2. Alzheimer’s disease
Alzhiemer’s disease or senile dementia of the
alzheimer’s type
Is a chronic, progressive, and degenerative
brain disorder accompanied by profound
effects on memory, cognition, and ability for
self care
About 10% of the population are older than
65 are affected.
Alzheimer is one of the most fear in modern
times.
The most common form of dementia
3. pathophysiology
Change occur in the protein of the nerve
cell s of the cerebral cortex and lead to
accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles
and neuritic plaques (deposits of protein
and altered cell structures on the
interneuronal junctions) and
granulovascular degeneration.
Cause is unknown, but genetics and female
gender are rare risk factor
4.
5. Clinical manifestation
Short term memory (early stage)
Language disturbanve (word finding difficulty)
Visual processing difficulty
Inability to perform skilled motor activities
Poor abstract reasoning and concentration
Personality change (irritability and
suspiciousness and disorienttation to time and
space
Difficulty planning meals
Driving without getting loss
6. Middle stage clinical manifestations
Repetitive action
Nocturnal restlessness
Apraxia (impaired ability to perform
purposeful activity)
Aphasia (inability to speak)
Agraphia (inability to write)
7. Late stage
Loss of social inhibitions and loss of
spontaneity
Delusion
Hallucination
Wandering behavior
8. Complication
Injury due to lack of insight, hallucinations
and confusion
Malnutrition due to inattention to
mealtime and hunger or lack of the ability
to prepare meal
9. Diagnostic evaluation
Noncontrast computed tomography (CT)
- to rule out other neurologic condition
MRI
Neuropsychological test – include some
mental status assessment
10. Managemet
Cholinestrase inhibitor are only treatmemt for
cognitive impairment of AD. tacrine(cognex)
and donepzil (aricept)
Behavioral disturbance may requires
antipsychotic such as clozapine
(clozaril), risperidone (risperdal)
Olanzapine (zyprexia)
Nonpharmacologic treatment
- Orientation and memory retaining
- Reminiscence therpy
11. Dementia
Primary dementia – degenerative
disorders that are progressive, irreversible
and not due to other condition
Signs
• Relying on memory helpers
• Trouble finding words
• Struggling to complete familiar actions
• Confusion about time, place or people
• Misplacing familiar objects
12. • Onset of new depression or irritability
• Making bad decisions
• Personality changes
• Loss of interest in important
responsibilities
• Seeing or hearing things
• Expressing false beliefs
13. Other forms of Dementia
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Frontotemporal Dementia
Huntington’s Disease
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Parkinson’s Dementia
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome