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Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                    Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                  16 Sept 2010




                               CHOLERA OUTBREAK RESPONSE




                                     Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                                1. Detection                  8. Community involvement
                                                                 to limit the spread
                                2. Confirmation               9. Safe water
                    CONTENTS




                                                                                               CONTENTS

                                3. Response                   10. Safe food

                                4. Information                11. Sanitation
                                   management
                                5. Case management            12.Funeral practices

                                6. Mortality reduction        13. Surveillance

                                7. Hygiene in health          14. International partners
                                   care facilities

                                     Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                            1
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                            Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                          16 Sept 2010




                               1. OUTBREAK DETECTION
                      1. How were the first cases notified to health authorities ?

                          Surveillance         Media          Journalists
                            system             Radio           Hot line

                     2. What alerted people to the possibility of an outbreak ?
                          Sudden occurrence             Persistent/ sudden        Abnormal number
                            of the disease               increase of cases           of deaths


                     3. On what basis was it decided that this was an outbreak ?
                          Single/ cluster           Case incidence
                             of cases            greater than expected



                    1/1              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      4. How long did the information take to reach decision-
                         making level from the area where the outbreak occurred ?

                      5. What were the first actions ?

                          Send a multidisciplinary team to confirm the outbreak and to take
                          the first measures for controlling the spread


                                                         Water & sanitation
                                             Micro-            expert
                                            biologist                             Epi-
                                                        Multidisciplinary      demiologist
                                      Public health
                                                             Team
                                      specialist                              Expert in
                                                                              education
                                              Expert in information and
                                                  communication


                    1/2              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                    2
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                                          Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                                        16 Sept 2010




                          6. How to differ rumours from real outbreaks ?
                              Avoid rumours:
                              • Maintaining a very open flow of information
                              • Rumours spread easily when information is incomplete or delayed
                              • Rapidly clarify rumours (by rumour forms)

                          7. Investigation of the cause of the outbreak ?
                             Potential vehicles of transmission:




                          Drinking      Vegetables            Fruits         Ice cubs       Seafood            Cooked/ moist
                           Water                                                                                   Food


                    1/3                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                                2. OUTBREAK CONFIRMATION
                     1. How was the diagnosis confirmed ?
                            Clinical case               Laboratory                 Epidemiological
                              definition               confirmation                   suspicion

                     2. What case definition was used to collect
                        further information on cases and deaths ?
                    Case definition:
                    • In an area where the disease is unknown to be present, a patient aged ≥ 5
                       years develops severe dehydration or dies from watery diarrhoea.
                    •      In an area where there is a cholera epidemic, a patient aged ≥ 5 years
                           develops acute watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting.
                    •      A case of cholera is confirmed when Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 is isolated
                    (In children under 5 years of age, a number of pathogens can produce symptoms similar to those of
                    cholera, such as rice-water diarrhoea; therefore children < 5 years are not included in the case definition.)


                    2/1                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                                  3
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                      Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                    16 Sept 2010




                          3. Role of the laboratory ?

                            Confirmation of the       Serogroup        Antimicrobial
                               first cases            (O1/ O139)        sensitivity




                            DO NOT WAIT FOR LAB
                            CONFIRMATION
                            TO TREAT PATIENTS !!!!



                            TRANSPORT OF STOOL:
                            RECTAL SWABS AND
                            CARY BLAIRE !!!!
                            (Adequate collection/
                            Transportation)


                    2/2              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      4. How was the sample collection ? How many samples
                         were taken ? How many were positive ?

                      Sample collection:
                      • Take stool samples before giving antibiotics
                      •   Fresh stool (reach lab within 2 hours) or use Transport medium like
                          Cary-Blaire or Peptone Water (reach lab within 7 days)
                      •   Strips of blotting paper or filter paper soaked with liquid stool, placed
                          in plastic bag with 2-3 drops of normal saline (specimen remains wet)


                      Number of samples required:
                      • Laboratory confirmation of the first 10-20 cases is essential to ascertain
                         a cholera outbreak
                      •   Take a few samples randomly during the outbreak to ensure that the
                          antimicrobial sensitivity pattern has not changed
                      •   Collect 20 stool samples to confirm the end of the outbreak

                    2/3              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                              4
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                    Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                  16 Sept 2010




                     3. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPONSE
                          1. Was there a cholera task force or a multisectoral cholera
                             coordination committee to follow up the outbreak and take
                             decisions ?
                           cholera coordination committee:
                           • Meet frequently (once a week) during the outbreak period for
                              information sharing and coordination across sectors
                           • Assign roles and responsibilities
                           • Collecting and reporting of cholera cases and deaths
                           • Allocate necessary founds
                           • Similar committees may be created at 3 levels (national, province,
                              district)
                           • Regional or international collaboration
                           • Organization of any relevant training
                           • Implementation, supervision, monitoring, evaluation of control
                              activities

                    3/1               Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      2. What measures have been taken to control the outbreak ?
                           First steps to control a cholera outbreak:
                           •   Confirm the outbreak
                           •   Convene the coordination committee
                           •   Inventory of available essential supplies
                           •   Inform the public, neighbouring districts and media
                           •   Training for health staff (surveillance, case management)
                           •   Health education campaigns
                           •   Temporary treatment centres, emergency supplies
                           •   Collect/ report/ and analyse data on cases/deaths/ control
                               activities
                           •   Document the epidemic, provide feedback, adapt interventions
                           •   Ask for additional help if needed
                           •   Monitor and evaluate control measures



                    3/2               Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                            5
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                      Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                    16 Sept 2010




                      3. How was the response monitored ?

                      4. Was a cholera emergency plan of action available ?
                              Emergency plan for:
                              • Logistics
                              •    Staff responsibilities
                              •    Availability of financial support for preparedness and response
                              •    Implementation of the control measures (what should be done,
                                   when/ who should do it, where)
                              •    Providing safe water/ disposal of excreta
                              •    Health education


                     5. Was there an easy information flow from the affected
                        areas to the control level and vice versa ?

