CCAFS Science Meeting presentation by Patti Kristjanson - "Strategic Gender Research in CCAFS - Key CCAFS questions and possible approaches"

1. Strategic Gender Research in CCAFS
Key CCAFS questions and possible
approaches
Patti Kristjanson
CCAFS Research Leader/Senior Scientist, World Agroforestry Center
CCAFS Planning Meetings
Copenhagen April/May2012

2. CCAFS Gender Questions*
1. What are the implications of gender relations for vulnerability to different
levels of exposure to climate stress and for adaptation to progressive climate
change at the level of individuals, households and communities? (T1)
2. What are the characteristics and causes of gender-differentials in access to
and use of climate-related information? (T2)
3. What are promising institutional arrangements enabling women as well as
men to benefit from incentives for delivering environmental services? (T3)
4. What gender-differentiated patterns can be identified in the trade-offs poor
men and women make between adaptation and mitigation options for
dealing with climate change in agriculture? (cross-cutting)
5. How are risks arising from climate change or variability distributed among
men and women with different resource endowments and assets? (cross-
cutting)
* From CCAFS gender strategy

3. Overarching gender questions re: Climate
Smart Agriculture
Which climate-smart agricultural practices and interventions (including
improved soil, water, land, crop, livestock, fish, ecosystem service and
agroforestry-related) are most likely to benefit women in particular,
where, how and why? What interventions, actions, strategies and
approaches will help stimulate them?

4. CCAFS Theme Gender Impact Pathways –
Theme 2 example
Outputs Outcomes Impacts
Papers, workshops More More
and trainings held, women and widespread Increased
new knowledge men uptake of resilience to
generated on: accessing climate-smart climate
characteristics and and using agriculture shocks,
implications of weather- technologies, enhanced
gender-differentials and related strategies, hh food
in access to and use agricultural approaches by security
of climate-related information men and
information women
farmers
Strategies to achieve outcomes/scale out results:
•PAR approach in CCAFS sites; led by strategic partners: women researchers,
women’s groups, NGOs, Met services, regional agricultural research orgs
•Building capacity to understand and use seasonal forecasts, men and women
•Communication efforts – increased awareness of importance and usefulness of
weather/climate information (e.g. radio programs targeting women)

5. Ways of answering gender-related
questions: e.g. CCAFS Baseline Surveys
Household level (food security, assets, ag activities/changes, etc):
•Female vs male-headed households
•Livelihood activities where most of the work is done by females, males, children
•Women’s vs men’s access to weather-related information
Village/community level:
•Different perceptions of males and females on the present & past environmental conditions
•Different abilities of males and females to observe and articulate changes and drivers of change
in their communities
•Different uses that males and females make of vegetation, animals, wildlife
•Different roles of males and females in food production & conservation of natural resources
•Different knowledge & access to local and supra local organizations that provide food
security support in normal times and times of crisis
•Different roles of male & female organizations on food production but also as safety networks
and source of communal cohesion
•Limited access to land, improved technology and equipment, as well as training opportunities for
women despite their substantial role in crop and livestock production
Data & reports for: 5 WA sites, 6 EA sites, Bihar, Punjab, Bangladesh, Nepal – at:
www.ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys

6. CCAFS Baseline Surveys – Gender issues
addressed
Organizational level:
•level of activity/bias that the current activities of each organisation has
towards disadvantaged groups, women and children

7. Capacity strengthening and catalyzing gender &
climate change research in our regions
FAO/CCAFS Gender and CC methods and training
materials developed and 3 regional research teams
trained (training of trainers)
Pilot studies in Bangladesh, Uganda & Ghana found:
•Rural women are eager to learn about adaptation
options; their time & mobility constraints mean more
innovative means of reaching them are needed; ag
advisory services targeted to women!
•Daily, but not yet longer-term, weather forecasts
are being used by some, but less so by women
Issues: Access to information, trust, communication,
capacity
•Climate and women-smart agricultural investment
options often require collective action, e.g. support
to womens’ groups, plus tenure & other policy
www.ccafs.cgiar.org/gender
changes are needed.

8. CCAFS/FAO gender-CC approaches
Issues addressed:
•different ag. roles and responsibilities of men and women & how they are
changing
•differential access to agricultural and weather information
•potential and ways to make climate analogues accessible & useful for men and
women, including differential mobility and cultural constraints
•what climate-smart agriculture practices have been taken up by men and women,
and how and why these changes have come about
•what kinds of institutions (broadly defined as the ‘rules of the game’), strategies
and approaches can support shifts to climate-smart agriculture practices by both
men and women?
Methods: Village resource maps, seasonal calendar, weather forecasts
(daily and seasonal), changing farming practices, Venn diagram, daily
activity clocks
Where: Pilots in CCAFS sites in Bangladesh, Ghana and Uganda
Methods and Training materials downloadable at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org/gender

9. Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Program
Conceptual Framework
Context: Ecological, Social, Economic, Political factors, etc.
Shocks
Consumption
Livelihood
Assets Strategies Full Incomes Well-being
Savings/
Investment
Legend: Women Joint Men
(http://gaap.ifpri.info/)

