Вторая Международная научно-практическая конференция "Органическое сельское хозяйство: опыт развития за рубежом и внедрение в Беларуси" 30 ноября 2013 г.

1. Intensive and organic
methods of livestock farming:
influence of livestock farms on
water ecosystems with example
of Baltic Sea and solutions for
the issue
Jakub Skorupski
West Pomeranian University of Technology
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

2. Definitions
• Industrial animal production – intensive rearing of
livestock in specialized installations, which productively, organizationally and legally are closer to manufacturing facilities (enterprises, factories) than to farms.
• IED (former IPPC) farms – instalations for the intensive
rearing of pigs and poultry with more than 2.000 pigs
over 30 kg or 750 sows, or 40.000 places for
poultry, that require integrated permits, in accordance
with the EU Directive on industrial emissions (former
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive).
• Cattle, sheep, goats, horses and fur animals large-scale
breeding installations with equivalent number of livestock should also be consider.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

3. Definitions
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

4. Statistical Data
• about 67,3 millions of pigs in the Baltic Sea catchment area,
• population of poultry amounts to about 189,8 millions,
• app. 35,6 millions of cows in the Baltic Sea catchment area,
• total livestock density in the EU countries of the BSR is
equal to 40,4 millions of LU,
• more than 1.320 IED farms in the Baltic catchment area,
• number of farms with more than 100 LU in the EU countries
of the BSR amounts up to 74.400.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

5. Statistical Data
2.2%
Bydło
Cattle
11.0%
Owce
Sheep
46.2%
Kozy
Goats
Trzoda chlewna
Pigs
drób
Poultry
konie
Horses
39.5%
0.1%
1.0%
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Percentage of particular species in total
livestock of the BSR
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

6. Statistical Data
1,152.1 1,784.8
2,052.8
747.2
4,582.2
1.9
Czech Rep.
Denmark
11,117.9
Germany
Estonia
Latvia
6.9
4.2
2.3
1.0
10.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
Lithuania
Poland
Slovakia
Finland
1,030.9
487.9
17,985.2
Sweden
313.2
46.7
Total number of livestock (in thous. of LU; on the left) and industrial animal farms (>100
LU, in thous.; on the right) in the EU countries of the BSR
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

7. Accumulated
Environmental Impact
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

8. Problems connected with
industrial animal farming
A) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• water pollution – nitrogen and phosphorus leakage to the
ground water, connected with overfertilization,
• eutrophication – “overfertilization” of inland and sea waters
(algal blooms, decrease of fish population, ecosystems modifications, loss of bottom fauna, lack of oxygen in waters),
• microbiological pollution – Staphylococcus sp., fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, rubella bacilli, tubercle bacilli, footand-mouth disease viruses, various fungi and parasites,
• indirect effect that contributes to formation of acid rain and
increased greenhouse effect (greenhouse gas emission harming the ozone layer).
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

9. Water Pollution
N
P
13
Agriculture
24
2
Forestry
10
Precipitation
4
Industry
8
59
Domestic
wastewater
Fish farms
8
55
14
2
1
Percentage contribution of particular anthropogenic sources in the overall nutrient load
flowing into the sea (Granstedt, 2006)
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

10. Water Pollution
N
P
Poland
5%
5%
Germany
10%
8%
27%
Denmark
5%
4%
35%
Sweden
Finland
3%
14%
8%
Russia
Estonia
2%
20%
Latvia
11%
17%
5%
Lithuania
10%
11%
Percentage contribution of the BSR countries in the overall nutrient load flowing into the sea
(HELCOM, 2006)
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

11. Problems connected with
industrial animal farming
A) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• water pollution – nitrogen and phosphorus leakage to the
ground water, connected with overfertilization,
• eutrophication – “overfertilization” of inland and sea waters
(algal blooms, decrease of fish population, ecosystems modifications, loss of bottom fauna, lack of oxygen in waters),
• microbiological pollution – Staphylococcus sp., fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, rubella bacilli, tubercle bacilli, footand-mouth disease viruses, various fungi and parasites,
• indirect effect that contributes to formation of acid rain and
increased greenhouse effect (greenhouse gas emission harming the ozone layer).
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

12. Eutrophication
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

13. Manure production
and eutrophication
IPPC farm
with 2500
productive
pigs
=
125,0 AU
1 AU of
productive
(slaughter) hog
125,0 x 0,18 = 22,5 [kgN/day]
125,0 x 0,053 = 6,63 [kgP/day]
if we assume, that productive pig gives
approximately 3 times more excrement than
humans…
IPPC farm with 2500
is equivalent to
productive pigs
overfertilisation =
= eutrophication
(f.i. input of 1 kg of nitrogen
into water reservoirs causes
creation of about 16 kg of
biomass!)
town with 7500
inhabitants, with
out sewage
treatment plant!
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
=
0,18 kgN/day
and
0,053 kgP/day
Minsk, 13.11.2013
8,21 MgN/year
and
2,42 MgP/year
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