                    3/3                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                          4. MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION
                     1. Was there a strategy to disseminate accurate information
                        promptly ?
                          AVOID RUMOURS !!! (by maintaining open information)

                     2. Did the involvement of the media contribute constructively
                        to control the outbreak ?
                          Evaluation of media involvement:
                          • Provide information to people within and
                             outside the affected area
                          •       Use of appropriate language
                          •       Through the appropriate channel
                          •       The right type of information with the right
                                  frequency

                    4/1                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                              6
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                       Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                     16 Sept 2010




                          3. Was a spokesperson in the ministry of health designated ?
                               Spokesperson:
                               A single spokesperson who will be the focal point for dealing with the
                               media, plan regular press releases and conferences.

                      4. Was there a good balance between public service
                         announcements and news ?
                               Balance between public announcement and news:
                               Levels of the media – local, national, international
                                      •Public health authorities:
                                       Provide information on preventive and control measures
                                      •Journalists:
                                       Focus on spreading news
                      5. Was there any procedure for assessing the impact and
                         spread of information ?

                    4/2                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                               5.    CASE MANAGEMENT: TREATMENT
                           1. Were flowcharts prepared ?
                           Flowcharts:
                           • Illustrating proper management of cholera cases
                           •     Available to health care workers
                           •     Clear information on how to assess dehydration stage
                           •     Clear information on the treatment protocol to apply according to the
                                 status of the patient

                           2. Antibiotics ?
                           Antibiotics:
                           • Only in severe cases (mass chemoprophylaxis is not effective)
                           •     Antimicrobial resistance is increasing (Cotrimoxazole, Tetracycline)
                           •     Selective chemoprophylaxis for members of a household who share
                                 food and shelter with a cholera patient

                    5/1                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                               7
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                      Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                    16 Sept 2010




                          3. Rehydration ?
                     Intravenous therapy for severe cases only:
                     • Ringer's lactate or normal 0.9% saline or half-normal saline with 5%
                         glucose
                     •     ORS must be given at the same time to replace the missing electrolytes
                     •     When rehydration is not possible and the patient cannot drink, ORS
                           solution can be given by nasogastric tube (not for unconscious patients)




                    5/2              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                           Dehydration stage                   Sings                  Treatment
                                                 lethargic, unconscious, floppy
                                                 very sunken eyes                   IV therapy
                           Severe                drinks poorly, unable to drink     + Antibiotics
                           dehydration           mouth very dry                     + ORS
                                                 skin pinch goes back very slowly
                                                 no tears (only for children)
                                                 restless and irritable
                                                 sunken eyes
                           Mild                  dry mouth                          ORS
                                                                                    + very close
                           dehydration           thirsty, drinks eagerly            surveillance
                                                 skin pinch goes back slowly
                                                 no tears ( only for children)
                           No dehydration       none of the above signs             ORS at home


                    5/3              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                              8
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                       Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                     16 Sept 2010




                                              Severe dehydration

                                                                         skin pinch goes
                                                                         back very slowly




                      mouth is                                                         lethargic and
                      very dry                                                             floppy


                                      very sunken             drinks poorly or
                                          eyes                unable to drink

                    5/4              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                              Preparation of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
                                 80% of cases can be treated using only ORS
                                 should be used during and after IV therapy (electrolytes)




                    5/5              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                               9
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                                         Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                                       16 Sept 2010




                      3. Health education ?

                      Health education
                      • Were patients and their families informed of the preventive measures to
                         take at household level ?
                             wash your hands after taking care of patients – touching them, their stools, their vomits, or
                             their clothes
                             beware of contaminating the water source by washing patient's clothes in the water

                      •    Were the cholera patients isolated from other patients (with special
                           latrines) ?
                      •    Were the health care workers aware of the hygienic measures
                           necessary to avoid contamination (hand-washing, isolation ward) ?

                     Health care workers:
                     • Are there emergency stocks of basic supplies ?
                     • Training of health workers is an essential element for preparedness
                        especially in high-risk-areas

                    5/6                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                              6. REDUCTION OF MORTALITY
                          1. How was the Case-Fatality-Rate (CFR) calculated ?
                             Was there any risk of bias ?

                          2. Was the CFR over 1% ? Was there any obvious reason
                             to explain this CFR ?
                              •    Underestimation of number of cases
                              •    Underlying factors such as malnutrition
                              •    Inadequate case management
                              •    Low accessibility to health care facilities or cholera camps
                              •    Long distance to reach health care facilities or cholera camps


                          3. Have professionals been trained to manage patients with
                             cholera ?


                    6/1                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                                10
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                                   Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                                 16 Sept 2010




                      4. Have special Cholera Treatment Units (CTUs) been set up ?
                            Cholera Treatment Units:
                            • To provide quick treatment to cholera patients
                            • To treat patients in an emergency situation
                            • To avoid overburdening of other hospital wards
                            • During an outbreak, cholera treatment units must be accessible
                               (no geographical, cultural, linguistic or economic limitations)
                               and functional 24 hours a day, enough personnel must be there




                    6/2                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                         5. Oral Rehydration Treatment (ORT) ?
                     •     Where health care facilities are less accessible, ORT corners should be
                           established throughout the affected area for low and moderate
                           dehydration ?

                     •     People should be informed about the CTU to which cases of severe
                           cholera can be referred:
                     Urban settings: - clearly identified for severe cases
                                     - available and accessible to the population for mild cases
                                     - case records are important in both CTUs and ORT corners
                     Semi-urban/         - decentralize the CTU (access is a problem)
                     rural settings:     - active case-finding in communities (locate new outbreaks as
                                           soon as possible)
                                         - select location of the treatment units (CTUs and ORT) according to
                           attack rate
                                         - preposition supplies and drugs in isolated health care facilities to treat
                                           the first 20-30 patients

                    6/3                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                          11
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                           Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                         16 Sept 2010




                      6. Was there adequate surveillance of patients with severe
                         cholera (appropriate IV fluids, ORS and Antibiotics) ?
                           Surveillance (severe cholera):
                           • pulse, state of consciousness
                           • temperature (usually hypothermia)
                           • dehydration symptoms
                           • respiration rhythm
                           • number and appearance of stools
                           • urine (present or not)




                    6/4              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                     7.      HYGIENE MEASURES IN HEALTH
                             CARE FACILITIES
                     1. Were the cholera treatment units located close to the most
                        affected communities ?