10. GAAP tools
Issues addressed:
• gender dimensions of asset ownership and control
Methods:
• qual-quant methods; researchers ask not only about
ownership but also about a spectrum of asset rights,
including use and decision-making over assets

11. IFPRI/USAID Feed the Future WEIA
Five Domains of
Women’s
Empowerment in
Agriculture
The WEAI was developed to track
the change in women’s
empowerment levels that occurs as
a direct or indirect result of
interventions under Feed the
Future, the US government’s global
hunger and food security initiative.
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/womens-empowerment-agriculture-index

12. WEAI approach
Issues addressed:
WEAI: a composite measurement tool for tracking progress
toward gender equality, that:
•Indicates women’s control over critical parts of their lives in
the household, community, and economy
•Identifies women who are disempowered
•Identifies ways in which to increase autonomy and decision-
making in key domains (e.g. assets, leadership, etc)
Methods:
•a household survey interviewing men and women from the
same household
•case studies

13. Implementing in Hubs, or Gender Sentinel
Sites – e.g. Khulna Hub, Bangladesh
Improved rice,
shrimp vars, mgment
Ag credit, Improved land,
tenure water mgment
Local
partners:
Climate smart villages BRAC, SAVE
Insurance, seed banks
Home gardens

14. SW Bangladesh ‘Khulna Hub’
Theory of Change/Outcome logic
CRP3/CSISA
CRP2 New rice CRP4 O
CRP5 CCAFS/CRP7
Sustainable varieties &
Improved water
Improved
CSA villages,
U
water&land suitable aqua. homestead T
governance & climate services
mgment policies species & production P
management insurance
Strengthened mgment systems
id’d Seed/food banks U
groups practices id’d
TS
EXTENSIONISTS <>FARMER COMMUNITIES<>SEED SECTOR PLAYERS<>NGO<>
A
MICROFINANCE AGENCIES<>WATER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES<>LGED<> BWDB<>POLICY C
MAKER<>CGIAR RESEARCHERS<>NARS<>CIVIL SOCIETY ORGS <>Donor T
O
CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDES AND SKILLS R
One or more of the actor groups have better understand and/or skills in: the benefits and value of new technologies and O
crop/fish varieties; implications of different land use plans, the impacts of external drivers of change on water resources;
community involvement in water mgment; how to work in partnership across scales and sectors in an adaptive & problem- UT
oriented way C
O
CHANGES IN PRACTICES M
One or more of the actor groups: use high level scenario planning; use tools and effective water governance strategies; improve
planning of water infrastructure; use new farm-level technologies, seeds and adaptation strategies; private sector involvement ES
in the agriculture sector including information, finance, markets and inputs; using a theory-of-change-based approach to NRM
to foster rural innovation
I
MP
Reduce poverty, improve food security and strengthen livelihood resilience A
in coastal areas through improved water infrastructure , governance and
management, and more productive and diversified farm system C
T

15. Segou hub, Mali
CRP 5
CRP 1.1 Improved water,
Drought tolerant, soil mgment
Water efficient
crops/varieties/livestock
breeds
Agroforestry
Feed management
Crop residue mgment
CRP 4
nutrition
CRP7
Impr weather info
Climate analogues
insurance
Partners: IFAD FODESA large
devel. Project
IFDC
TreeAid
Sahel Eco
IER (Mali NARES)
AMEDD, etc.

16. Kisumu/Nyando Basin (western Kenya)
Economics of Biochar (Cornell)
MICCA – East African Dairy Development (FAO,
ICRAF, ILRI, KARI, private sector partners)
COMART Community-led assets/value chains
CARE – carbon payments to smallholders
ICRAF – GHG measurement in complex
landscapes
Vi Agroforestry – SLM, carbon payments
CCAFS PAR – with ILRI, Vi, World Neighbours,
Lake Victoria
CBOs, Min of Ag, Min of LS, KARI: training, K
CCAFS Baseline site sharing, etc in:
CARE, PAR
•Water harvesting; Agroforestry; Small ruminant
management; Beekeeping; Seed systems; Post-
harvest handling and storage; Fodder
Yellow squares: 10x10km2 ICRAF development; Participatory crop selection
soils research blocks CIAT-TSBF - legumes and N-fixation through the
legume Africa network
potential CIMMYT/KARI - Insect and Striga resistant and
drought tolerant Maize

17. Pro-poor, pro-women strategies – Nyando
example
MICCA – EADD – dairy (FAO, ICRAF, ILRI, KARI, private sector
partners) – hub model; training of women; women leaders;
payments to women
COMART Community-led asset and value chain focus; working
with women’s groups; women’s trainings
CARE/CCAFS/ICRAF – smallholder CSA – institutional issues
including strategies for ensuring benefits to women (e.g.
women’s trees, women’s groups, etc); evaluating women’s
participation and constraints
CCAFS/ILRI PAR – Participatory crop & animal selection with
women, support/training to women’s groups, others?
What other successful strategies can we employ to enhance the
pro-women, pro-poor impacts of these R4D efforts?