15. Eutrophication
Chlorophyll a
concentration
in waters of the
European
seas, July 2007
(JRC, emis.jrc.ec.
europa.eu)
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience
and Implementation in

16. Eutrophication
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience
and Implementation in

17. Problems connected with
industrial animal farming
A) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• water pollution – nitrogen and phosphorus leakage to the
ground water, connected with overfertilization,
• eutrophication – “overfertilization” of inland and sea waters
(algal blooms, decrease of fish population, ecosystems modifications, loss of bottom fauna, lack of oxygen in waters),
• microbiological pollution – Staphylococcus sp., fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, rubella bacilli, tubercle bacilli, footand-mouth disease viruses, various fungi and parasites,
• indirect effect that contributes to formation of acid rain and
increased greenhouse effect (greenhouse gas emission harming the ozone layer).
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

18. Problems connected with
industrial animal farming
A) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• water pollution – nitrogen and phosphorus leakage to the
ground water, connected with overfertilization,
• eutrophication – “overfertilization” of inland and sea waters
(algal blooms, decrease of fish population, ecosystems modifications, loss of bottom fauna, lack of oxygen in waters),
• microbiological pollution – Staphylococcus sp., fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, rubella bacilli, tubercle bacilli, footand-mouth disease viruses, various fungi and parasites,
• indirect effect that contributes to formation of acid rain and
increased greenhouse effect (greenhouse gas emission harming the ozone layer).
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

19. GHG emission
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience
and Implementation in

20. Acid Rains
Ammonia
emission in
Europe (kg
N/ha/year)

21. Ozone Layer Destruction
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

22. Farm Animals Escapes
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

23. B) SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• air pollution – ammoniac, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl
compounds, amines, mercaptans, dinitrogen monoxide
causes offensive odours, danger for human health,
• loss of recreation places,
• high costs of drinking water purification,
• degradation of cropland – improper storage and usage of
liquid manure,
• farms’ location in direct neighborhood of NATURA 2000
areas and different protected or valuable areas and the
Nitrate Vulnerable Zones.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

24. C) LEGAL PROBLEMS
• lack of fertilization plans,
• lack of permanent soil quality monitoring,
• Aarhus Convention principles regarding access to environmental information are not followed,
• deficiency of the Helsinki Convention implementation,
• lack of regulations concerning air odour qualit.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

25. Solutions?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Secure a full implementation of the Helsinki Convention
requirements for industrial animal farms.
Monitor and control the implementation of the IED
Directive on industrial farms.
Execution of regular, independent soil monitoring in terms
of nitrate contamination for farmland with high load of
manure.
Implementation of odour air quality standard.
Promotion of biotechnological methods of manure utilisation (e.g. biogas production).
Organic animal farming – 62 organic pig farms and 71
organic poultry farms in Poland.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

26. Industrial vs. Organic
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1
1999
2
3
4
5
6
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
7
2011
8
2013
Number of organic farms in Poland in the years 1999-2013
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

27. Industrial vs. Organic
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1
1999
2
2001
3
2003
4
2005
5
2007
6
2009
7
2011
8
2013
Acreage of organic farms in Poland in the years 1999-2013
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

28. Organic animal
husbandry
•
•
•
•
The animals fulfill the important role in organic farm: they
improve and close the circulation of nutrients.
Self-sufficiency feed-fertilizer allows stocking 0.5-1.5 LU/ha
in organic agriculture.
Animal welfare: livestock grazing in the summer and access
to open air in winter: the animals must be able to move out
of stable. The farm buildings should be provided with
sufficient volume position, permanent access to water and
food, adequate light and natural bedding.
The animals rebuys must come from organic farms, they can
be derived from conventional sources, but only under
certain conditions – for procreation purposes.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

29. Organic animal
husbandry
•
•
•
•
Feed should be produced on the farm or becoming from
other organic farms.
Animal mutilation (castration, cutting sprouts, shortening
their tails, etc.) are generally not permitted.
Prophylactic administration of drugs is prohibited, and
vaccinations allowed only if they are officially required.
Conversion period of animals introduced into an existing
ecological farm: 12 months in the case of horses, cattle for
meat production, 6 months in the case of small ruminants
and pigs and animals for milk production, 10 weeks for
poultry for meat production, 6 weeks in the case of poultry
for egg production.
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

30. ABOVE ALL – LAW
INTRODUCTION OF THE
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
RATIFICATION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL LAW
PROBLEMS
WITH
IMPLEMENTATION, COMPLIA
NCE AND
ENFORCEMENT
Aliaksandr Pakhomau
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus

31. Thank You for
Your attention
The project is partly financed by the European Union
European Regional Development Fund
Minsk, 13.11.2013
Organic Farming: Foreign
Development Experience and
Implementation in Belarus