                    2. Were there hand-washing facilities in the cholera treatment
                       centre ?
                       Were the patients' relatives washing their hands
                       every time they leave the centre ?

                     3. Were the cholera treatment units organized in four areas :
                        selection and observation, hospitalization, convalescent room
                        for ORS treatment, neutral area (for kitchen, stocks of material)?


                    7/1              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                  12
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                             Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                           16 Sept 2010




                      4. Were measures in place for the safe disposal of excreta and
                         vomit ?
                         Were there special latrines for cholera patients, separated
                         from latrines used by the rest of the patients ?

                     5. Was there enough water to
                        cover the daily needs of patients
                        (50 litres/ person) ?

                     6. Were gloves, buckets, latrines,
                        clothes, and bedding properly
                        disinfected ?

                     7. Were cholera cots available ?


                    7/2                Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      2. Functions to be ensured in health care facilities
                                                                         IN
                          Records/ Classification:
                          • Register patients
                          • Assess the dehydration status (A, B, C)
                          Treatment:
                          • Treatment wards (observation,
                              hospitalization, convalescent room)
                          •   Pharmacy and store
                          •   ORS preparation area                                   OUT
                          Patient care:
                          • Rehydration
                          • Hygiene
                          • Feeding
                          Prevention and hygiene:
                          • Kitchen for food preparation
                          • Water treatment
                          • Preparation of chlorine solution
                          • Clothes washing facilities, laundry

                    7/3                Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                    13
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                              16 Sept 2010




                           Health education:
                           • Inside the CTU and at patient's home by community workers
                           • Active-case-finding in the refugee camp/ villages
                           Waste and environment:
                           • Safe waste disposal (dustbins)
                           • Cleaning and disinfection of the CTU
                           • Morgue
                           Security:
                           • Fences
                           • Watchman for information and patient flow control
                           • Protection of stocks (food, drugs, supplies)
                           Disinfection of patient's bedding and clothing:
                           • By stirring them for 5 minutes in boiling water
                           • Mattresses by drying in the sun




                    7/4              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      8.      INVOLVEMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
                              TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF DISEASE
                      1. Was health education an important part of the outbreak
                         response ?




                      2. Were the messages spread illustrated by practical
                         demonstrations (e.g. Chlorination of water, preparation
                         of ORS) ?

                    8/1              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                       14
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                     Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                   16 Sept 2010




                      3. Were the messages elaborated with the community ?


                      4. Were the messages disseminated
                         through community or religious
                         leaders or through any channel
                         that reaches the maximum of
                         people with greatest impact on
                         their behaviours ?


                      5. Were the messages adapted to local cultural beliefs about
                         the disease and to the capacity for implementation control
                         measures in the community (e.g. if soap is unavailable,
                         have ashes been recommended for washing hands) ?

                    8/2               Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                          6. Have efforts been made to encourage the use of latrines ?




                          7. Was there active case-finding in the community ?
                           •   Detection of cholera patients at an early stage of the disease
                           •   Advice to be given to family members and the community about
                               protecting themselves from contamination

                          8. Were education messages given to the patients and their
                             relatives in health care facilities ?
                          9. Were health care workers able to disseminate the
                             appropriate messages ?
                    8/3               Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                            15
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                   Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                 16 Sept 2010




                                          KEY MESSAGES !!!!!!!!!!!!!
                           Come to the health facility as soon as possible in
                                     case of acute watery diarrhoea

                          Wash your hands before cooking, before eating, and
                                        after using the toilet

                                       Cook food and drink safe water

                          Start drinking ORS at home and during travel to the
                                          health care facility


                    8/4              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                          Health education should continue throughout the
                          whole year and should be intensified before cholera
                          season !!!!




                     •    Select the best way to disseminate messages to the community
                          (the public must understand how to help to limit the spread – cholera
                          epidemic can be more quickly controlled)
                     •    Communication through radio, posters, talks in the local language,
                          illustrate the messages by practical demonstrations
                          (give clear information-but not too many messages, reach the maximum
                          of people)

                    8/5              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                          16
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                          Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                        16 Sept 2010




                        •    Adapt messages to the social, cultural and economic circumstances of the
                             community and to its ability to cope with a change of behaviour
                             (e.g. chlorine or soap may not be affordable in poor communities)
                        •    Organize talks in places where people are usually waiting
                             (health care facilities, hairdressers, etc.)




                        •    Implementing control measures in the community (using of soap and
                             chemicals, washing hands, encourage for the use of latrines)


                    8/6                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                    9. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
                       SAFE WATER
                        1. Have the different sources of contaminated water been
                           identified ? Has the community been informed about how
                           to prevent water contamination ?
                    •       Hands and body of people who have cholera may have no symptoms
                    •       Contaminated articles such as buckets, cups, clothes
                    •       Faecal material (e.g. by infiltration into wells when the latrines are situated
                            less than 30 metres away from the water-source)




                    9/1                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                 17
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                  Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                16 Sept 2010




                     2. What measures were recommended to avoid contamination
                        of water ?
                      •   A narrow-mouthed vessel with a protected dispenser is much safer than
                          storage in a wide-mouthed vessel
                      •   Clean covered pot or bucket
                      •   It is better to pour the water from the container than to use a potential
                          contaminated article (e.g. cup without handle) to retrieve the water




                    9/2              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                      3. Have these sources been disinfected during the outbreak ?

