1. Learning Objective Understand how to use connectives effectively. (by the end of the lesson you will be able to use connectives in your own essay)

2. ConnectivesWhat are connectives? Connectives are words which join (connect) parts of a sentence or a paragraph together. Different connectives work in different ways.

3. Starter Challenge: Write down as many connectives as you can?

4. ConnectivesWhat are connectives? Connectives are words which join (connect) parts of a sentence or a paragraph together. Different connectives work in different ways.

5. Suitable connectives for a Discursive Essay. Although Therefore Consequently Whereas However On the other hand

6. Highlight the connectives? Many people believe animal testing is wrong, however, others would argue that it is a necessary part of medical research.

7. For and Against In the following essay highlight the arguments for each side of the issue (animal testing) in a different colour.

8. Animal Testing Animal testing, or animal research, refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments. It is estimated that 50 – 100 million animals worldwide are used annually and subsequently killed in scientific procedures mostly inside universities, medical schools and pharmaceutical companies. Testing is also carried out on farms, in defence-research establishments, and by public-health authorities on a variety of species from fruit flies and mice. Most laboratory animals are purpose bred, while a smaller number are caught in the wild or supplied by pounds.

9. Animal Testing The topic is controversial, with supporters and opponents arguing about ethical issues and whether using animal models is good or bad science. The Foundation for Biomedical Research, an American organization that “promotes public understanding and support for inhumane and responsible animal research,” writes that “animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century – for both human and animal health,” and that many major developments that led to Nobel Prizes involved animal research, including the development of penicillin (mice) and organ transplants (dogs). Whether research was necessary to achieve these results has been questioned by animal rights groups.

10. Connecting Ideas Now, pair an argument for animal testing with an argument against animal testing using an appropriate connective. For example: Animal testing has helped scientists test many different treatments, _______, many animals had to suffer in the process.

11. Applying Connectives Write down three arguments for each side of your controversial issue (totally six sentences). Connect those ideas using a connector to form three sentences that demonstrate what you have learned about using connectives. Share your sentences with a partner.