performance objectives both for the individual employee and also for the organisation as a whole. The performance objectives must be : (1) focused on a result (2) consistent (3) specific (4) measurable (5) related to time (6) attainable. • Developing Performance Standards : For effective compensation design, developing performance standards is an important task. For example, Task description – Write Annual Reports – Standard Produce Monthly Reports as per departmental format and submit to Business Heads within 5 working of the close of the beginning of calendar month.
  • 40. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Guidelines : • Performance Standards should be related to the employee’s assigned work and job requirements (check job descriptions) • Quantifiable measures may not apply for all functions. Describe in clear and specific terms the characteristics of performance quality that are verifiable ad that would meet or exceed expectations. • Accomplishment of organisational objectives should be included where appropriate, such as cost control, improv3ed efficiency, productivity, project completion, customer service etc.
  • 41. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Check list : • Are the standards realistic ? Are the standards specific ? Are the standards based on measurable data ? Are the Standards consistent with organisational goals ? Standards should link individual and team performance to organisational goals ? Are the standards challenging ? Recognizing performance that is above expectations or outstanding is crucial to motivating employees. • Are the Standards dynamic ? As organisational goals, technologies change, standards should evolve.
  • 42. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Compensation Design Through Skill-Based Programmes : • Compensation design through a skill-based programme rewards employees for attainment of additional skills and knowledge. A skill-based pay system enables employees to enjoy addition payment of compensation for new learning. • This process can develop multi-skilled employees in an organisation, competent to execute jobs in different cross- functions. Fro example, Bank employees become eligible for additional increments after completion of CAIIB examination. College Lecturers become eligible to get additional increments after completing Ph.D course.
  • 43. Performance-Related Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Competency Based Pay : Theoretically, in today’s organisations, the term competency, rather than skill is used. Competency is more holistic, as it aggregates knowledge, skill and abilities of employees, integrated with the behavioral requirements. Instead of compensating for the position and the job title, competency-based pay emphasizes on the job accomplishments, much wider than job efficiency (outcome of skill only). • The major goal of any compensation programme is to motivate employees to deliver their performance. Merit- based pay mainly focuses on employee performance.
  • 44. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Introduction : The team-based compensation system rewards employees who work in a team. This means that individual employees are compensated based on the team performance. • It has been proved that employees working in a team deliver better results than those who work individually. It also requires the adoption of a collective performance evaluation method, rather than individual assessment based on the result areas (KRAs). A team based compensation system emphasizes on team performance. • Team based rewards , therefore, reward the behavior of people working in a team who can sustain team performance.
  • 45. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Organisations adopted the idea of team work during the late eighties, when teamwork was found more effective and competitive operationally. The collective efforts of people in a team setting increase overall performance and productivity. • Teamwork helps organisations benefit from synergy, cooperation and the unity of command. It is driven by one aim/goal, provides flexibility, and ensures better customer service. However, teamwork can only be efficient if the team is composed of ‘like-minded’ , intelligent people, not just intelligent people. • Designing team-based compensation in an organisation is operationally not always possible. This is because absolute
  • 46. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Teamwork is often more a myth than a reality. It may be done through monthly or quarterly rewards to employees, based on the degree of their improvement in performance. • Usually 5 to 10% of base pay is provided as an incentive to reward individual employees. Apart from team performance criteria, team members’ contribution to productivity, cost savings and quality are the other elements considered for team-based compensation. Gift is the common example of non-financial team-based compensation. • Lump sum rewards, irrespective of base pay is a convention used by organsiations in rewarding team members.
  • 47. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Moreover, organisations customize team-based compensation based on organisational strategy. Team based compensation encourages members to cooperate, as they are rewarded based on the performance of the team as a whole. • Individual rewards consisting of enhanced rate of bonus, promotions, increment etc are often considered against the principles of collectivism. Relative rewards naturally induce competition and a moderate rate of competition in teamwork is always possible. • Group Incentive Plans : In team-based compensation design, providing a group incentive to team members is often common.