                      4. If wells were chlorinated, was there regular monitoring
                         of residual chlorine ?

                      5. Where chlorination of a water source was not possible,
                         was there any programm to ensure safe drinking-water
                         at household level ?

                          Treatment of water:
                          • boiling
                          • chlorinating (turbid water should be filtered before)
                             Emergency provisions: extra stocks of chemicals
                          • storage in improved vessels
                          • solar disinfection with UV + heat , UV disinfection with lamps
                          • Chemical coagulation-filtration + chlorine disinfection


                    9/3              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                         18
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                           Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                         16 Sept 2010




                     6. Were chemicals for water disinfection (chlorine compounds)
                        available in the local market at affordable prices ?

                     7. Was there any system for providing safe water to high-risk
                        communities, during the outbreak ?

                     8. Did the population receive a supply of at least 20 litres
                        of safe water per day per person ?


                     9. Were health workers properly
                        trained to teach local people
                        about hygiene and
                        disinfection techniques ?


                    9/4              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                    10. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
                        SAFE FOOD
                     1. Was the supply of water adequate for street food vendors;
                        acceptable quality and sufficient quantities for drinking,
                        washing food and hands, cleaning utensils ?

                     2. Was there any regulation to ensure that minimum standards
                        of hygiene were observed by food handlers during the
                        outbreak ?
                        Was the inspection of food handling practices effective ?




                    10/1             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                  19
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                           Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                         16 Sept 2010




                      3. Were street sales stopped during the outbreak ?
                         Have restaurants been closed ?

                      4. Is there any regulation to ensure minimum levels of hygiene
                         for food products in the marketplace ?

                     5. Are any local dishes made with raw seafood (particularly
                        crustaceans and other shellfish) or raw fruit or vegetables ?




                    10/2             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                    6. Are food handlers who sell raw or partially processed animal
                       products for immediate consumption required to display a sign
                       that informs the public of the increased health risk associated
                       with consuming such food ?

                    7. Are latrines and hand-washing facilities available in
                       marketplaces ?




                    10/3             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                  20
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                   Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                 16 Sept 2010




                    Sources of infection:
                    • Ice made from contaminated water
                    • Cooking utensils washed in contaminated water
                    • Drinking-water that has been contaminated at its source, during transport
                       and/ or supply, or during storage
                    • Food contaminated during or after preparation (remaining at room
                       temperature – an excellent environment for the growth of V. cholerae)
                    • Eaten raw seafood, particularly crustaceans and other shellfish, taken
                       from contaminated water and eaten raw)
                    • Fruit and vegetables grown at or near ground level and fertilized with night
                       soil, irrigated with water containing human waste, or freshened with
                       contaminated water, and then eaten raw

                                        Alternatives: Acidifying foods !!!!!!!!!!




                                        Lime Juice      Tomatoes        Jogurt

                    10/4             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                    11. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
                        SANITATION
                           1. What percentage of the population was served with
                              improved sanitation facilities ?

                       2. Was there a good system in place for excreta management
                          and disposal during the outbreak ?

                           3. Were the sanitation facilities vulnerable to flooding or other
                              natural disasters ?




                    11/1             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                          21
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                           Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                         16 Sept 2010




                      4. Could the sanitation facilities potentially contaminate any
                         drinking-water sources ?

                      5. Was consideration given to providing sanitation services
                         for high-risk communities during the outbreak ?

                     6. Were health workers properly trained to teach local people
                        about good hygiene behaviours ?
                           Sanitation practices:
                           • Hand washing with soap
                                                                                       Soap
                           •    Safe disposal of children's faeces
                           •    Use of sanitary facilities for defecation
                                (public sewer, connection to a septic tank, pour-flush latrine,
                                simple pit latrine, ventilated latrine)

                    11/2                Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                           Settling water                  Using plants: Moringa seeds (East Africa)
                                3 pot method                               Malunggay (Philippines)
                                                                           Horseradish/ drumstick tree (India)
                                                                           Benzolive tree (Haiti)




                               Sewage plant              Cloth filter                Charcoal filter




                    11/3                Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                  22
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                    Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                  16 Sept 2010




                                       12. FUNERAL PRACTICES
                      1. Were there any official recommendations with regard to
                         funeral practices, such as funeral gatherings, ritual washing
                         of the dead, or funeral feasts ?
                         How was information on this been disseminated ?

                      2. Were funeral organizers aware of the risk and of the control
                         measures ?


                      3. Were communities aware of what to do with cholera camps,
                         well trained in handling corpses ?



                    12/1              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                     4. Were health care workers, especially in cholera camps, well
                        trained in handling corpses ?

                           Handling corpses:
                           •  Meticulous hand-washing with soap and clean water is essential
                              before food is prepared and handled
                           •  Disinfection of corpses with 0.5% chlorine solution
                           •  Wear gloves for transporting, corpses should be carefully wrapped
                           •  Prevent physical contact, wear gloves, apron and mask
                           •  Bandage the head to maintain the mouth shut
                           •  Not empty the intestines
                           •  Wash hands with soap after touching the corpse
                           •  Fill the mouth and anus of the body with cotton wool soaked with
                              chlorine solution
                           •  Avoid putting hands in the mouth after touching the corpse
                           •  Disinfect the dead person's clothing and bedding by stirring in
                              boiling water for 5 minutes or by drying them thoroughly in the sun
                              before and after normal washing

                    12/2              Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                           23
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                           Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                         16 Sept 2010




                                            13. SURVEILLANCE
                      1. Were data from previous outbreaks available and used to
                         provide better understanding of the current outbreak ?

                     2. Was there a good analysis of data by time, area, and
                        high-risk group during the outbreak ?

                     3. Was the information collected and analysed promptly
                        enough to be used in monitoring the outbreak ?

                     4. Did health care workers understand the purpose of
                        collecting information ?




                    13/1             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                     5. Did the patient file contain the essential basic information ?

