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Dr. Rebecca Pentecost: Pennsylvania Llama and Alpaca Association 2011
- 1. Updates from Ohio State and Camelid Parasite Diagnosis, Control, and Prevention Rebecca Pentecost, DVM Hospital for Farm Animals Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- 6. Alpaca embryo – Inner cell mass
- 7. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of florfenicol in Alpacas
- 15. Parameter Units Median Range A 1 (A) μg/mL 110 52 – 275 λ 1 ( α ) hr -1 4.48 2.57 – 14.8 A 2 (B) μg/mL 7.6 4.7 – 31 λ 2 ( β ) hr -1 0.367 0.099 – 1.04 k 31 hr -1 1.44 0.33 – 4.66 k 1e hr -1 1.32 0.54 – 2.0 k 13 hr -1 2.0 0.89 – 9.77 MRT hr 2.56 0.86 – 7.36 T ½ (elim) Hr 3.75 1.97 – 6.95 V ss L/kg 0.525 0.25 – 2.54 CL mL/min/kg 5.6 1.6 – 6.2 AUC μg*hr/mL 59.8 54 – 208 T max hr 0.00016 0.00011 – 0.014 C max μg/mL 109 52 - 275
- 16. Serum concentration-time curve IV – Florfenicol (20 mg/kg)
- 17. Concentration-time curves IM and SQ – Florfenicol (20 mg/kg)
- 20. Mycoplasma haemolamae Transmission, virulence, and in vitro culture Morris Animal Foundation grant funded
- 32. Stifle Arthroscopy in Camelids
- 38. Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam in South American Camelids Anesthesia and Farm Animal Sections Collaborative Project Dr. Pam Fry, Dr. Turi Aarnes, Dr. John Hubbell, Dr. Jeff Lakritz
- 47. Parasites and Camelids – Should We Be Worried? Becky Pentecost, DVM The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center Hospital for Farm Animals
- 51. Common Nematode Parasites GI Tract Location Parasites C3 Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Camelostrongylus, Teladorsagia, and Marshallagia Small Intestines Nematodirus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus Large Intestines/Cecum Trichuris, Capillaria, and Oesophagostumum spp
- 52. Life Cycle Review for Trichostrongyle-types Infective larvae are ingested during grazing Eggs hatch, larvae develop to L3 in soil and manure Eggs passed onto pasture in manure Adult nematodes in the digestive tract of camelids lay their eggs.
- 61. Available Dewormers Class Drug Dosage Route Avermectins Ivermectin 1.5 mL/100 lbs SQ Doramectin 2.0 mL/100 lbs SQ Cydectin Benzamidazoles Fenbendazole 9 mg/lb Oral Albendazole 5.5 mg/lb Oral Imidazothiazole derivative Levamisole 4 mg/lb Oral Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Pyrantel pamoate 8 mg/lb Oral Antiprotazoal/ Coccidiostats Ponazuril 9 mg/lb Oral Toltrazuril Amprolium Sulfadimethoxine
- 65. FECR tests – Goats 2001 Terrill TH, et al., 2001; Vet. Parasitol. 97:261-268 Anthelmintic EPG (2 wk post) FECR % (95% CI) Control 3827 ABZ 1450 62 (35-78) Dora 917 76 (39-91) FBZ 3460 10 (0-42) IVM 844 78 (5-95) LEV 335 91 (81-96) Morantel 1990 48 (11-70) MOXI 0 100 (100) ABZ + IVM 445 88 (74-95)
- 70. H. Contortus – C3, alpaca
- 72. Fecal ooccult blood –
- 76. Map of property – Why?
- 85. Total plasma protein and red cell parameters – presentation Analyte Mean ± sd Range Median Reference TPP (Gm/dL) 5.2 ± 0.72 3.7 – 6.6 5.3 5.4 – 7.2 HCT (%) 9.9 ± 5.3 4 – 25 8 24 – 35 HgB (Gm/dL) 4.2 ± 2.3 1.6 – 11 3.6 9.1 – 16.2 RBC (x 10 12 /L) 4.2 ± 2.5 1.4 – 10.5 3 8.8 – 15.4 MCV (fL) 25 ± 6 12.7 - 44 24 21 - 30 MCH (pg) 10 ± 2 6.5 – 16 10 7.7 - 13 MCHC (g/dL) 42 ± 5.7 35.7 - 48 41 39 - 46 NRBC (ABS) 28 ± 47 0 - 257 15 0 – 0 NRBC (#/100 WBC) 4.8 ± 8.2 0 - 42 2 0 – 1
- 86. RBC abnormalities - ?
- 88. Serum Fe, TIBC, UIBC in anemic Alpacas Data from 13 anemic and 13 normal Alpacas *Indicates significant difference from normal using t-test (P<0.05); power with α = 0.05 are 0.915, 0.67 respectively Analyte Units Anemic (median) Range Normal (median) Range Serum Fe μ g/dL 43 ± 42 * (22) 2 – 121 95 ± 35 (96) 37 - 168 TIBC μ g/dL 261 ± 65 (266) 172 – 363 248 ± 44 (242) 186 – 339 UIBC μ g/dL 218 ± 71 * (209) 70 - 309 153 ± 51 (164) 61 – 230
- 91. Questions?
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- Eggs produced by females Passed in manure Larva develop in fecal mass L1 hatches, feeds on bacteria, undergoes two molts L3 makes way out of feces onto forage Ingested Develops to L4, to immature adult After maturation, starts producing eggs Prepatent period is appx 3 weeks Occasional hypobiotic periods (RARE) Weather dependent (shown in Great Britain study, cold then warming to 10 C with moist environment needed to hatch.
- Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) – eggs/gram at pretreatment levels versus those 10-14 days later. For practical purposes, a 90% reduction suggests successful treatment and <90% reduction may indicate resistant parasites, ineffective dose or route of administration. Egg count concerns – <200 epg are usually considered ok if BCS is also normal. If epg is rising, animals have poor bcs or other signs of ill thrift, it is possible treatment may be helpful. Epg significance is much lower when considering low or intermittently shedding parasites like trichuris, capillaria, nematodirus, or emac (even low numbers may warrant treatment).
- Not ideal to blanket treat entire herd or to rotate dewormers regularly as this may lead to the development of resistant parasites. The ideal approach involves selectively treating animals based on fecal counts and clinical signs (20% of animals harbor 80% of the herd parasite burden). Targeted deworming allows one to leave a population of parasites that have not been exposed to specific drugs. Leaving these naïve parasites helps prevent selection for resistant parasites (refugia, as coined by parasitologists).
- Large volume of blood lost by animal. 10 days of losing 200mL = 2L