  • 48. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The entire team shares the reward based on performance gains, which are linked to the overall profitability of the organisation. To design an effective group incentive plan, an organisation should first identify performance targets and the standards of performance required to achieve the performance targets. It then needs to document these standards so that it can properly guide team members. In the said documentation, the organisation also needs to specify how rewards will be allocated. • The group incentive plan thus helps the team members to focus on specific performance targets.
  • 49. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Effective Design of team-based compensation : Organisations need to link the proposed compensation design with the strategy, culture and competencies of employees. Understand the nature and types of teams and job categories, evaluate performance properly and design a system. • Organisations can have different types of teams – Project team, hybrid teams, parallel team. • Parallel team members are temporarily assigned some tasks to accomplish. They are selected from different functional areas. On completion of the assigned tasks or project, they are sent back tot heir mother department. The design of team-based compensation for a short time frame is difficult.
  • 50. Team Based Compensation Management http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Project Team – Members work full-time in a Project Team so the reward so the reward largely follows the principles of equity. • The most commonly used criteria for team-based compensation design – are appropriate behavioral competencies, demonstration of skill and knowledge acquisition, achievement of specific time-bound objectives and quantitative and qualitative objectives. • For a project team, results are most important criteria.
  • 51. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Employee benefit is a holistic term , comprising of both wage and non-wage components of total labor costs. Employee benefits are known as fringe benefits or perks. • When employee benefits are given in cash it is called wage or salary. Both the wage and non-wage components are taxable except a few. • Going by industry practice, we can categorize employee benefits as group insurance, retirement benefits, contribution to social security systems, club membership, vacation leave etc. Most employee benefits are paid by employers, while in some such as social security benefits are paid by employers and employees.
  • 52. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • In some organisations, perks is used interchangeably with employee benefits. Conventionally, perks denote those employee benefits which are discretionary in nature and usually paid to senior level employees • Companies use perks even for non-discretionary or statutory benefits. For example, canteen facilities are mandatory for organisations that employ more than a certain number of employees at one work location. • Going again by industry practice, some common perks are company cars, hotel stays, refreshments, leisure activities etc.
  • 53. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Non-Monetary benefits : Non-monetary benefits are used, either when the organsiation feels that any additional monetary compensation will reduce the cost-competitiveness or when organisations strategically use this for motivation and retention. • Achieving success is the first priority. Hence any reward or incentive, which does not strain organisational financial health is always desirable. The aim is to motivate employees and turn them into good performers. Although monetary compensation is the prime mover in this respect, carefully chosen non-monetary compensation can also do wonders.
  • 54. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Non-monetary benefits can be provided in various forms (such as stock etc.). Globally, non-monetary compensation and benefits are gaining importance. The common non- monetary incentives are – career advancement opportunities, flexible working hours, and opportunities to acquire new skills and knowledge. • The young age group values recognition and career advancement. Functional autonomy, personal recognition, pleasant work environment , training, flexible working hours and challenging opportunities help attract and retain employees.
  • 55. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Tax Obligations on Employee Benefits : As per tax laws, employee benefits, both monetary and non-monetary are considered fringe benefits. In India, they are subject to tax liabilities. Employee benefits in the form of profit sharing acre often used by organisations as incentive plans. Profit depends upon organisational profitability and thus it is not predictable or regular income for employees. Many companies allot share to their employees. • Organisations also often golden parachute clauses as employee benefits, particularly, to protect executives from possible termination in the event that company is acquired. Such a benefit is severance pay.
  • 56. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Similarly, a golden handshake clause entitles employees to receive huge benefits as a severance package. Organisations because of restructuring may often hive off employees, giving them the option of pre-mature retirement. • In India, voluntary retirees availing golden handshakes can invest their receipts in post offices up to a ceiling of Rs.15 lakhs to get a relatively higher rate of interest at 9 per cent per annum. • Types of Employee Benefits : • Employment Security , Unemployment allowance or insurance, overtime pay, leave pay, pay for holidays, lay off compensation, retrenchment compensation etc.