                                           Patient's basic information:
                                           • Name
                                           • Address
                                           • Age and sex
                                           • Date of onset of symptoms
                                           • Initial clinical assessment
                                           • Evolution of illness
                                           • Treatment received



                     6. Was the information available and easily understandable to
                        decision-makers (e.g. Members of the cholera coordination
                        committee) ?



                    13/2             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                  24
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                          Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                                        16 Sept 2010




                      Epidemiological investigation:
                      •        Has an epidemiological investigation of the outbreak been
                               undertaken ?
                      •        Data analysis:
                               • number of cases and deaths by area, time period and by population
                                  sub-groups
                               •   calculation of attack and case-fatality rates
                               Case-fatality-rate:
                               (number of deaths/ number of cases x 100) in a given period of time
                               Attack-rate:
                               (number of cases/ population at risk) in a given period of time
                      •        Have high-risk channels of transmission been identified (water, food)
                      •        Have the results of the investigation influenced the outbreak response
                      •        What kind of difficulties arose during the investigation (logistic,
                               contact with media, delay in organizing the investigation)


                    13/3                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                                   14. INVOLVEMENT OF
                                       INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS
                      1. What mechanisms were established to involve international
                         partners in the outbreak response in addition to health
                         authorities ?
                           Partners:
                           UN agencies, NGOs, international donors, private sector
                     2. Has a list of needs that might be supported by international
                        partners been established ?
                           •       Training and supervision of teams in the field
                           •       Supplies
                           •       Personnel (medical personnel, sanitarians or health educators)
                           •       Support for epidemiological studies
                           •       Support for laboratory examinations
                           •       Support for ensure good coordination
                    14/1                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                                 25
Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response                                 Global Task Force on Cholera Control
and improving preparedness                                                                               16 Sept 2010




                      3. Was there any formal mechanism for raising funds to
                         support the outbreak response ?
                         Was a project proposal developed ?

                      4. Which organization was coordinating the various partners
                         involved in the outbreak response ?

                     5. Was there any strategic plan for the response, with specific
                        tasks assigned to each partner ?

                     6. What was the role of WHO in the outbreak response
                        (coordination, financial support, technical support) ?
                        At what levels was WHO involved ( HQ, regional level,
                        country level)?


                    14/2             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




                    Good relationship with donors:
                    • Recording details of responsibilities in embassies or UN representations
                    • Regular information on the epidemiological situation and effectiveness
                       of the outbreak response


                     Give a concise information to persuade international partners to
                     support the outbreak response:
                     • Magnitude, geographical extent, severity (CFR), evolution
                        (epidemiological graphs)
                     • Specificity of the outbreak (high attack rate, CFR, other problems)
                     • Needs for personnel and supplies, updated inventory of staff and
                        materials currently available
                     • Control activities undertaken and planned




                    14/3             Global Task Force on Cholera Control




Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and
improving preparedness
http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en                                                        26

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Cholera outbreak assessment_response

