1. Half-wave Rectifier

2. Bi-phase Rectifiers

3. Bridge Rectifiers

4. Operation of Bridge Rectifiers (cont.)

5. Operation of Bridge Rectifiers

6. Summary of Types Of Rectifiers using non-Ideal Diode(Silicon) Type of rectifier Half-wave Bi-phase (Centretap) Bridge Rectifier 1 Output Peak (V p (out) ) 2 Output Average(V AVG ) 3 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) 4 Output Frequency(f) Equal Input Frequency Double Input Frequency Double Input Frequency

7. Summary of Types Of Rectifiers using Ideal Diode Type of rectifier Half-wave Bi-phase (Centretap) Bridge Rectifier 1 Output Peak (V p (out) ) 2 Output Average(V AVG ) 3 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) 4 Output Frequency(f) Equal Input Frequency Double Input Frequency Double Input Frequency

8. For Full Wave Rectifier With Capacitance Input Filter Note: f is the output frequency

9. Series Diode Clippers Series Negative Clipper Series Positive Clipper

10. Parallel Diode Clippers Parallel Negative Clipper Parallel Positive Clipper

11. Biased Diode Clippers Biased Negative Clipper Biased Positive Clipper

12. Biased Double-Diode Clippers

13. Positive Clamper

14. Negative Clamper

15. Biased Clamper

16. Zener Diode 08. How does the zener impedance affect the voltage across the terminals of the device? 9. (a) shows the original circuit. (b) Zener diode represented using the second approximation. What is the max and min I Z and V Z ? 10. This is a typical loaded voltage regulator. Do you know the value of I Z ?

17. BJT Schematic Symbols NPN PNP

18. BJT Biasing

19. BJT Biasing NPN Biasing PNP Biasing

20. Common Emitter

22. Common Collector

23. Common Base

24. Configuration Characteristics

31. DC Equivalent of a BJT

32. Output Characteristics

33. Cutoff

36. Base Bias

37. Base Bias R B

39. Current and Voltage Analysis

41. BE CE CB BE CE CB V V V V V V      0

42. In the active region (not operating in saturation or cutoff) The collector circuit acts as a current source with a high internal impedance.

46. Eg : (Cont.)

51. Current and Voltage Analysis

53. BE CE CB BE CE CB V V V V V V      0

54. In the active region (not operating in saturation or cutoff) The collector circuit acts as a current source with a high internal impedance.

58. Eg : (Cont.)

61. Current and Voltage Analysis

63. DC Load Line

64. Eg

65. DC Load Line for Voltage Divider Bias

79. 01/24/11 6- Complete h -parameter equivalent circuit

80. Common emitter h-parameter equivalent circuit 01/24/11 6- ~ h ie h re V out h fe I b h oe V out I b E C B

81. Approximate hybrid equivalent circuit 01/24/11 6- h ie h fe I b V out I b E C B

83. Common-Emitter Fixed Bias Configuration 01/24/11 6- V I V 0 _ _ Z in Z 0 I I I o

85. 01/24/11 6- Complete h -parameter equivalent circuit

86. Common emitter h-parameter equivalent circuit 01/24/11 6- ~ h ie h re V out h fe I b h oe V out I b E C B

87. Approximate hybrid equivalent circuit 01/24/11 6- h ie h fe I b V out I b E C B

89. Common-Emitter Fixed Bias Configuration 01/24/11 6- V I V 0 _ _ Z in Z 0 I I I o

90. Equivalent Circuit 01/24/11 6- R B R C Input Output B E C

91. 01/24/11 6- AC equivalent circuit v out v in i in i out R B h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C Z i Z 0 I b I C

92. Z i and Z 0 (Input Impedance and Output Impedance) 01/24/11 6- i in i out R B h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C Z i Z 0

93. Voltage Gain A V 01/24/11 6- V 0 I C i out R B h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C

94. 01/24/11 6- V i i out R B h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C I b V 0

95. 01/24/11 6- The negative sign in the resulting equation for A V reveals that a 180 o phase shift occurs between the input and output signals.

96. Current Gain A i 01/24/11 6- Assuming

97. Eg: Find Z in , Z 0 , A i and A v 01/24/11 6- R B = 330k  R C = 2.7k  h fe =120 h ie =1.175k  h oe =20  A/V

99. 01/24/11 6- R 1 R 2 R 3 Input Output B E C

100. 01/24/11 6- R p R 3 Input Output B E C i b i in i out *R P = R 1 // R 2

101. 01/24/11 6- AC equivalent circuit v in v out R p h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R 3 i in i out i b

102. Z i and Z 0 01/24/11 6- i in i out R p h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C Z i Z 0 R P = R 1 // R 2

103. A V 01/24/11 6- V 0 I C i out R p h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C

104. 01/24/11 6- V i i out R p h ie h fe i b 1/h oe R C I b V 0

105. 01/24/11 6-

106. A i 01/24/11 6-