This document discusses radiation hardened chips. It defines radiation and describes the problems it can cause in electronics, such as ionization that leads to electric noise and signal spikes. This is a serious issue for devices used in space, around nuclear reactors, and during nuclear explosions. Radiation comes from sources like the Van Allen belts, cosmic rays, and residual radiation in packaging materials. The effects on electronics include total ionizing dose effects and single event upsets. To address this, chips are radiation hardened through design and manufacturing process techniques. There is a need for these hardened chips due to the hostile radiation environment in space.

1. RADIATION HARDENED CHIPS
1. INTRODUCTION
1. WHAT IS RADIATION ?
2. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY RADIATION ?
3. WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF RADIATION ?
4. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF RADIATION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS ?
5. WHAT IS RADIATION HARDENING TECHNIQUE ?WHAT ARE THE
PROCESSES USED IN ATTAINIG IT ?
6. NEED FOR HARDENING OF CHIPS !

2.  RADIATION(DEF): radiation is energy that comes
from a source and travels through some material or
through space. Light,heat and sound are types of
radiations
 the kind of radiation discussed in this presentation is
called ionizing radiation

4. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY RADIATION:
• Ionization radiation can cause electric noise and signal spikes
• . In the case of digital circuits, this can cause results which are
inaccurate or unintelligible. This is a particularly serious problem in the
design of artificial satellite, space craft, military aircraft, nuclearpower
station, and nuclear weapons .

5. MAJOR RADIATION DAMAGE SOURCES:
 van Allan radiation belts for satellites
 Nuclear reactors in power plants for sensors and control circuits
 Residual radiation from isotopes in chip packaging materials
 Cosmic radiation for space craft and high altitude aircrafts
 Nuclear explosions for militants and civilians electronics
 Cosmic rays come from all directions and consist of approx.
85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions, together with
x-ray and gamma-ray radiation.
 Van Allen radiation belts contain electrons (up to about 10 MeV) and
protons (up to 100s MeV) trapped in the geomagnetic fie

6. EFFECT OF RADIATION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS:
 Ionization effects
 neutrons effects
 Total ionizing dose effects (TIDE)
 System generated EMP effects (SGEMP)
 Transient dose effects
 Digital damage single event effects(SEE)
 Single-event upsets (SEU), or transient radiation effects in
electronics
 Single-event latchup (SEL)
 Single-event transient (SET)

7. Radiation hardening techniques:
RHBD(radiation hardened by design )
RHBP(radiation hardened by process)

8. 6.Need for hardening: Radiation hardened chips
Space is hostile environment
Emptiness