  • 1. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 CHOLERA OUTBREAK RESPONSE Global Task Force on Cholera Control 1. Detection 8. Community involvement to limit the spread 2. Confirmation 9. Safe water CONTENTS CONTENTS 3. Response 10. Safe food 4. Information 11. Sanitation management 5. Case management 12.Funeral practices 6. Mortality reduction 13. Surveillance 7. Hygiene in health 14. International partners care facilities Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 1
  • 2. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 1. OUTBREAK DETECTION 1. How were the first cases notified to health authorities ? Surveillance Media Journalists system Radio Hot line 2. What alerted people to the possibility of an outbreak ? Sudden occurrence Persistent/ sudden Abnormal number of the disease increase of cases of deaths 3. On what basis was it decided that this was an outbreak ? Single/ cluster Case incidence of cases greater than expected 1/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 4. How long did the information take to reach decision- making level from the area where the outbreak occurred ? 5. What were the first actions ? Send a multidisciplinary team to confirm the outbreak and to take the first measures for controlling the spread Water & sanitation Micro- expert biologist Epi- Multidisciplinary demiologist Public health Team specialist Expert in education Expert in information and communication 1/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 2
  • 3. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 6. How to differ rumours from real outbreaks ? Avoid rumours: • Maintaining a very open flow of information • Rumours spread easily when information is incomplete or delayed • Rapidly clarify rumours (by rumour forms) 7. Investigation of the cause of the outbreak ? Potential vehicles of transmission: Drinking Vegetables Fruits Ice cubs Seafood Cooked/ moist Water Food 1/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 2. OUTBREAK CONFIRMATION 1. How was the diagnosis confirmed ? Clinical case Laboratory Epidemiological definition confirmation suspicion 2. What case definition was used to collect further information on cases and deaths ? Case definition: • In an area where the disease is unknown to be present, a patient aged ≥ 5 years develops severe dehydration or dies from watery diarrhoea. • In an area where there is a cholera epidemic, a patient aged ≥ 5 years develops acute watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting. • A case of cholera is confirmed when Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 is isolated (In children under 5 years of age, a number of pathogens can produce symptoms similar to those of cholera, such as rice-water diarrhoea; therefore children < 5 years are not included in the case definition.) 2/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 3
  • 4. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Role of the laboratory ? Confirmation of the Serogroup Antimicrobial first cases (O1/ O139) sensitivity DO NOT WAIT FOR LAB CONFIRMATION TO TREAT PATIENTS !!!! TRANSPORT OF STOOL: RECTAL SWABS AND CARY BLAIRE !!!! (Adequate collection/ Transportation) 2/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 4. How was the sample collection ? How many samples were taken ? How many were positive ? Sample collection: • Take stool samples before giving antibiotics • Fresh stool (reach lab within 2 hours) or use Transport medium like Cary-Blaire or Peptone Water (reach lab within 7 days) • Strips of blotting paper or filter paper soaked with liquid stool, placed in plastic bag with 2-3 drops of normal saline (specimen remains wet) Number of samples required: • Laboratory confirmation of the first 10-20 cases is essential to ascertain a cholera outbreak • Take a few samples randomly during the outbreak to ensure that the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern has not changed • Collect 20 stool samples to confirm the end of the outbreak 2/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 4
  • 5. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESPONSE 1. Was there a cholera task force or a multisectoral cholera coordination committee to follow up the outbreak and take decisions ? cholera coordination committee: • Meet frequently (once a week) during the outbreak period for information sharing and coordination across sectors • Assign roles and responsibilities • Collecting and reporting of cholera cases and deaths • Allocate necessary founds • Similar committees may be created at 3 levels (national, province, district) • Regional or international collaboration • Organization of any relevant training • Implementation, supervision, monitoring, evaluation of control activities 3/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 2. What measures have been taken to control the outbreak ? First steps to control a cholera outbreak: • Confirm the outbreak • Convene the coordination committee • Inventory of available essential supplies • Inform the public, neighbouring districts and media • Training for health staff (surveillance, case management) • Health education campaigns • Temporary treatment centres, emergency supplies • Collect/ report/ and analyse data on cases/deaths/ control activities • Document the epidemic, provide feedback, adapt interventions • Ask for additional help if needed • Monitor and evaluate control measures 3/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 5
  • 6. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. How was the response monitored ? 4. Was a cholera emergency plan of action available ? Emergency plan for: • Logistics • Staff responsibilities • Availability of financial support for preparedness and response • Implementation of the control measures (what should be done, when/ who should do it, where) • Providing safe water/ disposal of excreta • Health education 5. Was there an easy information flow from the affected areas to the control level and vice versa ? 3/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 4. MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION 1. Was there a strategy to disseminate accurate information promptly ? AVOID RUMOURS !!! (by maintaining open information) 2. Did the involvement of the media contribute constructively to control the outbreak ? Evaluation of media involvement: • Provide information to people within and outside the affected area • Use of appropriate language • Through the appropriate channel • The right type of information with the right frequency 4/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 6
  • 7. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Was a spokesperson in the ministry of health designated ? Spokesperson: A single spokesperson who will be the focal point for dealing with the media, plan regular press releases and conferences. 4. Was there a good balance between public service announcements and news ? Balance between public announcement and news: Levels of the media – local, national, international •Public health authorities: Provide information on preventive and control measures •Journalists: Focus on spreading news 5. Was there any procedure for assessing the impact and spread of information ? 4/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 5. CASE MANAGEMENT: TREATMENT 1. Were flowcharts prepared ? Flowcharts: • Illustrating proper management of cholera cases • Available to health care workers • Clear information on how to assess dehydration stage • Clear information on the treatment protocol to apply according to the status of the patient 2. Antibiotics ? Antibiotics: • Only in severe cases (mass chemoprophylaxis is not effective) • Antimicrobial resistance is increasing (Cotrimoxazole, Tetracycline) • Selective chemoprophylaxis for members of a household who share food and shelter with a cholera patient 5/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 7
  • 8. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Rehydration ? Intravenous therapy for severe cases only: • Ringer's lactate or normal 0.9% saline or half-normal saline with 5% glucose • ORS must be given at the same time to replace the missing electrolytes • When rehydration is not possible and the patient cannot drink, ORS solution can be given by nasogastric tube (not for unconscious patients) 5/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Dehydration stage Sings Treatment lethargic, unconscious, floppy very sunken eyes IV therapy Severe drinks poorly, unable to drink + Antibiotics dehydration mouth very dry + ORS skin pinch goes back very slowly no tears (only for children) restless and irritable sunken eyes Mild dry mouth ORS + very close dehydration thirsty, drinks eagerly surveillance skin pinch goes back slowly no tears ( only for children) No dehydration none of the above signs ORS at home 5/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 8
  • 9. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 Severe dehydration skin pinch goes back very slowly mouth is lethargic and very dry floppy very sunken drinks poorly or eyes unable to drink 5/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Preparation of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) 80% of cases can be treated using only ORS should be used during and after IV therapy (electrolytes) 5/5 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 9