  • 57. Employee Benefits • Medical and healthcare : Accident insurance, disability http://www.presentationsexpert.com insurance, life insurance, medical care, sick leave etc. • Old Age and retirement benefits – Pension, gratuity, provident fund, old-age medical benefits for retired employees, travelling concession for retired employees etc. • Miscellaneous benefits – Birthday gifts, attendance bonus, canteen, cooperative credit societies, educational facilities, recreational programmes etc. • Statutory benefits in India : • Bonus – Bonus is an extra payment payable to workmen at a minimum of 8.33 percent as minimum. Maximum @ 20% of Basic and dearness allowance.
  • 58. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Retrenchment Compensation : The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides for payment of compensation in case of lay-off and retrenchment employing 50 or more workers. Compensation is paid at the rate of 15 days of wages for every completed year of service. Workers are eligible for compensation in case of closure of undertakings. • Lay off compensation – In case of lay off, employees are entitled to 50% of the total basic wags and dearness allowance for the period of lay off, maximum up to 345 days in a year.
  • 59. Employee Benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • A deferred Compensation Plan is an arrangement whereby an employee or owner defers some portion of an employee’s current income until a specified future date. • Life Insurance can be used to fund a deferred compensation plan. Premiums are paid by the company. The cash value can then be available at retirement to supplement other income. • Objectives of fringe benefits : • Create and improve sound industrial relations, boost employee morale, motivate employees by satisfying their needs, provide a good work environment and work life , promote employee welfare
  • 60. Employee benefits http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Employee benefit programes are necessary as they help to :- • enable employees to guard against rising prices and cost of living, avail of the most cost-effective compensation plan, attract and retain employees, encash the opportunities of tax saving (wherever possible) • Demonstrate employers’ concern for employees • Meet the legal requirements of compensation and welfare of employees. • Accede to the demands of the trade union.
  • 61. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Organisations design compensation as an additional motivation for employees. Motivated employees deliver their best and significantly contribute to organisational growth and prosperity. • A well-designed compensation structure can motivate employees. Feeling motivated is an important behavioral requirement of human resources of any organisation. • A motivating compensation design not only motivates the employees to become good performers, but also attracts them to join organisations and continue with them. • After employees are hired and trained, it is important to motivate them to get the desired results from them.
  • 62. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Although many definitions of the term ‘motivation’ are available, all of them converge top what energizes human behavior, what directs such behavior and how such behavior is maintained or sustained. • A compensation design to derive the benefit of motivation needs to focus on all these aspects so that the desired behavioral out come in employees could lead to significant changes in the organisational performance. • After employees are hired and trained, it is important to motivate them to get the desired results from them to achieve the organisational objectives.
  • 63. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • While designing a compensation package, employee expectations that suitably identify their extrinsic and intrinsic needs are perceived to be met within the given policies of the organisations. • But major problems on employee motivation become evident when employees start perceiving that there is a wide mismatch between their expectations and organisational commitments. At times, such perceived expectations of the employees far e4xceed the organisational commitments, resulting in a significant gap in the perception of employees. • Motivational factors are the perceived needs of the employees; if needs are satisfied , it contributes to an increase
  • 64. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • In performance and productivity of employees. Motivation process starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive. • In the first stage, it is important to identify the need deficiency of the employees. Need deficiency centres on extrinsic and intrinsic needs. Extrinsic needs are related to material and tangible gains. Increased pay, incentives, bonus, better medical facilities, better retirement benefits, better canteen facilities are some examples of extrinsic needs. • Intrinsic needs, on the other hand are abstract in nature, related to mental satisfaction, a sense of belonging, scope for growth, creativity, recognition etc.
  • 65. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Organisations can identify the appropriate strategy to close the perceived need gap of employees. There are many innovative ways to close such a need gap without much variation in the budget. For example, the need for increased pay can be met by reducing deferred benefits and including them in the current pay of employees. This is particularly important for young employees less than 35 years. • Objectives of Motivation : • Motivation enhances performance and improves productivity. The following are the important objectives of motivation :- • Increased Efficiency : The efficiency of motivated employees increases, as it augments their willingness to work.
  • 66. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Quality Consciousness : Motivated employees also become quality conscious. • Goal directed behavior : By promoting goal-directed behavior, motivated employees also help realize organisational objectives and strategies. • Productive Use of Resources : Physical, financial and human resources are the important source construct s for an organisation. • Motivation also promotes friendly work culture, increased morale, increased sense of responsibility, identity with organisation etc.
  • 67. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Motivation ensures organisational stability by reducing employee turnover and absenteeism. • Motive is the inner state that activates and directs the behavior of individuals towards certain goals. Motives create a drive that energizes individuals into action. • Motivating implies inducements to energize work behavior. Motivating is part of a managerial task. Managers always endeavor to sustain the motivating environment to get work done in an efficient and effective manner. • Relationship between motivation and compensation : A pay compensation system needs to be motivating in order to :- • Attract individuals with knowledge, ability and talent as demanded by specific organisational tasks.
  • 68. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Promote high degree of job involvement and job satisfaction and an attitude conducive to loyalty and commitment to the organisation. • Similar to motivation, compensation also has two important components. Monetary and non-monetary. Organisations fulfill the extrinsic motivational requirements by designing compensation that emphasizes on cash component. S0me of the intrinsic compensation components are job security, improved work conditions, status, sense of accomplishment, challenging assignments, increased job responsibilities needs to establish a correlation between performance and rewards.
  • 69. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Theories of Motivation : • Frederick Taylor, the Father of Scientific Management observed that prosperity of management and work force are inter-dependent. Individuals are inherently capable of working hard but they show such qualitie4s irregularly. To harness this feature of individual behavior, pay and rewards (incentives) must be linked to achievement of ‘optimum goals’. While good performers get rewards and better pay, bad performers lose on this count. • Maslow , through his need hierarchy theory, established that motivation of individuals arises from a hierarchy of needs.
  • 70. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Hackman and Oldham (1974) developed a job characteristic model by showing how a good job design can lead to internal motivation of the employees and contribute to better job performance. The theory postulates that five job characteristics like skill variety, task identity and task significance, autonomy and feedback • Skill variety is the extent or range of skills, abilities and talent of the employees. The more they are able to utilize their skills on the job, the greater their level of satisfaction. Hence jobs are to be designed in such a way that ensures utilization of the wide skill variety of the individuals.
  • 71. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Task significance denotes significance of a job on the life of others both within and outside the organisation. A positive significance of a job gives psychological satisfaction to the individual who performs a job. • Autonomy is the extent of freedom given for a job. The more job autonomy, the greater the job satisfaction and so also motivation. Feedback provides the opportunity to assess the right way of executing a job. • Feedback provides the opportunity to assess the right way of executive a job. • Skill variety, task identity and task significance provide ‘experienced meaningfulness’. Autonomy provided ‘experienced responsibility’ while feedback provides ‘experienced knowledge of results’.
  • 72. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Motivation and Morale : Edwin Flippo (1989) defined morale as “A mental condition or attitude of individual and groups which determines their willingness to cooperate. If employees appear to feel enthusiastic and optimistic about group activities , they are described as having a good or high morale. • Motivation stimulates individuals into action to achieve the desired goals. It is, therefore, a function of need and drives. It mobilizes energy, which enhances the potential for morale. Morale, on the other hand is the individual or group attitude towards a particular subject. It contributes to general feeling of satisfaction at the workplace.
  • 73. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • Factors that affect morale are primarily attitude and job satisfaction level of individual employees. From an organisational point of view, such factors can be delineated into organisational goals, leadership styles, nature of work, work environment etc. • High morale is conventionally considered as a contributor to high productivity. • Motivational Research and Compensation Design : • To design an appropriate compensation that motivates employees, it is important to understand the motivational research process. There are numerous studies on employee motivation in the literature.
  • 74. Employee Motivation and Compensation http://www.presentationsexpert.com • The ranked order of motivating factors found in a research study :- 1. interesting work 2. good wages 3.. Full appreciation of work done 4. job security 5. good working conditions 6. sympathetic help with personal problems. • In designing compensation that motivates employees, an organisation has to appreciate human resource approaches, which are distinctly different and traditional models. • To motivate employees organisations need to make work more meaningful and challenging. Employees are considered to be creative, responsible and generally believe in self- direction, it is important to design job that makes use of these skills.