The Science of Comet ISON
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The document provides information about several comets that have been observed throughout history including Comet McNaught, Comet Lovejoy, Comet Hyakutake, Comet Hale-Bopp, Comet Holmes, Comet Pan-STARRS, and Comet Lemmon. It includes details about the apparent magnitude, year of observation, and credit for images of each comet. The document also discusses comet classification in ancient Chinese texts, provides examples of notable comets throughout history like Halley's Comet and Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, and summarizes models of comet composition and structure like the dirty snowball model.
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The Science of Comet ISON
- 2. 麥克諾特彗星 Comet McNaught C/2006 P1 Comet Lovejoy C/2011 W3 2007 Credit: ESO 百武彗星 Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 1996 海爾博普彗星 Comet Hale-Bopp C/1995 O1 Credit: Jerry Lodriguss 荷瑪彗星 Comet 17P/Holmes 2007 2011 1996 Credit: Ivan Eder Credit: Lester Barnes Credit: Jerry Lodriguss 泛星彗星 Comet Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 2013 Credit: Ignacio Diaz Bobillo Comet Lemmon C/2012 F6 2013 Credit: Gerald Rhemann
- 3. Comet Lovejoy peak magnitude -2.9
- 4. 越 光 視星等 Apparent Magnitude 1等星 2等星 0等星 比 2.5 2.52 = 6.3 3等星 光 2.53 = 15.8 倍 4等星 5等星 越 暗 2.54 = 39.8 2.55 = 100
- 5. 麥克諾特彗星 Comet McNaught C/2006 P1 Comet Lovejoy C/2011 W3 -5.5 mag 2007 Credit: ESO 百武彗星 Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 0.0 mag -2.9 mag 海爾博普彗星 Comet Hale-Bopp C/1995 O1 -0.8 mag 1996 2011 1996 Credit: Jerry Lodriguss 荷瑪彗星 Comet 17P/Holmes 泛星彗星 Comet Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 2.4 mag 2007 Credit: Ivan Eder Credit: Lester Barnes Credit: Jerry Lodriguss Comet Lemmon C/2012 F6 -1 mag 2013 5 mag Credit: Ignacio Diaz Bobillo 2013 Credit: Gerald Rhemann
- 6. Comet Lemmon 9.75 mag Feb 28, 2013 30s exposure Atacama Desert, Chile Comet Pan-STARRS 2.13 mag Credit: Yuri Beletsky
- 7. Comet Pan-STARRS Mar 11, 2013 0.57 mag
- 8. 威斯彗星 Comet West C/1975 V1 池谷關彗星 Comet Ikeya-Seki C/1965 S1 哥豪德彗星 Comet Kohoutek C/1973 E1 -10 mag 0.0 mag -3 mag 1976 1965 1973 Credit: Roger Lynds/NOAO/AURA/NSF Credit: Palomar Observatory
- 11. Breaking news in Sep 2012 - http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1209/25comet/
- 12. 馬王堆帛書 《天文氣象雜占》 Mawangdui “Divination by Astrological and Meteorological Phenomena” 202 B.C.E. – 25 C.E. 湖南省博物館 Hunan Provincial Museum
- 16. Comet 1528 凱撒大帝彗星 Caesar‘s Comet C/-43 K1 (44 B.C.E.) A fourth century comet Comet 1521
- 17. The Great Comet of 1577 • No parallax observed • at least 230 times Earth radius away • Coma > 1/4 Earth diameter • Tail million km 第谷 Tycho Brahe The Uraniborg - "Castle of the Heavens"
- 18. Johannes Hevelius' Cometographia (Danzig, 1668)
- 19. The Great Comet of 1680 Coemt 1680
- 23. 偏心率 Eccentricity
- 25. Credit: KAGAYA
- 26. The Return of Comet Halley 1910
- 27. The dirty snowball model by Fred L. Whipple (1950)
- 28. The Pressure of light Snow line ~5 AU
- 33. This graph shows the number of comets with different orbital inclinations. All comets known as of December 31, 1989 are included except those named SMM, SOHO, SOLWIND, and those with a D/ designation.