  • 10. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Health education ? Health education • Were patients and their families informed of the preventive measures to take at household level ? wash your hands after taking care of patients – touching them, their stools, their vomits, or their clothes beware of contaminating the water source by washing patient's clothes in the water • Were the cholera patients isolated from other patients (with special latrines) ? • Were the health care workers aware of the hygienic measures necessary to avoid contamination (hand-washing, isolation ward) ? Health care workers: • Are there emergency stocks of basic supplies ? • Training of health workers is an essential element for preparedness especially in high-risk-areas 5/6 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 6. REDUCTION OF MORTALITY 1. How was the Case-Fatality-Rate (CFR) calculated ? Was there any risk of bias ? 2. Was the CFR over 1% ? Was there any obvious reason to explain this CFR ? • Underestimation of number of cases • Underlying factors such as malnutrition • Inadequate case management • Low accessibility to health care facilities or cholera camps • Long distance to reach health care facilities or cholera camps 3. Have professionals been trained to manage patients with cholera ? 6/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 10
  • 11. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 4. Have special Cholera Treatment Units (CTUs) been set up ? Cholera Treatment Units: • To provide quick treatment to cholera patients • To treat patients in an emergency situation • To avoid overburdening of other hospital wards • During an outbreak, cholera treatment units must be accessible (no geographical, cultural, linguistic or economic limitations) and functional 24 hours a day, enough personnel must be there 6/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 5. Oral Rehydration Treatment (ORT) ? • Where health care facilities are less accessible, ORT corners should be established throughout the affected area for low and moderate dehydration ? • People should be informed about the CTU to which cases of severe cholera can be referred: Urban settings: - clearly identified for severe cases - available and accessible to the population for mild cases - case records are important in both CTUs and ORT corners Semi-urban/ - decentralize the CTU (access is a problem) rural settings: - active case-finding in communities (locate new outbreaks as soon as possible) - select location of the treatment units (CTUs and ORT) according to attack rate - preposition supplies and drugs in isolated health care facilities to treat the first 20-30 patients 6/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 11
  • 12. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 6. Was there adequate surveillance of patients with severe cholera (appropriate IV fluids, ORS and Antibiotics) ? Surveillance (severe cholera): • pulse, state of consciousness • temperature (usually hypothermia) • dehydration symptoms • respiration rhythm • number and appearance of stools • urine (present or not) 6/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 7. HYGIENE MEASURES IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES 1. Were the cholera treatment units located close to the most affected communities ? 2. Were there hand-washing facilities in the cholera treatment centre ? Were the patients' relatives washing their hands every time they leave the centre ? 3. Were the cholera treatment units organized in four areas : selection and observation, hospitalization, convalescent room for ORS treatment, neutral area (for kitchen, stocks of material)? 7/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 12
  • 13. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 4. Were measures in place for the safe disposal of excreta and vomit ? Were there special latrines for cholera patients, separated from latrines used by the rest of the patients ? 5. Was there enough water to cover the daily needs of patients (50 litres/ person) ? 6. Were gloves, buckets, latrines, clothes, and bedding properly disinfected ? 7. Were cholera cots available ? 7/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 2. Functions to be ensured in health care facilities IN Records/ Classification: • Register patients • Assess the dehydration status (A, B, C) Treatment: • Treatment wards (observation, hospitalization, convalescent room) • Pharmacy and store • ORS preparation area OUT Patient care: • Rehydration • Hygiene • Feeding Prevention and hygiene: • Kitchen for food preparation • Water treatment • Preparation of chlorine solution • Clothes washing facilities, laundry 7/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 13
  • 14. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 Health education: • Inside the CTU and at patient's home by community workers • Active-case-finding in the refugee camp/ villages Waste and environment: • Safe waste disposal (dustbins) • Cleaning and disinfection of the CTU • Morgue Security: • Fences • Watchman for information and patient flow control • Protection of stocks (food, drugs, supplies) Disinfection of patient's bedding and clothing: • By stirring them for 5 minutes in boiling water • Mattresses by drying in the sun 7/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 8. INVOLVEMENT OF THE COMMUNITY TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF DISEASE 1. Was health education an important part of the outbreak response ? 2. Were the messages spread illustrated by practical demonstrations (e.g. Chlorination of water, preparation of ORS) ? 8/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 14
  • 15. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Were the messages elaborated with the community ? 4. Were the messages disseminated through community or religious leaders or through any channel that reaches the maximum of people with greatest impact on their behaviours ? 5. Were the messages adapted to local cultural beliefs about the disease and to the capacity for implementation control measures in the community (e.g. if soap is unavailable, have ashes been recommended for washing hands) ? 8/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 6. Have efforts been made to encourage the use of latrines ? 7. Was there active case-finding in the community ? • Detection of cholera patients at an early stage of the disease • Advice to be given to family members and the community about protecting themselves from contamination 8. Were education messages given to the patients and their relatives in health care facilities ? 9. Were health care workers able to disseminate the appropriate messages ? 8/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 15
  • 16. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 KEY MESSAGES !!!!!!!!!!!!! Come to the health facility as soon as possible in case of acute watery diarrhoea Wash your hands before cooking, before eating, and after using the toilet Cook food and drink safe water Start drinking ORS at home and during travel to the health care facility 8/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Health education should continue throughout the whole year and should be intensified before cholera season !!!! • Select the best way to disseminate messages to the community (the public must understand how to help to limit the spread – cholera epidemic can be more quickly controlled) • Communication through radio, posters, talks in the local language, illustrate the messages by practical demonstrations (give clear information-but not too many messages, reach the maximum of people) 8/5 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 16
  • 17. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 • Adapt messages to the social, cultural and economic circumstances of the community and to its ability to cope with a change of behaviour (e.g. chlorine or soap may not be affordable in poor communities) • Organize talks in places where people are usually waiting (health care facilities, hairdressers, etc.) • Implementing control measures in the community (using of soap and chemicals, washing hands, encourage for the use of latrines) 8/6 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 9. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT: SAFE WATER 1. Have the different sources of contaminated water been identified ? Has the community been informed about how to prevent water contamination ? • Hands and body of people who have cholera may have no symptoms • Contaminated articles such as buckets, cups, clothes • Faecal material (e.g. by infiltration into wells when the latrines are situated less than 30 metres away from the water-source) 9/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 17
  • 18. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 2. What measures were recommended to avoid contamination of water ? • A narrow-mouthed vessel with a protected dispenser is much safer than storage in a wide-mouthed vessel • Clean covered pot or bucket • It is better to pour the water from the container than to use a potential contaminated article (e.g. cup without handle) to retrieve the water 9/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 3. Have these sources been disinfected during the outbreak ? 4. If wells were chlorinated, was there regular monitoring of residual chlorine ? 5. Where chlorination of a water source was not possible, was there any programm to ensure safe drinking-water at household level ? Treatment of water: • boiling • chlorinating (turbid water should be filtered before) Emergency provisions: extra stocks of chemicals • storage in improved vessels • solar disinfection with UV + heat , UV disinfection with lamps • Chemical coagulation-filtration + chlorine disinfection 9/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 18
  • 19. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 6. Were chemicals for water disinfection (chlorine compounds) available in the local market at affordable prices ? 7. Was there any system for providing safe water to high-risk communities, during the outbreak ? 8. Did the population receive a supply of at least 20 litres of safe water per day per person ? 9. Were health workers properly trained to teach local people about hygiene and disinfection techniques ? 9/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 10. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT: SAFE FOOD 1. Was the supply of water adequate for street food vendors; acceptable quality and sufficient quantities for drinking, washing food and hands, cleaning utensils ? 2. Was there any regulation to ensure that minimum standards of hygiene were observed by food handlers during the outbreak ? Was the inspection of food handling practices effective ? 10/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 19
  • 20. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Were street sales stopped during the outbreak ? Have restaurants been closed ? 4. Is there any regulation to ensure minimum levels of hygiene for food products in the marketplace ? 5. Are any local dishes made with raw seafood (particularly crustaceans and other shellfish) or raw fruit or vegetables ? 10/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 6. Are food handlers who sell raw or partially processed animal products for immediate consumption required to display a sign that informs the public of the increased health risk associated with consuming such food ? 7. Are latrines and hand-washing facilities available in marketplaces ? 10/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 20
  • 21. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 Sources of infection: • Ice made from contaminated water • Cooking utensils washed in contaminated water • Drinking-water that has been contaminated at its source, during transport and/ or supply, or during storage • Food contaminated during or after preparation (remaining at room temperature – an excellent environment for the growth of V. cholerae) • Eaten raw seafood, particularly crustaceans and other shellfish, taken from contaminated water and eaten raw) • Fruit and vegetables grown at or near ground level and fertilized with night soil, irrigated with water containing human waste, or freshened with contaminated water, and then eaten raw Alternatives: Acidifying foods !!!!!!!!!! Lime Juice Tomatoes Jogurt 10/4 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 11. CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT: SANITATION 1. What percentage of the population was served with improved sanitation facilities ? 2. Was there a good system in place for excreta management and disposal during the outbreak ? 3. Were the sanitation facilities vulnerable to flooding or other natural disasters ? 11/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 21
  • 22. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 4. Could the sanitation facilities potentially contaminate any drinking-water sources ? 5. Was consideration given to providing sanitation services for high-risk communities during the outbreak ? 6. Were health workers properly trained to teach local people about good hygiene behaviours ? Sanitation practices: • Hand washing with soap Soap • Safe disposal of children's faeces • Use of sanitary facilities for defecation (public sewer, connection to a septic tank, pour-flush latrine, simple pit latrine, ventilated latrine) 11/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Settling water Using plants: Moringa seeds (East Africa) 3 pot method Malunggay (Philippines) Horseradish/ drumstick tree (India) Benzolive tree (Haiti) Sewage plant Cloth filter Charcoal filter 11/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 22
  • 23. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 12. FUNERAL PRACTICES 1. Were there any official recommendations with regard to funeral practices, such as funeral gatherings, ritual washing of the dead, or funeral feasts ? How was information on this been disseminated ? 2. Were funeral organizers aware of the risk and of the control measures ? 3. Were communities aware of what to do with cholera camps, well trained in handling corpses ? 12/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 4. Were health care workers, especially in cholera camps, well trained in handling corpses ? Handling corpses: • Meticulous hand-washing with soap and clean water is essential before food is prepared and handled • Disinfection of corpses with 0.5% chlorine solution • Wear gloves for transporting, corpses should be carefully wrapped • Prevent physical contact, wear gloves, apron and mask • Bandage the head to maintain the mouth shut • Not empty the intestines • Wash hands with soap after touching the corpse • Fill the mouth and anus of the body with cotton wool soaked with chlorine solution • Avoid putting hands in the mouth after touching the corpse • Disinfect the dead person's clothing and bedding by stirring in boiling water for 5 minutes or by drying them thoroughly in the sun before and after normal washing 12/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 23
  • 24. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 13. SURVEILLANCE 1. Were data from previous outbreaks available and used to provide better understanding of the current outbreak ? 2. Was there a good analysis of data by time, area, and high-risk group during the outbreak ? 3. Was the information collected and analysed promptly enough to be used in monitoring the outbreak ? 4. Did health care workers understand the purpose of collecting information ? 13/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 5. Did the patient file contain the essential basic information ? Patient's basic information: • Name • Address • Age and sex • Date of onset of symptoms • Initial clinical assessment • Evolution of illness • Treatment received 6. Was the information available and easily understandable to decision-makers (e.g. Members of the cholera coordination committee) ? 13/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 24
  • 25. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 Epidemiological investigation: • Has an epidemiological investigation of the outbreak been undertaken ? • Data analysis: • number of cases and deaths by area, time period and by population sub-groups • calculation of attack and case-fatality rates Case-fatality-rate: (number of deaths/ number of cases x 100) in a given period of time Attack-rate: (number of cases/ population at risk) in a given period of time • Have high-risk channels of transmission been identified (water, food) • Have the results of the investigation influenced the outbreak response • What kind of difficulties arose during the investigation (logistic, contact with media, delay in organizing the investigation) 13/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control 14. INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS 1. What mechanisms were established to involve international partners in the outbreak response in addition to health authorities ? Partners: UN agencies, NGOs, international donors, private sector 2. Has a list of needs that might be supported by international partners been established ? • Training and supervision of teams in the field • Supplies • Personnel (medical personnel, sanitarians or health educators) • Support for epidemiological studies • Support for laboratory examinations • Support for ensure good coordination 14/1 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 25
  • 26. Cholera Outbreak: assessing the outbreak response Global Task Force on Cholera Control and improving preparedness 16 Sept 2010 3. Was there any formal mechanism for raising funds to support the outbreak response ? Was a project proposal developed ? 4. Which organization was coordinating the various partners involved in the outbreak response ? 5. Was there any strategic plan for the response, with specific tasks assigned to each partner ? 6. What was the role of WHO in the outbreak response (coordination, financial support, technical support) ? At what levels was WHO involved ( HQ, regional level, country level)? 14/2 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Good relationship with donors: • Recording details of responsibilities in embassies or UN representations • Regular information on the epidemiological situation and effectiveness of the outbreak response Give a concise information to persuade international partners to support the outbreak response: • Magnitude, geographical extent, severity (CFR), evolution (epidemiological graphs) • Specificity of the outbreak (high attack rate, CFR, other problems) • Needs for personnel and supplies, updated inventory of staff and materials currently available • Control activities undertaken and planned 14/3 Global Task Force on Cholera Control Cholera outbreak: assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/cholera_outbreak/en 26