- 34. Kuiper Belt 凱伯帶 ~ 30-50 AU Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) Credit: KAGAYA
- 36. Comet Reservoir Oort Cloud 奧爾特雲 50,000 to 100,000 AU
- 38. Credit: Halley Multicolor Camera Team, Giotto Project, ESA
- 40. Stardust 星塵號 Chasing Comet Tail 追蹤彗尾 Credit: NASA/JPL
- 41. Comet Wild 2
- 43. Credit: NASA/JPL
- 48. Credit: NASA/JPL
- 51. Credit: Nature
- 53. Deep Impact 深層撞擊號 Credit: JPL, Pat Rawlings
- 55. Face-to-Face With a Comet Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD
- 56. Tempel Fades into Night Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD
- 60. Making a Comet 彗星餐單 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC)
- 61. Complex molecules in space Prof Kwok discovered complex organic matter with both aliphatic (long-string) and aromatic (ring) features in the Universe 61
- 62. Cometary volatiles detected in spectroscopic surveys. Most listed species are regarded as primary, except for HNC, which is in large part a product species. Others may be both primary and product in origin (e.g., H2CO, CO). For each molecular species, the number of comets in which it has been detected is shown on the right margin, and the range of values found among those detections is shown as a color bar (light green). The six species designated “1” on the right margin were detected only in comet Hale-Bopp, the brightest comet of the past several decades.
- 65. ISON discovery Vitali Nevski and Artyom Novichonok International Scientific Optical Network
- 69. Too close to the Sun - Sungrazer ISON perihelion @ 2.7 Rsun
- 71. The number of comets with different perihelion distances. It includes all comets known as of mid2008 except for those with perihelion distances exceeding 7.0 au, those named SMM, SOHO, SOLWIND and STEREO and those with a D/ designation
- 77. Possible scenario • Case 1: Disintegration well before perihelion • Case 2: Destruction near perihelion • Case 3: Survival
- 78. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact with Jupiter 休梅克利維9號彗星撞擊木星 P Fragment Q Fragment 30 Mar 94 11 Jul 94 17 May 94 20 Jul 94 Credit: Dr. Hal Weaver and T. Ed Smith (STScI), J.T. Trauger, R.W. Evans (JPL), and NASA
- 79. 07/23/94 08:08 UT (5 days after G impact) 07/21/94 06:22 UT (3 days after G impact, 1.3 days after L impact) 07/18/94 09:19 UT (1.5 hours after G impact) 07/18/94 07:38 UT (about 5 minutes after G impact) Credit: R. Evans, J. Trauger, H. Hammel and the HST Comet Science Team and NASA
- 80. Disintegration 73P/S-W 3 C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) 57P
- 81. Roche Limit 洛希極限 Sun's Roche limit for typical comet = 3.4 R(Sun)
- 84. Comet West
- 87. • Dynamic new comet from Oort cloud • Orbit similar to the 1680 comet • Rocky-ball??
- 91. In scale 按比例 951 Gaspra 243 Ida/Dactyl 253 Mathilde 18.2 x 10.5 x 8.9 km 53.6 x 24.0 x 15.2 km 66 x 48 x 46 km 1991-10-29 Galileo Flyby S-type Main-belt Asteroid 1993-08-28 Galileo Flyby S-type Main Belt Asteroid 1997-06-27 NEAR Flyby C-type Main Belt Asteroid 433 Eros 5535 Annefrank 25143 Itokawa 13 x 13 x 33 km 6.6 x 5.0 x 3.4 km 0.535 x 0.294 x 0.209 km 2000-02-14 NEAR Orbit Insertion S-type NEA 2002-11-02 Stardust Flyby Unknown type 2005-11-20 Hayabusa Landed S-type NEA
- 92. An Asteroid with Six Comet-like Tails
- 98. Online resources • http://ison.astro-campaign.jp/ • http://www.isoncampaign.org/ • http://brucegary.net/ISON/ • http://www.cometography.com/lcomets/2012s 1.html
- 99. • Comets are like cats, they have tails, and they do precisely what they want – David Levy • Might not be fascinated for naked eyes • But still fascinated for science